The fruitless repentance of the wicked in another world: the reward of the just.
In the general iudgement, the wicked seing the iust, whom they had contemned, to be in great honour, shal bewaile their owne miserie, 9. considering that their pleasure was short, 16. and the ioy of the blessed shal be for euer. 18. God wil arme himself, and al creatures, to punish the impious.
1Then shall the just stand with great constancy against those that have afflicted them, and taken away their labours.Allora i giusti con gran costanza staran davanti a quelli, i quali li vessarono, e i quali depredarono le loro fatiche.THEN shal the iust stand in great constancie against those that haue afflicted them, and taken away their labours.Tunc stabunt justi in magna constantia / adversus eos qui se angustiaverunt, / et qui abstulerunt labores eorum. 2These seeing it, shall be troubled with terrible fear, and shall be amazed at the suddenness of their unexpected salvation,E quegli a tal vista saranno agitati da orrenda paura, e della inaspettata repentina salvezza di quelli resteranno stupefatti.They seing shal be trubled with horrible feare, and shal meruel at the sodennes of vnexpected saluation,Videntes turbabuntur timore horribili, / et mirabuntur in subitatione insperatæ salutis; 3Saying within themselves, repenting, and groaning for anguish of spirit: These are they, whom we had sometime in derision, and for a parable of reproach.E tocchi da pentimento, e sospirando affannosamente diranno dentro di se: Questi sono coloro, i quali noi una volta riguardammo come oggetto di derisione, ed esempio di obbrobrio.saying within themselues, repenting, and sighing for anguish of spirit: These are they, whom we had sometime in derision, and in a parable of reproch.dicentes intra se, pœnitentiam agentes, / et præ angustia spiritus gementes: / Hi sunt quos habuimus aliquando in derisum, / et in similitudinem improperii. 4We fools esteemed their life madness, and their end without honour.Noi insensati la vita loro tenemmo per una insensataggine, e come disonorato il lor fine:We senslesse estemed their life madnes, and their end without honour.Nos insensati, vitam illorum æstimabamus insaniam, / et finem illorum sine honore; 5Behold, how they are numbered among the children of God, and their lot is among the saints.Ecco com'eglino sono contati tra' figliuoli di Dio, ed hanno parte co' santi.Behold how they are counted among the children of God, and their lot is among the saints.ecce quomodo computati sunt inter filios Dei, / et inter sanctos sors illorum est. 6Therefore we have erred from the way of truth, and the light of justice hath not shined unto us, and the sun of understanding hath not risen upon us.Dunque noi smarrimmo la via di verità, e non rifulse per noi la luce della giustizia, e non si levò per noi il sole di intelligenza.We therfore haue erred from the way of truth, and the light of iustice hath not shined to vs, and the sunne of vnderstanding rose not to vs.Ergo erravimus a via veritatis, / et justitiæ lumen non luxit nobis, / et sol intelligentiæ non est ortus nobis.
7We wearied ourselves in the way of iniquity and destruction, and have walked through hard ways, but the way of the Lord we have not known.Ci stancammo nella via di iniquità, e di perdizione, battemmo strade disastrose, e non conoscemmo la via del Signore.We are weried in the way of iniquitie and perdition, and haue walked hard wayes, but the way of our Lord we haue not knowen.Lassati sumus in via iniquitatis et perditionis, / et ambulavimus vias difficiles: / viam autem Domini ignoravimus. 8What hath pride profited us? or what advantage hath the boasting of riches brought us?Che giovò a noi la superbia? E la ostentazione delle ricchezze qual pro fece a noi?What hath pride profited vs? or what commoditie hath the vaunting of riches brought to vs?Quid nobis profuit superbia ? / aut divitiarum jactantia quid contulit nobis ? 9All those things are passed away like a shadow, and like a post that runneth on,Tutte quelle cose si dileguaron con ombra, e come una passeggera novella.Al those thinges are passed away as a shadow, and as a messenger running before,Transierunt omnia illa tamquam umbra, / et tamquam nuntius percurrens, 10And as a ship that passeth through the waves: whereof when it is gone by, the trace cannot be found, nor the path of its keel in the waters:O come una nave valica le onde agitate, della quale vestigio non può trovarsi quand'ella è passata, né solco aperto dalla sua carena nei flutti:and as a shippe, that passeth through the surging waters: wherof, when it is past, the trace can not be found, nor the path of that shippes keele in the waues:et tamquam navis quæ pertransit fluctuantem aquam, / cujus cum præterierit non est vestigium invenire, / neque semitam carinæ illius in fluctibus; 11Or as when a bird flieth through the air, of the passage of which no mark can be found, but only the sound of the wings beating the light air, and parting it by the force of her flight: she moved her wings, and hath flown through, and there is no mark found afterwards of her way:O come uccello, che svolazza per l'aria, il quale verun segno non lascia de' suoi movimenti, ma solo lo scuotimento delle ale, colle quali batte l'aere leggero, e rompe con forza l'ambiente, per cui fa strada: egli dibatte l'ale, e sen vola, e dietro a se non lascia segno del suo viaggio,or as a bird, that flyeth through in the ayre, of which there is no token can be found of her passage, but only a sound of the winges beating the light winde: and by vehemence of going cutting the ayre, mouing the winges she is flowen through, and afterward there is no signe found of her way:aut tamquam avis quæ transvolat in aëre, / cujus nullum invenitur argumentum itineris, / sed tantum sonitus alarum verberans levem ventum, / et scindens per vim itineris aërem: / commotis alis transvolavit, / et post hoc nullum signum invenitur itineris illius;
12Or as when an arrow is shot at a mark, the divided air quickly cometh together again, so that the passage thereof is not known:O come scagliata, che è al destinato luogo la freccia subitamente in se stesso rientra l'aere diviso, onde passaggio di lei non conoscesi.or as when an arrow is shotte forth to a sette marke, the diuided ayre is forthwith closed in itself againe, so that the passage therof is not knowen:aut tamquam sagitta emissa in locum destinatum, / divisus aër continuo in se reclusus est, / ut ignoretur transitus illius: 13So we also being born, forthwith ceased to be: and have been able to shew no mark of virtue: but are consumed in our wickedness.Così noi nati, che fummo, tosto cessammo di essere, e nessun segno di virtù potemmo mostrare; e ci consumammo nella nostra malvagità.so we also being borne forthwith ceased to be: and of vertue certes haue bene able to shew no signe: but in our naughtines we are consumed.sic et nos nati continuo desivimus esse; / et virtutis quidem nullum signum valuimus ostendere, / in malignitate autem nostra consumpti sumus. 14Such things as these the sinners said in hell:Così nell'inferno ragionano quei, che peccarono.Such thinges sayd they in hel, which sinned:Talia dixerunt in inferno hi qui peccaverunt: 15For the hope of the wicked is as dust, which is blown away with the wind, and as a thin froth which is dispersed by the storm: and a smoke that is scattered abroad by the wind: and as the remembrance of a guest of one day that passeth by.Imperocché la speranza dell'empio è come un bioccol di lana, che è straportato dal vento, e come la lieve spuma, che è dissipata dalla tempesta, e come la memoria di un forestiero, che passa, nè si ferma, che un giorno.because the hope of the impious is as dust, which is taken away with the winde: and as a thinne froth, which is dispersed by the storme: and as smoke that is scatered abrode by the winde: and as the memorie of a ghest of one day that passeth.quoniam spes impii tamquam lanugo est quæ a vento tollitur, / et tamquam spuma gracilis quæ a procella dispergitur, / et tamquam fumus qui a vento diffusus est, / et tamquam memoria hospitis unius diei prætereuntis. 16But the just shall live for evermore: and their reward is with the Lord, and the care of them with the most High.Ma i giusti vivranno in eterno, e la loro ricompensa è nelle mani del Signore, e di essi ha cura l'Altissimo.But the iust shal liue for euer, and their reward is with our Lord, and cogitation of them with the Highest.Justi autem in perpetuum vivent, / et apud Dominum est merces eorum, / et cogitatio illorum apud Altissimum.
17Therefore shall they receive a kingdom of glory, and a crown of beauty at the hand of the Lord: for with his right hand he will cover them, and with his holy arm he will defend them.Quindi essi otterranno un regno illustre, e un bel diadema dalla mano del Signore; perocché ei li coprirà colla sua destra, e col suo braccio santo li difenderà.Therfore shal they receiue a kingdom of honour, & a crowne of beautie at the hand of our Lord: because with his right hand he wil couer them, and with in his holie arme he wil defend them.Ideo accipient regnum decoris, / et diadema speciei de manu Domini: / quoniam dextera sua teget eos, / et brachio sancto suo defendet illos. 18And his zeal will take armour, and he will arm the creature for the revenge of his enemies.Il suo zelo imbraccerà le armi, e armerà le creature per far vendetta dei nemici.And his zele wil take armour, and he wil arme the creature to the reuenge of the enemies.Accipiet armaturam zelus illius, / et armabit creaturam ad ultionem inimicorum. 19He will put on justice as a breastplate, and will take true judgment instead of a helmet:Si rivestirà di giustizia in luogo di corazza, e in vece di cimiero prenderà l'infallibile giudizio.He wil put on iustice for a brestplate, & wil take sincere iudgement for an helmet:Induet pro thorace justitiam, / et accipiet pro galea judicium certum; 20He will take equity for an invincible shield:Darà di mano allo scudo insupera bile, che è l'equità.he wil take equitie for an inuicible shilde:sumet scutum inexpugnabile æquitatem. 21And he will sharpen his severe wrath for a spear, and the whole world shall fight with him against the unwise.Dell'ira inflessibile si farà (Dio) acuta lancia, e con lui combatterà l'universo contro gli insensati.and he wil sharpen fierce wrath for a speare, and the round world shal fight with him against the senslesse.Acuet autem duram iram in lanceam, / et pugnabit cum illo orbis terrarum contra insensatos. 22Then shafts of lightning shall go directly from the clouds, as from a bow well bent, they shall be shot out, and shall fly to the mark.Partiranno per retta via le scagliate folgora, e dalle nubi, come da ben curvato arco scoccate al destinato luogo sen voleranno.The shottes of lightenings shal goe directly, & as it were from a bow of the clouds wel bent they shal be cast forth, and shal light on a certaine place.Ibunt directe emissiones fulgurum, / et tamquam a bene curvato arcu nubium exterminabuntur, / et ad certum locum insilient.
23And thick hail shall be cast upon them from the stone casting wrath: the water of the sea shall rage against them, and the rivers shall run together in a terrible manner.E dense grandini pioverà l'ira (di Dio) a guisa di macchina, che getti pietre, e contro di loro ribolliranno le acque del mare, e i fiumi inonderanno con violenza.And from rocked wrath shal thicke haile stones be cast, the water of the sea shal rage against them, and the riuers shal runne together roughly.Et a petrosa ira plenæ mittentur grandines; / excandescet in illos aqua maris, / et flumina concurrent duriter. 24A mighty wind shall stand up against them, and as a whirlwind shall divide them: and their iniquity shall bring all the earth to a desert, and wickedness shall overthrow the thrones of the mighty.Contro di essi si leverà un vento possente, e li getterà per aria come un turbine, e la loro iniquità ridurrà un diserto tutta la terra, e i troni de' potentati dalla malvagità saranno abbattuti.A spirit of powre shal stand against them, and as a hurle winde shal diuide them: and their iniquitie shal bring al the land to a desert, and naughtines shal ouerthrow the seates of the mightie.Contra illos stabit spiritus virtutis, / et tamquam turbo venti dividet illos; / et ad eremum perducet omnem terram iniquitas illorum, / et malignitas evertet sedes potentium.
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Then. At the day of judgment. The just and the reprobate know each other's condition, Luke 16:20.
Haydock
Labours. Defrauding them of their wages, (Leviticus 19:13.) or plundering them. Septuagint, "despised, (Calmet) or frustrated his labours." (Haydock)
Worthington
Worldlings deride those who strive to obtain the goods of eternity, (Calmet) and think they labour in vain. (Worthington)
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Within. Or among themselves.
Repenting. In despair.
Calmet
Reproach. We diverted ourselves with turning them to ridicule. (Calmet)
Worthington
This change of sentiment (Haydock) proceeds not from the love of virtue, and is useless. (Worthington)
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God. As they styled themselves truly, through the merits of Christ, Wisdom 2:18.
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Haydock
Understanding in not in the Roman (Calmet) or the Alexandrian copy [of the Septuagint]. (Haydock)
Calmet
Some read "of justice," Ephesians 5:11. (Calmet)
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Post. Septuagint, "fame."
Virgil
Fama malum quo non aliud velocius ullum Mobilitate viget, viresque acquirit eundo. (Virgil, Aeneid iv.)
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Castro
Such, etc. This is not in the original; but supplied to complete the sense, (Calmet) as otherwise the following remarks would seem to be the confession of the damned in hell, (Haydock) or before the judgment-seat. (Castro.)
Worthington
The past time is used to shew the certainty of the event. (Worthington)
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Calmet
Dust. Septuagint, Psalm 1:4. Literally, "like the tender beard, (Haydock) or wool." Lanugo. (Calmet)
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Haydock
Care. Literally, "thought." (Haydock)
God thinks and provides for them.
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St. Augustine
Crown. The Scripture thus represents the glory of the blessed, because there is nothing more desirable than independence. But the happiness of the elect will be to throw their crowns at the foot of God's throne, (Apocalypse 7:10.; Calmet) in whom they find every advantage. (St. Augustine, ser. 1:de vit. apost.)
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Haydock
Armour. Septuagint, "he will take zeal, his complete armour." (Haydock)
Calmet
See Isaias 59:17., and Ephesians 6:16. (Calmet)
Worthington
The misery of the damned is unchangeable. (Worthington)
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St. Gregory
Unwise. "As we have sinned in all, we are wounded by every thing." (St. Gregory, hom. 25.; Ev.)
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Menochius
Directly. Straight to the mark. (Menochius)
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Calmet
Casting. He alludes to the ballista, used to throw stones, Josue 10:11. These comparisons shew the power of God over all nature. (Calmet)
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VVicked men in their false conceipt iudge the trauels of the iust to be vaine & fructles.
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Repentance of the damned is only for the losse & paine whereinto they are fallen not of loue towards God, or vertue, nor of hate towards sinne, & therfore is fructles bringing no comforte nor helpe at al, but euerlasting torment and anguish of mind.
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Concordance Chap. 3. v. 2.
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Concordance Pro. •0 v. 19.
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For the certaintie of thinges that shal be, Prophetes do very often speake in the pretertence, of thinges to come as if they vvere already past.
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As the ioy of the blessed, so contrariwise the miserie of the damned is meruelous great, & for euer vnchangeable.
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St Hippolytus † AD 235 Expository Treatise Against the Jews 10
… We wearied ourselves in the way of wickedness and destruction; we have gone through deserts where there lay no way: but as for the way of the Lord, we have not known it. What hath our pride profited us? all those things are passed away like a shadow.”
St Cyprian of Carthage † AD 258 An Address to Demetrianus 24
… We wearied ourselves in the way of wickedness and destruction; we have gone through deserts where there lay no way; but we have not known the way of the Lord. What hath pride profited us, or what good hath the boasting of riches done us? All those things are passed away like a shadow.”
St Cyprian of Carthage † AD 258 Three Books of Testimonies Against the Jews 3.17
… We have been wearied in the way of iniquity and of perdition, and we have walked through difficult solitudes; but we have not known the way of the Lord. What hath pride profited us? or what hath the boasting of riches brought to us? All these things have passed away as a shadow.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 The Correction of the Donatists 9
41. Whence also we may be sure that what is written concerning the day of judgment, "Then shall the righteous man stand in great boldness before the face of such as have afflicted him, and made no account of his labors,"
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St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Gospel of St. John 79
… would he not feel a satisfaction as though not he but some one else were insulted? Let us too behave thus. We too sit in an inn, waiting for our friends who travel the same road; when we are all collected, then they shall know whom they insult. These men then shall hang their heads; then they shall say, “This is he whom we” fools “had in derision.” (
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Letters of St. Augustin 55.9
… and to the earth, i.e. to men who mind earthly things, the soul in such a case seems worse. Hence those wicked men who at last shall in vain repent of their sins, will say this among other things: “These are the men whom once we derided and reproached; we in our folly esteemed their way of life to be madness.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 6.12
… we have been filled with the way of wickedness and destruction, and have walked through rugged deserts, but the way of the Lord we have not known. What hath pride profited us, or what hath the vaunting of riches brought us? All those things are passed away like a shadow.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 58.14
… otherwise even those pains would be ended. Then the thorns of that bramble, that is, all pains and piercings of tortures shall be brought forth. Such thorns as they shall suffer that are to say, “These are they whom sometimes we had in derision:”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 75.1
… Then shall there be that voice which we know in the Book of Wisdom: for they shall say at that time when they see the glory of the Saints, who, when they were in humiliation, endured them; who, when they were exalted, consented not—at that time then they shall say, “These are they whom sometime we have had in derision.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 86.22
… When they shall say, “These are they whom we had sometimes in derision, and a parable of reproach. We fools counted their life madness: how are they numbered among the children of God! What hath pride profited us?”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 123.6
… for Christ hath risen again, and hath taught thee what He will give in another life: be assured that He giveth it. But that man mocketh thee, because he holdeth what he hath. Bear with his mockeries, and thou wilt laugh at his groans: for afterwards there will come a season when these very persons will say, “This was he whom we had sometimes in derision.”
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St Jerome † AD 420 The Letters of St. Jerome 23.3
… Now he is desolate and naked, a prisoner in the foulest darkness, and not, as his unhappy wife falsely asserts, set in the royal abode of the milky way. On the other hand Lea, who was always shut up in her one closet, who seemed poor and of little worth, and whose life was accounted madness,
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St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Letters of St. Augustin 55.8
… fool changes like the moon.” And who is the wise that has no changes, but that Sun of Righteousness of whom it is said, “The Sun of righteousness has risen upon me,” and of which the wicked shall say, when mourning in the day of judgment that it has not risen upon them, “The light of righteousness hath not shone upon us, and the sun hath not risen upon us”?
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Our Lord’s Sermon on the Mount 1.23
… so that that spiritual sun does not rise except on the good and holy; for it is this very thing which the wicked bewail in that book which is called the Wisdom of Solomon, “And the sun rose not upon us:”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 58.13
… because “He maketh His sun to rise upon good men and evil men.” But there is another sun, whereof those men are to speak, “And the sun hath not risen to us, passed away are all those things as it were a shadow. Therefore we have strayed from the way of truth, and the light of righteousness hath not shone to us, and the sun hath not risen to us.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 97.15
… There is a different light which springeth up to the righteous; of which light, that never rose upon themselves, the unrighteous shall in the end say, “Therefore have we erred from the way of truth, and the light of righteousness hath not shined upon us, and the sun of righteousness rose not upon us.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 104.26
… “And the sun knoweth his going down.” And what sun is this, but that Sun of righteousness, whom the ungodly will lament on the day of judgment never having risen for them; they who will say on that day, “Therefore we wandered from the way of truth, and the light of righteousness shone not on us, and the sun did not arise upon us.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 121.7
… because he erreth in Wisdom itself…God therefore hath made one sun, which riseth upon the good and the evil, that sun which the good and the evil see; but that Sun is another one, not created, not born, through whom all things were made; where is the intelligence of the Immutable Truth: of this the ungodly say, “the Sun rose not upon us.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 148.10
… is risen, not the sun which is seen with the eye, and “riseth upon the good and the evil,” but That whereof is said, To you that hear God, “the Sun of Righteousness shall rise, and healing in His wings;” and of whom the proud and wicked shall hereafter say, “The light of righteousness hath not shined unto us, and the sun of righteousness rose not upon us.”
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St Cyprian of Carthage † AD 258 On the Dress of Virgins 10
10. You say that you are wealthy and rich; but it becomes not a virgin to boast of her riches, since Holy Scripture says, “What hath pride profited us? or what benefit hath the vaunting of riches conferred upon us? And all these things have passed away like a shadow.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Sermons on Selected Lessons of the New Testament 8.7
… All these things are passed away like a shadow.” And, “Therefore have we erred from the way of truth, and the light of righteousness hath not shined unto us, and the Sun of righteousness rose not upon us.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 37.3.9
… afterwards they shall seek for them, and shall not find the reward of that which they have wrought. For it is the expression of those who lose what they have wrought, that text which says, “What hath pride profited us, or what good hath riches with our vaunting brought us? All those things are passed away like a shadow.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 53.6
… For God cannot but show to the unrighteous their iniquity. If He is not to show, who will they be that are to say, “What hath profited us pride, and what hath boasting of riches bestowed upon us?”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 102.12
… in this shadow, light must be discerned; lest afterward it be said in late and fruitless repentance, “What hath pride profited us? or what good hath riches with our vaunting brought us? All those things are passed away like a shadow.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 112.7
7. “The ungodly shall see it, and he shall be angered” ( ver. 10 ): this is that late and fruitless repentance. For with whom rather than himself is he “angered,” when he shall say, “Our pride, what hath it profited us? the boastfulness of our riches, what hath it given us?
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St Gregory of Nazianzus † AD 389 Select Orations of Saint Gregory Nazianzen 42.6
… so that the rebellious should not exalt themselves, and that those who grasp at a shadow, or at a dream when one awaketh, or at the dispersing breezes, or at the traces of a ship in the water,
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 143.11
… For Adam fled from the Face of God, and hid himself among the trees of Paradise, so that of him was said in the Book of Job, “As a servant that fleeth from his Lord, and findeth a shadow.” He fled from the Face of his Lord, and found a shadow. Woe to him, if he continue in the shade, lest it be said afterward, “All things are passed away like a shadow.”
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St Gregory of Nazianzus † AD 389 Select Orations of Saint Gregory Nazianzen 7.19
19. Such, my brethren, is our existence, who live this transient life, such our pastime upon earth: we come into existence out of non-existence, and after existing are dissolved. We are unsubstantial dreams, impalpable visions, like the flight of a passing bird, like a ship leaving no track upon the sea,
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St Cyprian of Carthage † AD 258 An Address to Demetrianus 4
… We see grey hairs in boys—the hair fails before it begins to grow; and life does not cease in old age, but it begins with old age. Thus, even at its very commencement, birth hastens to its close;
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Early Popes (Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals) The Epistles of Pope Fabian 1
… for the hope of such, and of all the ungodly, is like dust that is blown away with the wind; and like a thin froth that is driven away with the storm; and like as the smoke which is dispersed here and there with a tempest, and as the remembrance of a guest of a single day that passeth away.
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St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Reply to Faustus the Manichæan 19.31
… and after a few trouble, they shall enjoy many rewards." Again, in another place: "The righteous shall live for ever, and their reward is with the Lord, and their concern with the Highest; therefore shall they receive from the hand of the Lord a kingdom of glory and a crown of beauty."
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Then, namely on the day of judgment, when the impious shall be desolated and condemned, as he said at the end of the preceding chapter. The just shall stand in great constancy, that is, with immovable security and insuperable fortitude, as Dionysius says; the Greek texts have it in the singular, then shall the just stand (namely each one, that is all the just: it is a synecdoche) in much παῤῥησίᾳ, that is in freedom of speech, confidence, boldness, against the face of those who afflicted him, namely against the face of the impious who shall then be fearful and trembling, as he said in chapter IV, verse 24, and therefore the wicked shall not stand upright, but trembling and bent, that is, they shall not lift up their head, nor raise their necks, but as if oppressed by the weight of their crimes they shall fall down, according to that passage, Psalm I, 5: "The wicked shall not rise again in judgment;" whence St. Augustine, book II Against the Donatists, chapter XXXVII, answers those who boasted themselves to be just and abused this passage: "God forbid, God forbid, he says, that they stand with great constancy, when they shall stand with such an evil conscience." Hence the Syriac version translates, the just shall stand with great confidence before those who straitened him, namely God, of whom the preceding discourse spoke; the Arabic, then shall the just stand with great confidence against the face of those who saddened him. fruit, concerning which more presently. Moreover the Arabic version translates, who denied the fruit (reward of his labor) of his labor. Moreover this confidence and constancy, says St. Bonaventure, shall be afforded to the just by the justice of their cause, ready proof, their advocate Christ, the Holy Spirit, the Blessed Virgin, the impotence of their adversaries, friendship and affinity with the judge, the benevolence of the assessors the apostles, familiarity with the angels the officials of the judge. Note, FIRST, that the just shall stand, namely as victorious soldiers and triumphers over the impious: for although in the judgment the chief just, such as the apostles and religious and apostolic men, shall sit with Christ judging the twelve tribes of Israel, that is all nations, Matthew XIX, 28; nevertheless the other common just shall stand by Christ the judge, both because they are to be judged and assigned by him to heaven; and because it is fitting for the victors to stand, for the vanquished to lie down. "It is fitting for an emperor to die standing," said the emperor Vespasian, as Suetonius testifies; much more is it fitting for the soldiers of Christ, namely the just and the blessed, to stand. Thus St. Stephen saw Christ standing at the right hand of the power of God, Acts VII, 53: for the blessed in heaven stand as glorious triumphers, as I said there. Lazarus among other things lay at the table of the rich man, wishing to be filled with his crumbs, like a dog, Luke XVI, 21; but in heaven he shall stand, and the rich man shall lie down. Note, SECONDLY, that against them, or, as it is in Greek, against their face, first, means the same as before them: the just shall set before the impious who afflicted and killed them their own glory to be seen, so that they may see how unlike the end and termination of their lives is to that of the just, and that they have not perished, but exchanged a miserable life for a blessed and glorious one, which shall greatly torment the impious, just as the glory of Lazarus tormented the rich feaster, to which he could not rise from hell, Luke XVI, 24. Secondly, properly against their face signifies that on the day of judgment the saints, especially the martyrs, shall rise up against the tyrants who tortured and killed them, and shall accuse them before Christ and condemn them with him; whence St. Bonaventura and the Gloss: "They shall accuse, they say, the just their persecutors, and the holy martyrs the tyrants who brought them into straits." St. Peter and Paul therefore on the day of judgment shall reprove and condemn Nero of impiety, St. Sebastian Diocletian, St. Lawrence Valerian, St. Cecilia Almachius (whence St. Valerian, the spouse of St. Cecilia, recited this whole passage of Wisdom to Almachius, and threatening cast it in his face), St. Vincent Dacian, etc. Whence our Edmund Campion, truly Campion, that is an athlete of Christ, when he challenged the ministers of heretics in England to disputation, armed with ten invincible arguments, concluded them thus. For addressing the Queen modestly but freely: "There shall come, he says, Elizabeth, that day which shall clearly show you to whom you have been dear, the Society of Jesus, or the progeny of Luther." More bitterly the seven Maccabee brothers, tortured by Antiochus the tyrant, threatened him with God's judgment and the torments of hell, II Maccabees VII, 35. Note thirdly: For "and who took away their labors," in Greek it is "who despised, reviled, provoked their labors"; which you should understand not only of goods and riches, but also properly of labors, as if to say: The just in judgment will reprove the impious, in that they despised their labors which were salutary, by which they themselves and others were striving to advance to the worship of God and eternal salvation, obscured them, hindered them, made them vain and ineffectual, and thus denied to God honor, to others an example, to themselves salvation, while they mocked and rejected the pious admonitions of the just equally as their morals. All these things then the just will reproach to the impious with great freedom and fortitude, to their face and in their presence, saying: Do you remember, O Nero, O Decius, O Diocletian, when bound I stood before your tribunal, that I foretold these things to you; but you did not believe me; now therefore believe unwillingly and experience both our happiness and glory, and your unhappiness and hell. This is that day which we awaited, and which we declared to you would come, so that to our suffering and martyrdom eternal reward, and to your tyranny eternal fires would be decreed. Were we not true prophets? See and believe, but too late, to your greater confusion and condemnation. Do you remember that we challenged you to this day, that we appealed to this tribunal? You were unwilling to hear our appeal, but mocked it. Christ heard and granted it; then we were defendants, you judge; now conversely you are the defendant, we judges. Hear therefore our sentence, or rather Christ's sentence against you, and it is irrevocable, but most just, and therefore pronounced against you from zeal for justice, not vengeance. Because you were an enemy of Christ, you killed his saints, you attacked the Church, you overthrew the faith; go, impious one, go, wicked one, go, accursed one, into eternal fire, which is prepared for the devil and his angels.
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Seeing, namely, not the just, but the impious who afflicted the just: for the discourse passes from the just to the impious. In Greek it is the aorist ἰδόντες, as if to say: When the impious shall have seen, or after the impious shall have seen such great glory and constancy of the just, they will be struck with extreme terror and anguish: for they will see that it is now decided and hopeless concerning themselves and their salvation; they will see that their judges are those who were once defendants before them, condemned by them to atrocious death: wherefore now expecting a like judgment, or rather a more atrocious one, and condemnation from them, they will be extremely afraid. "The torturer will be seen there by the martyrs always, who once saw the martyrs in torments for a time," says St. Cyprian to Demetrius. Add, they will see the majesty and wrath of the judge, the deformity of their own bodies, and the horrible forms of specters assumed by demons; whence dismayed they will say "to the mountains and to the rocks: Fall upon us, and hide us from the face of him that sitteth upon the throne and from the wrath of the Lamb," Apocalypse VI, 16.
AND THEY SHALL WONDER AT THE SUDDENNESS (that is, at the sudden attainment, as St. Bonaventure, Hugh, Dionysius and the Gloss say) OF UNEXPECTED SALVATION. In Greek, ἐκστήσονται ἐπὶ τῷ παραδόξῳ τῆς σωτηρίας, that is, they shall be amazed, and as it were carried outside themselves into ecstasy at the paradox, that is, at the unexpected salvation, that is, on account of the admirable and unforeseen salvation and glory of the just; whom they themselves believed to be lost, and to have utterly perished both as to soul and body. For Paradox is that which is new, admirable, unexpected, unusual, beyond the opinion of men, incredible, such as are the paradoxes of Cicero and the philosophers: thus the glory of the just will come upon the impious unexpectedly, and will appear to be some paradox, and as it were a miracle; wherefore it will strike them with admiration, stupor, fear, and as it were ecstasy. Thus the brothers of Joseph, reckoning him whom they had sold as dead, when they now saw him alive and a prince of Egypt, "could not answer for great fear," Genesis XLV, 3: for nothing so afflicts as a sudden change from the highest felicity and glory to the utmost misery and vileness. Again, nothing so pierces the eyes of an enemy as if he sees himself fall from on high to the depths, while his enemy is raised from the depths to on high, as happened to Mordecai with Haman. Whence St. Bonaventure, Hugh and Dionysius interpret this suddenness of unexpected salvation to mean that suddenly, unexpectedly and abruptly the just attain such great salvation and glory. to thee;" and Festus to Paul, Acts XXVI, 24: "Thou art beside thyself, Paul: much learning doth make thee mad;" and Paul himself, I Corinthians IV, 10 and 13: "We are fools for Christ's sake, we are reviled, we are persecuted: we are made as the refuse of this world, the offscouring of all even until now." Nay, Christ himself on account of his cross was to the Gentiles foolishness, and to the Jews a stumbling block, as he says in I Corinthians I, 23. And so his kinsmen, esteeming Christ himself mad, wished to bind him. Mark III, 21. Finally, certain saints, in their zeal for humility and mortification, feigned themselves fools, as did Simon surnamed Salus, that is, the fool. The worldly therefore esteem the life of the saints as madness, because to the worldly it seems mad to tame the flesh with fastings, hairclothes, disciplines, to afflict the senses, to restrain appetites. St. Gregory of Nazianzus in the Praise of St. Gorgonia: "O soul retaining a body almost even without food, as if bereft of matter; or, to speak more rightly, O body imposing upon itself the necessity of dying even before death, that the soul might obtain freedom, and receive no hindrance from the senses!" And after a few words: "O tender limbs prostrate upon the earth, and exercising themselves harshly contrary to nature! O fountains of tears poured forth on account of tribulation, that they might make a harvest in exultation! O nocturnal cry penetrating the clouds, and reaching unto God!" And St. Paulinus, epistle 10 to Severus, concerning Melania: "Whose refreshment is in fasting, rest in prayer, and bread in the word, clothing in cloth, bed in a rough cloak and patchwork hard upon the earth, etc., and for a holy soul to watch in the Lord is to rest." And St. Jerome, epistle to Heliodorus: "To dash upon bare ground limbs worn away by fastings? but the Lord lies with thee. Dost thou shudder at the unkempt hair of a filthy head? but thy head is Christ. Doth the infinite desolation of the desert terrify thee? but thou walkest in paradise in thy mind." To this also pertains what Ennodius writes concerning Blessed Epiphanius, bishop of Ticinum, in his Life: "Such did the warring right hand render his flesh through the contests of his soul, that afterwards it was necessary to succor him for his need." Blessed Peter Damian, sermon 39 On the Holy Martyrs Donatus and Hilary: "He despised the breadth of a softer life (Blessed Donatus), trampled under foot with the rigor of abstinence the allurements of the flesh; and before his tongue would preach through the dignity of the priestly office, his life was already preaching effectively through honest and disciplined conduct;" and a little later: "He plowed his own earth with the plow of discipline, that the rich harvest of crops might burst forth, and germinate more fruitfully when the ray of heavenly grace shone forth," etc. 4. WE FOOLISH ESTEEMED THEIR LIFE MADNESS, AND THEIR END WITHOUT HONOR. — Thus the princes say to the king Jehu concerning the prophet sent to him by Elisha, IV Kings IX, 11: "Why came this madman" DOING PENANCE (such was the penance of Antiochus, II Mach. IX, 13, and of Esau, Hebr. XII, 17, and of Judas the traitor, Matth. XXVII, 3: for their penance flowed from hatred and fear not of fault, but of punishment) AND GROANING BECAUSE OF THE ANGUISH OF SPIRIT. — Because, as Cantacuzenus says, groaning and sighing are caused by anguish of spirit, and difficulty of breathing: for when the breast is compressed by pain, and thereby the greater force of spirit, or breath, is cut off, which then strives to burst forth all at once, it bursts forth into groaning and sighing: to this pertains that passage, Isai. LXV, 14: "You shall cry out for sorrow of heart, and shall howl for contrition of spirit." THESE ARE THEY WHOM WE ONCE HAD IN DERISION, AND IN THE LIKENESS OF A REPROACH. — St. Cyprian and Lucifer, in derision, and in the likeness of a reproach. The Greeks, Lucifer and others read all these things more forcefully in the singular of any just man, in this manner, this was he whom we once had in derision, and in a parable of reproach, that is in a shameful parable, in an ignominious fable, in a contumelious proverb, which men use when they wish to reproach someone, or to revile them: for they will say: May you become infamous, be derided, and be a fable, a mockery and a reproach of men, as such a one became, who pretended to be just: thus Psalm. XLIII, 15, it is said: "Thou hast made us a byword (in Greek, a parable) among the nations, a shaking of the head among the peoples;" and a little before, vers. 14: "Thou hast made us a reproach to our neighbours, a scorn and derision to them that are round about us." Thus Job complains, cap. XVII, 6: "He hath made me, he says, as it were a byword of the people, and I am an example before them;" and cap. XXX, vers. 9: "Now I am become their song, and am become a byword to them," a fable: similar passages are Jerem. XLVIII, 52; Deut. XXVIII, 37; Ezechiel. XVI, 44, and elsewhere. Cantacuzenus refers all these things to Christ, of whom it is written, Apocal. I, 7: "Behold, he cometh with clouds, and every eye shall see him, and they also that pierced him; and all the tribes of the earth shall bewail themselves because of him." But the Wise Man speaks of any just man, as I have said, but especially of Christ, who is just by antonomasia, as being the Holy of Holies.
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The Greeks do not have behold, and the others have it in the singular, in this manner, how is he counted, or numbered (the just man) among the sons of God, and his lot is among the saints? They call sons of God, not by grace alone, but by glory, those namely who, as heirs of Christ, possess the inheritance of eternal happiness: for this is the hereditary lot, equally blessed and happy of the saints and the blessed. How great a dignity it is to be a son of God, I have shown in many places, Osee I, 10, at the end. Truly "thy friends, O God, are made exceedingly honourable, their principality is exceedingly strengthened," Psal. CXXXVIII, 17.
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Truly St. Jerome to Laeta: "Poisons," he says, "are not given except smeared with honey; and vices do not deceive except under the appearance and shadow of virtues." The impious therefore here condemn themselves of a threefold error and folly: first, in that they have erred from the way of truth, that is, of true virtue, or even of true faith, just as heretics, pagans and atheists deviate from faith; second, in that the light of justice, namely the light of reason and prudence, has not shone upon them, because they have despised it, wishing to dwell in the darkness of pleasure and concupiscence; third, in that the sun of understanding, that is, God and Christ, "who enlighteneth every man that cometh into this world," has not risen upon them, because they themselves have closed the windows of their heart, and thus have shut out his rays for understanding those things which are of God and of salvation. Concerning this sun Malachias says, cap. IV, vers. 2: "And there shall arise unto you that fear my name the sun of justice, and health in his wings:" where I have said more about this matter. Hear St. Ambrose in Psalm. XXI: "I consider the sun of justice to be designated here, that is, Christ the Lord, who poured forth upon us, submerged in the darkness of ignorance and the blindness of sins, the light of his heavenly teaching, and gave us eyes of the heart which we did not have, and sent forth his apostles as it were certain rays, who would free us from the most foul death, and gradually, as the darkness of sins was dissolved in us, would accustom us to the morning reception, so that being perfected we might more easily be able to bear the heat of the sun, that is, first he instructed us with easier precepts, by which he made us more capable of heavenly secrets." The same, serm. 16 De Nativit. Christi: "This," he says, "is the new sun, which penetrates barriers, opens the infernal regions, searches hearts. This new sun is he who by his spirit gives life to the dead, repairs the corrupt, raises up the already deceased, or he who by his heat purifies the filthy, burns away the fluid, cooks down the vicious. He himself, I say, is he who in all our acts perceives all our works, and does not so much condemn crimes as correct them. This truly is the just and wise sun, who does not, like the sun of this world, shine round about upon the good and evil alike without distinction, but by a certain holy judgment of truth shines, sets for the sinner." Hear also St. Gregory, lib. XXXIV Moral. cap. XII: "All the impious on the last day of judgment, having known their damnation, will say, Sapient. V, 6: We have erred from the way of truth, and the light of justice hath not shined upon us, and the sun is not risen upon us, as if they openly say: The ray of internal light has not shone forth within us. Whence also John says, Apocal. XII, 1: A woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet: for in the sun understanding of truth is received, but in the moon, which fails by monthly deficiencies, the mutability of temporality is understood. But the holy Church, which is protected by the splendor of heavenly light, is clothed as it were with the sun; but because it despises all temporal things, it treads the moon under its feet." This is what Isaiah says, cap. VI, vers. 9, and from it Paul, Rom. cap. XI, vers. 8: "God hath given them the spirit of insensibility; eyes that they should not see; and ears that they should not hear:" see the things said there. St. Cyril expresses this lament of the damned, sorrowful and inconsolable, graphically in his oration On the Departure of the Soul and the Second Coming: "No mouth of any man," he says, "could declare their fear and terror; no lips of man have sufficient power to speak of their state and weeping: they groan continually and without ceasing, but there is no one who takes pity; they cry out from the depths, but there is no one who hears; they lament, but there is no one who delivers; they cry out and beat their breasts, but there is no one who is moved. Then where is the boasting of this world? where is vain glory? where are delights? where is pleasure? where is wantonness? where is preparation? where is rest? where is adornment? where is money? where is nobility? where then is delight? where is the vigor of the body? where is that false and useless beauty of women? where then is shameless and unbridled boldness? where then is the elegance of garments? where is the impure and frivolous pleasure of sinning?" See his entire oration. St. Ephrem has similar passages, who, full of the spirit of compunction, groans everywhere like a dove: hear him in the tract On the Various Torments of Hell: "Then, weeping most bitterly and wailing, they will say: O how did we pass our time in negligence and torpor? O how were we deceived? O how, hearing and mocking the divine Scripture, did we mock ourselves? There God spoke to us through the Scriptures, and we did not heed: here now we cry out, and He turns His face away from us. What will the ends of the earth profit us? Where is the father who begot us, where is the mother who bore us? where are our sons? where are our friends? where are riches? where are substance and possessions? where are crowds? where are feasts? where are the various and untimely pursuits? where are kings and the powerful? How can we be saved by any of them, nor can we even help ourselves? But we are utterly forsaken, both by God and by His saints." He then continues with their further laments: "What shall we do? there is no longer any place for repentance, prayer and intercession no longer avail. No longer is there any use of tears. No longer do those appear who sell us oil, the poor and beggars: for all commerce has ceased. When we had time and the means were available, and the very sellers of oil were crying out: Buy, we closed our ears, and neither wished to hear nor to buy oil; but now we seek, On the Journeys of Life. Consider, is it not difficult for the avaricious to traverse seas and lands in order to gather wealth? for the gluttonous to stuff their belly, so that the head aches, the stomach is nauseated, the limbs grow torpid, fevers burn, and they are tormented by intemperance and a thousand diseases? for the lustful to indulge in lust, so that they suffer venereal disease, filth, abscesses and cancers? for the proud, the angry, the envious, so that they are agitated by a thousand mental disturbances, fears and pains, while they see themselves despised, a rival suspected, and themselves set aside? Here that saying is true, Psalm 13:3: "Trouble and unhappiness are in their ways, and the way of peace they have not known:" for, as our Lorinus rightly says, either the intemperate are defiled with mud, or the avaricious are wounded by stones, or the ambitious are wearied by steep ascent, or the angry are bloodied by thorns, or the envious are blinded by darkness, or flatterers are pressed by the crowd, or by evil examples, or the slothful are hindered by inequality and roughness. On the other hand, of the way of the just it is said, Proverbs 4:18: "But the path of the just, as a shining light, goeth forward and increaseth even to perfect day;" and ibid. 15:19: "The way of the slothful is as a hedge of thorns, the way of the just without offence." Moreover, the wicked often do not feel or notice this difficulty, as if drunk with love and stupefied. The Author of the Imperfect Work, cited by St. Chrysostom, homily 28 on Matthew, gives the cause: for when this passage of Wisdom is cited, he adds: "Therefore they labor much and are worn down in the world, but they do not feel their labor, for the spirit that seduces them delights them in evil: for just as those who take upon themselves the yoke of Christ are delighted by Christ in spirit, so that they are not wearied in good works, so also those who take upon themselves the yoke of the devil are delighted and deceived by the devil, so that the wicked do not depart from evil until their death. Therefore Christ says: For my yoke is sweet, and my burden is light. For although sinners are not burdened in body, nor do they labor, yet their souls are burdened and labor, as the Prophet says concerning the burden of sins: For my iniquities are gone over my head, as a heavy burden they are become heavy upon me. And again Zechariah, chapter 5, verse 8, writes that iniquity sits upon a talent of lead." and we have not found it. No further redemption remains for us wretched ones, no further mercy, nor are we worthy. The judgment of God is just. We shall no longer behold the orders of the saints. We shall no longer gaze upon that true light. We are bereft and separated from all things." Finally, he describes their ultimate farewell thus pathetically: "What shall be said? What remains? Farewell, all you just. Farewell, apostles, prophets, martyrs. Farewell, assembly of patriarchs. Farewell, host of monks. Farewell, beautiful and life-giving cross. Farewell, kingdom of heaven, without end. Farewell, heavenly Jerusalem, mother of the primitive Church. Farewell, paradise of delights. Farewell also, you lady, Mother of God, mother of the lover of mankind, God. Farewell, fathers and mothers, sons and daughters, for we shall see none of you ever again. After this, each one shall go into the place of torments prepared for him because of his wicked deeds, where their worm dieth not, neither shall the fire be extinguished."
7. WE ARE WEARIED IN THE WAY OF INIQUITY AND DESTRUCTION. In Greek, we are filled or satiated with the ways of iniquity, that is, we have walked in iniquitous ways unto satiety, namely unto weariness: for satiety in walking is the weariness of the body, just as satiety in eating is the fullness of the belly; whence Our translator wisely renders it, we are wearied. Hence the Greeks derive πονηρίαν, that is, malice and iniquity, from πόνος, that is, labor, and from πονεῖν, that is, to labor, because all iniquity is full of labor and trouble; whence also in Scripture itself it is called labor and sorrow, as St. Chrysostom teaches in Psalm CXXX, and homily 7 on Acts. Hence love itself is called labor and sorrow, because it begets it: for without sorrow one does not live in love, especially worldly and carnal love; whence that passage concerning the elders lying in wait for Susanna's chastity, Dan. XIII, 10: "And both were wounded with the love of her, and they did not disclose their pain one to another: for they were ashamed to declare to one another their lust." Love therefore is sorrow. This is relevant to that passage of Virgil concerning Dido, wounded by love of Aeneas: The wound feeds in her veins, and she is consumed by hidden fire. The same applies in chaste and holy love; whence the bride says, Cant. II, 5: "Because I languish with love." Symmachus, because I am wounded with love. BUT WE HAVE NOT KNOWN THE WAY OF THE LORD. — This is the royal way of virtue, plain and easy to the lover, which leads straight to happiness and heaven. AND WE HAVE WALKED IN DIFFICULT WAYS. — In Greek, διωδεύσαμεν ἐρήμους ἀβάτους, that is, we have traversed deserts (Lucifer for St. Athanasius reads eremias) impassable, namely inaccessible solitudes and impenetrable wastes, truly beset with a thousand perils, a thousand troubles: the Syriac, we have walked in the desert without a guide; the Arabic, we have walked in unwalkable ways, or in inextricable deserts. Thus they call the way of iniquity, of pleasure and concupiscence, both because it is most difficult in passage; and because it is a desert abandoned by God and all good; and because through it there is no way to happiness; and because it leads to eternal desolation. See St. Gregory of Nazianzus, tract.
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nothing but a thousand cares, anguish of mind, crimes, the gnawing torments of conscience, and the sufferings of body and mind present and eternal; St. Cyprian and Augustine read, the boasting of riches; Lucifer, riches with exultation; the Greek, riches with boasting what have they brought forth? for riches without boasting contribute much to virtue, namely to almsgiving, by which the rich buy heaven for themselves; but the boasting or vaunting of wealth does not profit, but harms, because it excites pride, anger, envy, etc., which lead straight to hell. For boasting the Greek word is ἀλαζονεία, that is, pride, haughtiness, insolence, ostentation, arrogance: all these things are produced by riches, unless they are governed by virtue; whence we see many such wealthy men. The Syriac, what advantage did haughtiness bring, or what advantage did the dwelling of our pride bring us? The Arabic, and what did riches with magnificence bring us?
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Thus the Roman [Vulgate], and this is what the Greek ἀγγελίαν signifies: wherefore others read less correctly, a messenger running ahead. Here it is not understood in the masculine sense, so that it would be the same as a man announcing, or a runner, but in the neuter sense, so that it would be the same as a message; for in Greek it is ἀγγελία, that is an announcement, a message, a rumor, a report; for when a message is brought, it subsists only so long as it is carried from the mouth of the speaker to the ears of the hearer. Rumors are often false, and whether they be true or false, they quickly pass away and vanish like a dream. When I was at Louvain, marvelous but false rumors were spread daily throughout the city, and they moved many, but they immediately vanished. Inquiry was made into the authors, and two were discovered who, what they had dreamed at night, they scattered abroad to the common people in the morning. Such are all the riches and pleasures of this life. Each one clearly sees this in death; whence recently Philip III, the pious king of Spain, when about to die, said: "It profits nothing to be king, except that in death it torments one to have been." Note FIRST, the impious here, convicted by the very evidence of things and by their own loss and damage, seriously, but late, acknowledge the vanity of their riches, honors and pleasures, namely that they quickly depart and vanish, leaving no trace of themselves; whence they compare them to things most fleeting, namely first to a shadow; second to a rumor; third to a ship plowing water; fourth to a bird flying through the air; fifth to an arrow sent forth. What is more empty than a shadow? What more vain than a rumor? What more fleeting than a ship? What swifter than a flying bird? What more swift and rapid than an arrow's flight? Note SECOND, here there is a mimesis, or imitation, not so much of words as of the sense of the impious; for the Wise Man imitates and reports not so much their utterances or utterances to be made, as their very thoughts: for nothing compels us to say that the impious on the day of judgment lamenting would use all these very same similitudes; it suffices that they use these or similar ones, just as St. Gregory of Nazianzus did, oration 10: "Such, he says, is our life, brethren, we who lead a fleeting life; such is play on earth, so that when we are not, we are born; when we are born, we are again dissolved. We are a dream not subsisting, a phantom of some kind that cannot be held, the flight of a passing bird, a ship's track in the sea having no trace, dust, vapor, morning dew, a flower born in its season and withering in its season. Man, his days are as grass, as the flower of the field so shall he flourish. Beautifully St. David philosophized with these words about our weakness, just as also in those: Make known to me the fewness of my days. Nay, he even defines the days of men to be the measure of a span: for what shall anyone say of Jeremiah? who in chapter XX, even rails against his mother that he was brought forth into the light, grieving at this on account of the sins of others."
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For the keel in Greek is πορείας, that is, of a journey (some wrongly read τρίβων, that is, of paths) or entrance, or its passage among the waves; for as soon as the ship has passed through, the waves cover it over; but the corrected manuscripts have τρόπιος for πορείας, that is, keel, as our translator rendered it. The keel properly is the lowest part of the ship, and its bottom and as it were belly, which enters under the water and furrows it, leaving no track, or not making a way. The words wave and waves denote the perils of the ship and of those sailing, so that now they seem to be lifted up to the heavens by the waves, now to be pressed down into the abyss, according to that passage, Psalm CVI, 26: "They mount up to the heavens, and they go down to the depths: their soul pined away in evils;" and that of Ovid: We are lifted to heaven, now we scrape the lowest waves. Far greater are the perils of this life, especially the voluptuous life of the impious. Fittingly pleasure and life are compared to a ship and navigation on account of the equal brevity of both, their fleeting nature, perils and shipwrecks: for a ship is a sea-chariot, by which many are drowned. Notable is the history of Jonah swimming and sailing in the belly of the whale, and sighing to God, cap. II, verse 6: "The waters, he says, compassed me about even to the soul, the deep hath closed me round about, the sea hath covered my head. I went down to the lowest parts of the mountains; the bars of the earth have shut me up for ever." Hence a Fellow among Stobaeus, serm. 121: "Death, he says, is the port of all mortals." Hence also the tombs of the ancients were by the sea and the port: whence Ajax and Cato were buried there, as Plutarch testifies in their Lives, and Mathathias with his sons the Maccabees, as appears in I Maccabees XIII, 29. Hence that passage of Propertius, lib. III, eleg. V: Alas, curved ships, and weave the causes of death: The earth was too little, we have added the waves to fate. And that of Alexis among Stobaeus, serm. 59: "Whoever, he says, sails the sea, is either mad, or a beggar, or wishes to die: from these three it cannot be that at least one is not true;" to which Pliny agrees, lib. II, cap. XLVII, saying: "Yet the savagery of storms does not close the sea; pirates first forced men to rush into death through the peril of death, etc., now avarice compels the same." Stobaeus adds from Sophocles: Those who sail the sea are plainly wretched men, To whom neither daemon nor any decree Of the gods has ever granted the instrument of riches; But they are like diving cormorants. Often sitting by the shores, looking back at the ships, We turn ourselves, while those are still far off Washed by the waves, and a small piece of wood prevents death. Pliny adds in the Preface of lib. XIX: "With so many sails one sails, in so many ways one provokes death." So also the body of Adam on account of, or according to the waters, Genesis II, 7, "the Lord God formed:" hear St. Gregory, lib. VI, epist. 26: "Our life is like that of one sailing; he who sails stands, sits, lies, walks, because he is carried by the impulse of the ship: so also are we, who whether waking, or sleeping, or silent, or speaking, through the moments of time daily tend toward the end." 11. OR AS A BIRD, WHICH PASSETH THROUGH THE AIR, OF WHICH NO MARK OF THE WAY CAN BE FOUND, BUT ONLY THE SOUND OF THE WINGS BEATING THE LIGHT AIR, AND DIVIDING BY FORCE THE AIR OF ITS JOURNEY: WITH WINGS MOVED IT PASSED THROUGH, AND AFTER THIS NO SIGN OF ITS PASSAGE IS FOUND IN IT. — The Greek for but only the sound, more clearly have, a blow or rather a stroke disturbing the beaten light air, and divided by force with the sound of moving wings it passed through, and after this no sign is found of the passage in it. Πληγήν in the dative case many codices have with the Vatican, which is rendered, by a blow or stroke, so that bird is the subject of the verb passed through; but, as in the Complutensian and Royal editions it is read, in the nominative πληγή, a blow or stroke: the Vulgate rightly explained the sense: the same for μάστιγα, that is, a blow, rendered sound, because a bird striking the air with its wings, flying excites a sound. It is a metonymy: "Dividing by force the air of its journey," that is, dividing by force, or violence, the air, which it cuts by making a journey, or dividing the air by the force which it makes by journeying, namely by flying. In the same way therefore all the joys of this world pass away immediately, nay they fly away, like a bird flying through the air. 12. OR AS AN ARROW SENT TO A DESTINED MARK (in Greek, to a target, which is set before archers to be struck), THE AIR DIVIDED IMMEDIATELY CLOSED IN UPON ITSELF, SO THAT HIS PASSAGE MIGHT NOT BE KNOWN. — The word sagitta emissa is not in the nominative case, but in the ablative, as is evident from the Greek. Our author seems to have read ἀνεκλείσθη, that is, it was closed: for the air, while it returns into itself, is as it were closed in upon itself, united and comes together; now they read ἀνελύθη, that is, it was dissolved, for the air divided by the arrow is compressed and condensed, and after it is loosened, relaxed, and returns into itself as it were dissolved. The sense is, as if to say: Just as after an arrow sent to a destined target immediately the air divided by it returns and revolves into itself, so that its trajectory or passage is not known: so likewise our life, when it has come to the goal of death, leaves no trace of itself, but all things return into themselves, and wealth passes to heirs, houses are inhabited by others, fields and vineyards are cultivated by others, just as if their master, now deceased, had never possessed them, but only passed through them like an arrow with the greatest speed, or rather flew through them. Again, just as the air divided by the arrow immediately comes together into itself after it: so when the factious man who divides and tears the commonwealth into schisms is removed, it immediately comes together into itself, is reconciled and becomes tranquil. St. Gregory, book XVI of the Morals, chapter V, represents the vanity of temporal things by nearly the same similitudes: "The Moreover, St. Gregory of Nazianzus rightly teaches the method of navigating through this life well, in oration 3 On Peace: "Do not emulate," he says, "merchants, who partly with ships too heavily laden with merchandise have burst the belly of the ship and sunk it in the waters, rather than refrain from the insatiable greed of profit, and while catching small gains, are afflicted with the gravest losses; therefore we must beware lest our hearts be weighed down," etc., as is warned in Luke XXI, 34. And St. Chrysogonus the martyr, writing to St. Anastasia, who was cast into chains by the grace of Christ, thus says: "We have all navigated the same sea, and our bodies are furrowed by its waves, like ships, which souls govern just as pilots; but of these ships some are so strong, so well constructed, that they very easily cut through the waves of the sea by their force, and pass through the midst of the waves without harm to the desired port; others are so fragile that they are everywhere in danger of safety. Rejoice therefore, Anastasia: for although your navigation is not conducted without the greatest storms and dangers, soon and happily the course of your navigation will be ended, and you will arrive at the desired port, enjoying Christ with the palm of martyrdom." See Blessed Peter Chrysologus, sermon 8 On Fasting, and St. John Chrysostom, oration On Philogonios, and St. Maximus, homily 2 On St. Eusebius. Moreover, Pliny, book XXXII, chapter IV, says: "Although incredible to tell, some report that ships carrying the right foot of a tortoise go more slowly;" but this seems fabulous and superstitious if you regard the letter; yet it is true if you understand it tropologically: for the foot of the tortoise is the affection of sloth, slow and sluggish, which greatly delays and retards his ship and navigation to the port of happiness by its inertia. Therefore it is clear that human life is very similar to navigation, and from the structure of the human body inspected universally and individually through its parts; and first from the place where it was built by God, for nearly according to this norm are other generations; second from the variety of things of which it consists; third from the blasts of winds by which it is moved; fourth from the spine, head, tongue, navel and things of this kind, which have a singular analogy with the keel, stern, rudder and anchor. A ship is usually constructed and joined at the bays and banks of waters, into which it can easily be cast when completed; but so that machines are needed, as from ships on account of interrupted navigation drawn up on shore, and after winter passed descended into the sea, naming the part from the whole, the lyric poet sings thus, Carmina, ode IV: The sharp winter is dissolved by the grateful turn of spring and the west wind, machines draw the dry keels. glory," he says, "while it shines, falls; while it is exalted in itself, suddenly cut short it is ended. Thus smoke is raised to the clouds, but suddenly swelling into nothing is dispersed. Thus from the lowest depths mist rising densely raises itself, but the ray of the sun arising, wipes it away as if it had not been. Thus on the surface of herbs the moisture of nocturnal dew is sprinkled, but by the heat of diurnal light is suddenly dried. Thus foamy bubbles of waters excited by beginning rains come forth from the depths vying with each other, but the more quickly are they burst and perish, the more quickly are they extended when inflated. And when they grow so as to appear, by growing they complete themselves so as not to subsist." Note here the gradation: for first the wicked compare the fleeting nature of their pleasures to a shadow, which flees, but gradually and slowly; for their body follows at an equal pace. Second, to a messenger, which is swifter than a shadow, for messengers carry messages by running. Whence Virgil thus depicts a messenger or fame, IV Aeneid, verse 174:
Rumor is an evil than which none is swifter, it thrives by mobility and gains strength as it goes; small at first through fear, soon it lifts itself into the air, treads upon the ground, and hides its head among the clouds. That mother earth, angered by the wrath of the gods, brought it forth, as they say, the last sister of Coeus and Enceladus, swift of foot and with swift wings. Thirdly, they compare it to a ship, which driven by winds is swifter than a runner and messenger: for a ship is as it were a chariot of the sea winged and impelled by winds, according to that saying of Tibullus: She herself made a chariot flying upon the light stream. Fourthly, to a bird, which by its flight surpasses the course both of ship and runner. Fifthly, to an arrow, which is the swiftest of all things, for it is borne with the greatest force. Job uses a similar gradation in chapter IX, verses 25 and 26: "My days," he says, "have been swifter than a runner, they have fled, and have not seen good: they have passed as ships bearing apples (which sail more swiftly than others, lest the apples wither), as an eagle flying to its food." Therefore, when the matter is examined more deeply, there is no arrow that leaps so quickly from the bow to its mark; no bird that flies more swiftly; no ship that, driven by the north wind, rushes so rapidly through the sea; no shadow, appearing and disappearing so suddenly; no wind, flowing so rapidly over the earth; no lightning falling so swiftly from the heavens to the earth, as we are borne swiftly from east to west, from life to death, from the cradle to the tomb; nor do we enter the world sooner to live than to die, the progress of life and death is equal; in being born we die, we are dust, and shall immediately return to dust. Whoever therefore you are that are mortal and condemned to death, think continually of death, and prepare yourself for death. Time therefore is swifter than all swift things, by which our life runs its course, and all its pleasures, both because time is the measure of the motion of the first movable, which is the swiftest; for any star of the eighth heaven, or firmament, placed on the equinoctial, accomplishes in single hours 43 millions of millions; the ninth heaven accomplishes far more space, and the tenth more, and much more the eleventh, if there be one: for some modern mathematicians assert that they have found more than ten heavens; consider therefore how swift time is: see the sayings in Genesis I, 14; and because from time nothing is present except the now, that is the instant or moment of time, for past time is not, but was, future time is not, but will be; but the now endures only by a single instant, wherefore it is in an instant, and ceases to be in an instant; in an instant therefore, that is most swiftly, it passes and flies away: whence it follows: 13. SO WE ALSO BEING BORN IMMEDIATELY CEASED TO BE (Vatablus, have failed): AND WE HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO SHOW ANY SIGN OF VIRTUE: BUT IN OUR MALICE WE HAVE BEEN CONSUMED. — The word "immediately" is not in the Greek, but is understood, as is evident from what has been said, and from the comparisons brought forward: for the motion of shadow, messenger, ship, bird and arrow pass and cease immediately; therefore our life also, which is most similar to these, passes and ceases immediately. "We die daily," says Seneca in epistle 24, "for daily some part of life is taken away; and even when we grow, life decreases. We have lost infancy, then childhood, then youth; up to yesterday, whatever time has passed, has perished; this very day which we are living we share with death. Just as the water-clock is not emptied by the last drop, but by whatever flowed before: so the last hour, in which we cease to be, does not alone cause death, but alone completes it. We come to it, but we have been coming to it for a long time: Death does not come once, but that which snatches away the last, that is death." Hence St. Augustine, in book XIII of the City of God, chapters X and XI, teaches that our life is nothing other than a continuous course toward death. AND WE HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO SHOW ANY SIGN OF VIRTUE. (We have not been able, because we have not willed: for we have so occupied our will with pleasures, that it neither wished nor was able to be free for virtue, for we have exhausted all its strength in the taste and sense of pleasures: wherefore we have not been able to produce any act of full and perfect virtue, especially of eminent and heroic virtue, and above all of divine grace and charity, although we have produced some acts of human virtue, such as almsgiving; but) IN OUR MALICE (in Greek, ἐν κακίᾳ, that is in malice) OF OURS (that is first, on account of our malice; secondly, by our own fault we have fallen into destruction; thirdly, with all our cunning and prudence we have not known how to take counsel for ourselves; but) WE HAVE BEEN CONSUMED, — in Greek, κατεδαπανήθημεν, that is we have been exhausted by expenditure and expense, as if to say: All expenditure, all expense, all price, all outlay both of time, and of wealth, and down, which flies through the air and is driven by the lightest wind, especially in autumn, when it is scattered by a gentle breeze. Foam is made from the waves of the sea or river colliding with each other, to which is similar that saying, man is a bubble; whence it denotes a man puffed up and swollen with riches, strength, knowledge, honor, whose inflation and pride like foam is scattered by the slightest storm of adversity. Smoke rises from fire, and denotes ambition or an outburst of anger, which like smoke the higher it rises, the more quickly it vanishes, according to that, Psalm LXXII, 18: "Thou hast cast them down whilst they were being lifted up;" and that, Psalm XXXVI, 20: "The wicked shall perish as smoke shall perish." The memory of a guest of one day passing by: it ends with that very day: so also our life ends with its own days, and therefore with its last day. We are therefore guests here, pilgrims and sojourners of one day, just as all our fathers were. In a similar manner and scheme the Fathers compare the pleasures of this life to winds, to the sea, to storms, to dreams on account of a similar inconstancy and fugacity. Hear Gregory of Nazianzus, Oration On the Love of the Poor: "Nothing in human affairs is stable by nature, nothing equal, nothing sufficient, nothing remaining in the same state; but all things revolve as it were on a wheel, bringing diverse changes often on single days, even on hours; so that to unstable winds, and to the tracks of a ship cutting through the sea, and to the deceptive dreams of night, whose grace is brief, and to those things which children fashion in play in the sand, more trust should be placed than in the present prosperity of men. Wherefore they act prudently, who because they do not trust in present things, consult their reason for the future; and on account of the unstable condition of human happiness, embrace benignity and mercy, which never fails." Hear St. Basil, very familiar to Nazianzus, at the beginning of Proverbs: "Just as the sea cannot remain in the same state for long; but what you see tranquil, a little later you will see disturbed by the force of winds; and what is horrible and seething and swollen with waves, soon you will see remaining in much calm: so human affairs are easily converted either way." Hear also Origen, homily 5 on Psalm LVI: "If you sail, placed in a ship you see lands, and promontories, and mountains passing by, not because those things are continually moving, but because you, with a favorable wind blowing, pass by, they seem to withdraw themselves and be carried away: so also in this age, if with the Holy Spirit breathing and blowing upon your mind, you sail with a favorable and prosperous course, you will pass through in your perception all these things which appear, because they are temporal, and beholding those things which are eternal, you will doubtless say: Because all these things which are seen are now not, because neither will they be in the future."
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These words do not exist in the Greek, but are understood: for from what has been said it is clear that the impious have spoken up to this point. By hell understand first, not Gehenna, but the lower place in the valley of Josaphat, into which the impious are to be cast like condemned men on the day of judgment, so that they may receive the sentence of damnation from Christ, and from there be hurled down into the hell of Gehenna: for this disputation of the impious with the pious is to be instituted on the day of judgment, not in Gehenna, as is clear from what has been said, although their lamentation will last in Gehenna throughout all eternity: thus Dionysius and our a Castro. Whence secondly, hell here can be understood for Gehenna, so that the impious to be condemned on the day of judgment are said to be in hell, because adjudged to hell they will soon go into hell, so that they already seem to have one foot in hell, although in reality they are not yet in it, nor do they feel its torments, whence they do not remember them; but when they shall have felt them in it, they will continue and increase their lamentations with a thousand wailings. Just as therefore a condemned man about to be hanged preaches from the gallows, so that by his example he may deter others from thefts and crimes: so here the impious preach from hell, and with their lamentation cry out to all that saying of Virgil, VI Aeneid, verse 620: Learn justice, warned, and do not despise the gods.
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The Wise Man confirms the words of the impious, namely that pleasures pass away immediately like a shadow, a messenger, a ship, a bird and an arrow, by four other similitudes, namely down, foam, smoke and a guest. Our author reads λάχνη, that is, down, already others read κονιορτός, that is, dust. Down is soft wool; likewise the first hairs of the cheeks and beard, likewise feathers, seed-down, nap, which have the likeness of wool; whence Pliny, lib. XXV, cap. XIII: The herb Senecio is said to be called, as it were, clothed in an old man's down, he says, and dog's hairs, because it turns into seed-down, and has a down of thistles similar to flowers: thus the nap and fluff of herbs, of herbs and plants are called thus— of health, then of strength whether of body or of soul, we spend and expend in our evil and wicked pleasures: wherefore in these we are exhausted and consumed in all respects. O we foolish ones! for if indeed we had spent these in the service of God, as we ought, we would not have been consumed, but would have been perfected in life, grace and glory. Now indeed we spend riches, fame, body, soul, and all things of ours, and we have made ourselves the price of our destruction: for by these as it were at a most precious price we have bought and procured for ourselves the torments of hell, O our stupidity, O our madness, to be lamented with eternal and burning tears!
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He returns to the antithesis, and teaches how much the happy lot of the just excels the unhappy lot of the impious; the just therefore shall live for ever a happy and blessed life, the impious indeed, even if they shall live in perpetual torments, yet because they live in perpetual sufferings, hence their life is rather to be called death than life. "With the Lord is their reward," namely decreed and laid up for their labour and patience, so that He may give it to them after death. Again "with the Lord," as if to say, Not man, but God shall bestow this reward on the just, namely divine, heavenly, immense, perpetual, nay even Himself, according to that word to Abraham, Genesis XV, 1: "I am thy protector, and thy reward exceeding great." The word reward argues that the just merit eternal glory by good works: for reward is correlative to merit, for reward is the reward of merit, and conversely merit is the merit of reward: to this pertains that word of Christ, Apocalypse XXII, 12: "My reward is with me, to render to every one according to his works."
AND THEIR THOUGHT IS WITH THE MOST HIGH. In Greek, φρόντισμα, that is, thought, care, can be taken both actively and passively: actively, as if to say, God is the reward of the just, because they themselves direct all their thoughts and cares toward God: for they think of nothing else than how they might please Him more, and love and worship Him more. Again, the just do not think, nor care, nor are they anxious about themselves, but cast all their solicitude upon God, as St. Peter says, for they know themselves to be a care to God, and they say with the Psalmist, Psalm XXII, 1: "The Lord ruleth me (in Hebrew, The Lord is my shepherd, who feedeth and ruleth me as His own sheep) and (therefore) I shall want nothing: in a place of pasture there He hath placed me." Thus St. Bonaventure, Hugo, Dionysius and Holcot. Passively, as if to say, "Their thought," namely of the just, that is, the solicitude and care for the just, is with the Most High: for neither a king, nor a pontiff, but God Himself, cares for the affairs of the just, and thinks how He might adorn them with grace and glory, and against all enemies and all evils protect and defend them, and bestow upon them a reward worthy of their labors and afflictions, nay, exceeding: thus Cantacuzenus, Osorius, Lyranus and others. This sense responds better to what preceded: "And with the Lord is their reward;" yet both are connected, for this reason God thinks of the just and cares for them, because the just have renounced all their thoughts, hopes and cares from themselves, and cast them upon God, according to that word of Christ to St. Catherine of Siena: "Daughter, think of Me continually, and I will think of thee." He notes the security and perpetuity of the reward of the just, in that God has taken it into His thought and care, according to that word of Christ, John X, 27: "My sheep hear My voice, and I know them, and they follow Me, and I give them life everlasting, and they shall not perish for ever, and no man shall snatch them out of My hand." He explains this reward when he adds: "Therefore shall they receive a kingdom of glory, and a crown of beauty from the hand of the Lord." But he explains the thought or care of the Most High concerning them, when he adds: "Because His right hand shall cover them." Tropologically our Alvarez de Paz, tract. On the Nature of Contemplation, lib. V, part. II, cap. III, adapts these things to perfect and contemplative men: for others, the imperfect, when they attend to works sometimes unfruitful, partly die morally, and partly live; but to these, who have a perfect life and suspended in God, and direct all that they do to Him, it is well said that "they always live, and with the Lord is their reward," because for their labors they seek nothing from the world; "and their thought is with the Most High," because from that most simple and purest contemplation of God, they are so immersed in divine things, that day and night they are pleased to think of nothing but God.
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Syrian, therefore they shall receive a glorious kingdom, and a crown of beauty from the hand of the Lord; Arabic, therefore they shall be girded with a kingdom of honor from the hand of God, and a crown of beauty of glory, that is to say, Because the reward of the just is with the Lord, hence from Him they shall receive a "kingdom" not such as it is, but of honor, that is most fitting, most opulent and most adorned; and a diadem of beauty, that is most beautiful, most fair, most elegant. A diadem is a royal fillet and royal insignia, namely a white band, with which kings bound their head, to which the Romans added a laurel wreath, that is a crown woven from laurel leaves; in place of both, as the Roman empire declined and the Constantinople empire flourished, there succeeded a woven crown of gold and gems, with which kings and emperors were accustomed to bind their head, as the Curopalata testifies, in the book On Offices. Diadem is a Greek word, derived from δέω, that is I bind around, I gird, I crown. Therefore a laurel fillet and golden crown will not be for the blessed in heaven, but something else far more noble shall be given to them as the insignia of the kingdom. Therefore the diadem signifies that the just shall be kings in heaven, because namely they shall obtain the heavenly kingdom of Christ and all its glory as conquerors of the world, the flesh and the devil: for a diadem is the insignia both of a king and of a victor; but the blessed are both victors and kings most glorious, for they rule over all heaven and all the earth. Therefore the diadem here signifies the royal glory of the head and of the whole body and soul of the saints. It alludes to that passage, Isaiah LXII, 3: "And thou shalt be a crown of glory in the hand of the Lord, and a diadem of the kingdom in the hand of thy God." See what is said there, and Apocalypse II, 10, and IV, 10, and V, 10. Furthermore, St. Augustine describes this kingdom and glory of the blessed graphically, in sermon 1 On the Words of the Apostle: "What, he says, the future glory shall be, and with what riches we might be able to praise it flourishing, we cannot explain, because we read: Eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither hath it entered into the heart of man, what things God hath prepared for them that love him. Who then is God himself, who hath prepared such and so great things? what but one inestimable, ineffable, incomprehensible beyond all things, outside all things, besides all things? If thou ask his greatness, he is greater; if his beauty, he is more beautiful; if his sweetness, he is sweeter; if his splendor, he is more resplendent; if his justice, he is more just; if his strength, he is stronger; if his mercy, he is more merciful." In heaven therefore, as Isaiah says, chapter LX, verse 19: "The Lord shall be unto thee an everlasting light, and thy God thy glory;" and, as the Psalmist says, Psalm CXLIV, 11: "They shall speak of the glory of thy kingdom, etc., and of the glory of the magnificence of thy kingdom;" and Psalm XXIX, 4: "Thou hast set on his head a crown of precious stone." To this pertains that passage, Canticles III, 4: "In the diadem wherewith his mother crowned him;" and chapter IV, verse 8: "Come, thou shalt be crowned." The blessed therefore possess a kingdom of honor and beauty, that is most beautiful, most opulent, most splendid, most peaceful, most happy; whereas kings on earth possess a kingdom most troublesome, most wretched, most unhappy, in which they are tormented and burned with continual cares, troubles and dangers. Whence Antigonus the king, seeing his son insolent on account of the kingdom: "Do you not know, he said, my son, that our kingdom is a noble servitude?" Aelianus testifies to this, book II of Miscellaneous Histories. A similar saying was that of Cardinal Bellarmine: "Do you not know, he said, what thorns lie hidden beneath this purple." For this reason Antiochus the Great, when by L. Scipio he was removed beyond the Taurus mountain with the boundaries of his empire contracted, and had lost Asia and the nations neighboring to it, "gave thanks to the Roman people, because he had been freed by them from a great part of cares." How foolish therefore are those who always strive to extend the right of ruling! for what else do they bring upon themselves but intolerable cares for the mind and immense dangers for the conscience? for the mind of one man, however vigilant, cannot be equal to so many affairs. Hadrian used to say "that the condition of emperors is wretched, to whom on account of the suspicion of tyranny, unless they are killed, credence is not given:" thus Volcatius in Avidius. The emperor Otho used to say to his men: "Do you not know, friends, what it is to govern the empire of the Romans; believe me, already experienced, I would now rather die than rule." Saturninus, when the soldiers urged him to assume the empire, said: "Do you not know, O soldiers, how great an evil it is to rule; swords hang like pendants over the neck, spears from all sides, arrows, the very guards are feared, the very companions are dreaded, food not according to will, travel not according to authority, wars not according to judgment, arms not according to inclination:" thus the Annals of the Empire. Finally we see that smaller empires and kingdoms last longer than great ones: for these collapse under their own weight and bury themselves; whence Paul Paruta in his Political Discourses assigns the reason why the republic of Venice stood so long, that it was more concerned with preserving its dominion than with extending it.
BECAUSE HIS RIGHT HAND SHALL COVER THEM, AND HIS HOLY ARM SHALL DEFEND THEM. The words "holy arm" are not in the Greek. The word "because" is causal, for it gives the reason why, first, the kingdom ought to be given to the just by God as becoming and beautiful, namely because God, placing them at his right hand on the day of judgment, shall cover them, lest any enemy or evil be able to befall them; indeed God shall attack their enemies, namely the impious, and shall strike them with all the arrows of his wrath and lay them low, as follows, whereby it shall come to pass that the just shall peacefully and joyfully enjoy their glorious kingdom without any fear of enemies or evils forever, nay they shall rejoice and exult in the just vengeance of their enemies, according to that, Psalm LVII, 11: "The just shall rejoice when he shall see the vengeance, he shall wash his hands in the blood of the sinner." Second, "because" pertains to "their thought with the Most High," and through the effect explains the cause, as if to say: All the just have fixed all their thoughts on God; hence God in turn receives them into his thought and care of providence. Wherefore, that he may show this care, his right hand shall cover them against all the attacks of enemies and adversities, just as a hen or an eagle covers her chicks with her wings, according to that, Deut. XXXII, 11: "As an eagle enticing her young to fly (where the Septuagint has the same word that is here, namely σκεπάσει: As an eagle, they say, covers her nest) and hovering over them, spreads her wings, and takes him, and carries him on her shoulders." And as the pillar of cloud overshadowing the camp of the Hebrews in the desert protected them from the heat of the sun and all injury of the air, Exod. XIII, and Num. IX. For "shall defend," the Greek is ὑπερασπιεῖ, that is, shall defend strongly, as if with a shield interposed, shall protect, shall defend; whence he adds: "The zeal of him shall take up arms, etc., shall take an impregnable shield, justice;" for ἀσπίς is a buckler, shield, targe; ἀσπιστής is a warrior, shielded; ὑπερασπιστής, one who covers and defends another with his shield, as it were a satellite, attendant, guard, defender. Thus God says to Abraham, Gen. cap. XV, vers. 1: "I am thy protector," in Greek, ἐγὼ ὑπερασπίζω σου; and David says to God, Psalm XXX, 5: "Because thou art my protector" (in Greek, ὑπερασπιστής); and Psalm LXXXIII, 10: "Our protector" (in Greek, ὑπερασπιστά) "behold, O God;"; and Psalm XVII, 3: "My protector" (in Hebrew מגן magen, that is, shield; Septuagint, ὑπερασπιστής) "and the horn of my salvation." Thus throughout the Psalms David calls and invokes God as his magen, that is, his targe and shield; where the Septuagint always render ὑπερασπιστής. Our translator renders it "protector," as Psalm XXVII, 9, and XXXII, 20, and LVIII, 12, and CXIII, 17, 18, 19, and CXLIII, 2, or according to others, 3. The word therefore "shall defend" signifies God's war against the impious not only defensive but also offensive, as is evident from what follows. He shall defend therefore, that is, shall avenge, shall lay low, and shall punish severely: thus Nabuchodonosor "swore that he would defend," that is, would avenge, "himself against all these regions," Judith I, 12: thus the Apostle says Rom. XII, 19: "Not defending ourselves," that is, avenging ourselves: see the remarks there.
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He declares how God, excellently armed, shall be in the day of judgment the defender and protector of the just: for being provoked by the sharp offense of the impious and the injury inflicted upon the just by them, He shall arm Himself with the zeal of vengeance, and shall put on every kind of arms, indeed shall stir up and incite every creature to take vengeance upon the impious. In Greek it is, λήψεται πανοπλίαν τὸν ζῆλον αὐτοῦ, that is, he shall take all his armor his zeal; Vatable, for all armor he shall bring forth his indignation: for this shall be to him in place of every kind of arms, and the same shall arm all creatures. According to this reading, panoplia, or all the armor of God, is his own zeal, that is indignation and desire of just vengeance upon them: for this is the same as justice, certain judgment and equity, in which all God's armor consists, as follows; and this very thing stirs up God's mind and power, so that He may devise all kinds of torments, and pour them forth powerfully upon the impious, according to that, Proverbs VI, 34: "The wrath and fury of a man will not spare in the day of vengeance;" and that, Psalm XXXIV, 2: "Take hold of arms and shield, and rise up to help me. Draw out the sword," etc.; and that, Psalm VII, 13: "He hath drawn out his sword, he hath bent his bow, and he hath prepared it." But Our Author more rightly reads ζῆλος in the nominative for ζῆλον in the accusative: for the zeal of justice and of just vengeance to be taken upon the impious for the sake of the pious, is not the armor of God, but stirs up God so that He may put on armor, and arm Himself to take vengeance upon the impious: for God's armor is described in what follows, when He says: "He shall put on justice as a breastplate," etc., as if to say, God for an iron breastplate, or coat of mail shall put on justice, for a helmet certain judgment, for a shield equity, for a spear wrath, for a bow the emissions of lightnings, for a catapult the vibration of hail. Furthermore zeal denotes the supreme indignation of God: for there are three degrees of wrath, namely wrath, fury and zeal, as I showed in Proverbs XXVII, 4. He describes God here anthropopathically, that is in human manner, as a most powerful king equipped with every kind of arms, who with an army goes forth to avenge himself upon enemies, by whom he has been greatly injured. AND SHALL ARM THE CREATURE. — God Himself armed shall not go forth to battle, says Cantacuzenus, for that would be unworthy of God, namely that He should need arms to overcome enemies; therefore He shall use creatures in place of arms. Inwardly therefore think in His mind, God shall put on the armor of virtues stirring up to vengeance, such as justice, equity, certain judgment, etc.; outwardly truly He shall use every kind of creature, to exercise this vengeance in deed. The reason is, which St. Jerome gives in Matthew chapter VIII: "Because, he says, all creatures feel their creator not by the error of heretics, who think all things are animate, but by the majesty of the creator, which things are insensible to us, are sensible to Him." Every created thing therefore feels its creator by natural sense, wherefore it desires to avenge the same injury to Him, the same thing it would do with rational appetite, if it had it; hence to do this all its powers, God permitting, indeed commanding and inciting, on the day of judgment it shall pour forth upon the impious. Isaiah gives a similar armor to God, chapter LIX, verse 17: "He is clothed, he says, with justice as with a breastplate, and a helmet of salvation on his head: he is clothed with a garment of vengeance, and is covered as with a cloak of zeal." St. Paul gives a fuller armor to the Christian soldier, Ephesians VI, 14 and following, so that armed with it from head to heels he may resist all the phalanxes of demons: namely on the head for a helmet he gives him hope; on the breast for a breastplate, or coat of mail he gives him justice; on the loins for a belt, or girdle he gives him truth, that is integrity; on the feet for greaves he gives him alacrity to enter upon and propagate the way of the Gospel; in the right hand for a sword he gives him the word of God; in the left hand for a shield he assigns him faith. See the sayings there. Tropologically St. Bernard wisely, sermon 1 On the Feast of All Saints: "The soul, he says, if it desires to reign over its members, it is necessary that it itself be subject to its superior, because it shall find its inferior such as it shall have shown itself to its superior: for the creature is armed to avenge the injury to its creator; and therefore let the soul know, which finds its flesh rebellious to itself, that it also is less than it ought to be subject to the superior powers." 19. HE SHALL PUT ON JUSTICE AS A BREASTPLATE, AND SHALL TAKE CERTAINTY FOR A HELMET. — Some read "rectum" (right) instead of "certum" (certain) incorrectly: for in Greek it is ἀνυπόκριτον, that is, sincere, not feigned, not hypocritical, lacking all simulation and dissimulation, just as also acceptance of persons, so that he does not allow himself to be corrupted by anyone's prayer or price, nor does he decline from just judgment by anyone's favor, fear, or respect. The Greek texts therefore have, he shall put on a breastplate of justice, and shall place upon his head a helmet of sincere judgment. St. Chrysostom in Psalm XLIV reads, he shall put on the breastplate of justice, and adds: "God does not undertake operation from elsewhere, but is sufficient to himself." The breastplate, or corselet of God, is rightly placed as justice, by which God will justly avenge the injuries inflicted upon the just by the impious, and will punish and chastise their crimes according to their deserts, so that thus the proper splendor of justice may be restored, and God's justice and just vengeance may be feared, honored and adored throughout the whole world by all angels and men. The reason is that a corselet covers the breast and belly; but there the heart and viscera are located, in which is the seat of compassion and mercy. Therefore, lest God be bent by any compassion, seeing such horrible punishments inflicted upon the impious, he arms his breast, heart and viscera with a corselet of justice, which admits no sense of mercy, and permits nothing but what is just to be decreed and done. In this life God tempers justice with mercy, whence it is said of him, Habakkuk III, 2: "When thou art angry, thou wilt remember mercy," and Psalm LXXVI, 10: "Will God then forget to show mercy? or will he in his anger shut up his mercies?" but in the future life he will reprove the impious in fury and judgment, Psalm VI, 2: for there will be judgment without mercy, James II, 13. But to the head a helmet is fittingly given as certain judgment, that is, simple, sincere, complete: for because the judgment of the head is easily corrupted through gifts, through favors, through friendships, through fears, through human respects, hence in order to exclude these, it is armed with sincerity, integrity, incorruptibility, so that in pronouncing sentence of punishment against the impious it respects nothing except the measure of their demerits, and proportions the punishment justly to them. For certain, as the Sipontine testifies, is said from cerno, that is, I see, and is the same as clear and undoubted, so that the very truth of the thing is manifest, and seems to be seen by the eyes as it were without any feigning, veil or covering, because those things which we see are clear and undoubted, and have nothing of fiction or feigning: hence certain is opposed to simulation and hypocrisy, as certain love is called that which is not simulated; certain faith, that which is not feigned; a certain friend is he who does not simulate, but truly shows himself to be a friend.
20. HE SHALL TAKE HOLINESS AS AN INVINCIBLE SHIELD, JUSTICE, in Greek ὁσιότητα, that is, first, sanctity; second, justice, right, lawfulness; third, religion and reverence and worship of the divine; fourth, expiation: for God on the day of judgment will expiate the earth and the world, and therefore the impious, who have defiled it with their crimes, as if they were filth he will sweep from it, and them as if they were purifications and expiations, the earth gaping open, he will swallow up and thrust down into Tartarus, as if into a foul and base sewer. Sanctity therefore, that is, complete innocence and purity, arms here the left hand of God, as if it were an invincible shield, so that clothed in it he cannot be accused by anyone of savagery or cruelty toward the impious: for the impious and the damned will hurl forth from desperation and fury like rabid dogs curses against God, and will call him cruel, a torturer and a tyrant, because he so dreadfully torments them; but God will receive all these accusations and curses with the shield of sanctity and repel them: for he will show himself moved not by passion, but by sanctity to this so atrocious vengeance against the impious, and will conduct the cause of each one holily and justly: so much so that those who look upon this vengeance of God with the straight eye of reason will clearly see it to be holy, and to proceed from holiness and from the holy God. Thus the sanctity of Christ in correcting and punishing sinners, especially the scribes and Pharisees, was so great that he himself offered himself and his deeds to be judged by his enemies: "Who of you, he says, shall convince me of sin?" John VIII, 46. Great indeed and impenetrable is the shield that is sought from innocence and holiness of life. Less correctly does Dionysius the Carthusian understand by justice ἐπιείκειαν, or moderation, by which God moderates punishments, and will punish the reprobate less than they deserve: for all things here breathe severity, wrath and keen vengeance of God against the impious. 21. AND HE SHALL SHARPEN HIS HARD WRATH INTO A SPEAR, — in Greek into a romphaea, that is, into a sword, or into a spear that strikes sharply, and wounds vehemently; wrath therefore will be to God in place of a spear and sword, by which he may strike, harm, pierce and penetrate the impious even to the bone. Hard wrath is hard vengeance, hard punishment sent by God: for passion of wrath itself does not fall upon God, but its effect, namely vengeance. God is said therefore to be angry, when he avenges and punishes, says St. Augustine, and he does this from the most tranquil love of justice, not from the disturbance of anger. Up to this point he has assigned the defensive arms of God, namely the breastplate, helmet and shield; now he brings forth the offensive ones, namely the spear, bow, catapult, etc. For hard, as the Romans read it, others read dire; both signify the Greek ἀπότομος. Dire is said, as if born of God's wrath, says Festus, and Sipontinus: "There are, he says, those who think dire derived from God," that is, cruel, hostile, and as if sent by the wrath of the gods. Hence that passage of Livy, book X: "With dire funerals he incurred the wrath of the gods." Hence also dire plague, dire sorrow, dire fury, dire battle: the Furies also are called dire. Therefore the dire wrath of God will harass the impious, so that they seem to be devoted to dire things, and delivered to the cruel agitations and curses of all dire things, that is, of demons. Tropologically, all these things are easily adapted to the just fighting generously against mad and senseless vices, for which God fights with every kind of weapon, so that he may procure for them victory and triumph. AND THE WORLD SHALL FIGHT WITH HIM AGAINST THE SENSELESS. — When "in punishment of the delinquent and the adversity of the elements shall serve as a soldier," says St. Gregory, book VI of the Morals, chapter VI. The Syrian: God will make war with the world itself against the contemners; the Arabic: and the world shall fight with him, and will show torches of lightning against the senseless. These things pertain to that of verse 18: and shall arm the creature for the revenge of his enemies: for this explains that, and shows that all and each of the elements will rise up against the impious, and will fight against them, because the impious have abused all and each in offense and injury to the Creator, and therefore then all creation will serve as a soldier for him. St. Gregory gives this reason, homily 35 in the Gospel: "Because therefore, he says, all things are to be consummated, before the consummation all things are disturbed; and because we have sinned in all things, in all things we are struck, so that that may be fulfilled which is said: And the world shall fight for him against the senseless. For all things which we have received for the use of life, we turn to the use of guilt, but all things which we have bent to the use of depravity, turn to the use of vengeance for us: for we turn the tranquility of human peace to the use of human security; the journey of the earth to the way dwelling we have chosen for our country; the health of our bodies we have turned to the use of vices; the abundance of fertility, not to the necessity of the flesh, but we have twisted to the perversity of pleasure; the very serene blandishments of the air, we have forced to serve us for the love of earthly delight. By right therefore it remains that all things strike us together, which together all served our vices badly subdued, so that as many joys as we previously held unharmed in the world, so many torments we are afterwards forced to feel from it." Were not therefore the impious mad and senseless, who for a slight pleasure, money, honor, wrath and vengeance brought upon themselves such great anger of God and of all creatures? who preferred a moment to eternity, hell to heaven, a demon to God. The Wise man therefore here brings forth an army arrayed in manifold battle-lines of all creatures, which God will send against the impious on the day of judgment, and this partly a little before the judgment, partly in the judgment itself, or a little after the judgment: for before the judgment indeed all creatures will afflict the impious, followers and precursors of Antichrist, as is evident from the Apocalypse throughout chapters VIII and XVI, and chapter IX, verse 4, where the final and most grievous plagues of the world are described, and flowing from all elements; but in the judgment itself, namely as soon as it shall be completed (for it is evident from this place that this time is being discussed from verse 1, and from the immediately preceding verses 16 and 17: for the impious will not see the glory of the just, and they will not see it, except on the day of judgment), God will terribly thunder against the impious through all creatures. The sentence of condemnation given by Christ against the reprobate, immediately, as is gathered from this place, all elements and heavens will rise up for their vengeance, as it were lictors and ministers of Christ the Lord and their creator, namely the heavens, fire and air, hurling against them fire, lightning, winds and hail; the sea, boiling up and overflowing, so that it may overwhelm them with the earth; the earth, opening itself beneath their feet, and gaping into hell. Furthermore, the Wise man divides this army of creatures fighting against the impious into four squadrons, or battle-lines. The first is of the heavens and angels, who will hurl lightning against the reprobate. The second is of the air, which will hurl hail like stones against the impious. The third, of the sea and rivers, which will submerge and overwhelm the wicked with a flood of waters. The fourth, of the earth, which will send winds, whirlwinds and storms against them. St. Anselm gives the reason a priori, in the book On Similitudes, chapter CI: "For if a servant, he says, should depart from his master, and adhere to the enemy of his master, he would not only exasperate the master himself, but would most justly anger his entire household. Since therefore we have offended the Lord creator of all things, we have moved all creation against us, insofar as it pertains to our merit, to wrath. The earth can therefore say to us with just consideration: I ought not to sustain you, but rather to swallow you up, because you did not fear to depart from my creator by sinning, and to serve and adhere to his enemy the devil. Food and drink can also say: You have not deserved that we should feed you, but rather that we should prepare confusion and death for you: for you departed from him by sinning, through whom not even a bird eats. The sun also: I ought not to shine upon you for salvation, but for the vengeance of my Lord, who is the light of light and the fountain of light, to restrain you utterly. Thus also each and every creature can rise up against us by an irrefutable reason." St. Cyril gives another reason, in book II on Isaiah, chapter XIII: "Always, he says, when God is angry, at the same time the servant creature is also sharpened to wrath, that one who commands all things perpetually stirring it up in this way. For he kindled the Egyptians: but the creature could do nothing. For water turned into blood, the earth brought forth frogs, the heaven sent down hail, the deep darkness of three days was scattered throughout their entire region, as it is written. Therefore, he says, the heaven itself will also be angry, and as it were from its foundations the earth will be shaken because of the fury of the wrath of the Lord. The creature itself will also fight against the foolish, and with the Lord moved, it was also prepared for this in a manner. For all things conspire and concur with the supreme will, and there is nothing in the nature of things which does not fall by divine nod and counsel." Thus in the passion of Christ the heavens and elements, as if indignant that their Creator was being killed, were moved and shaken; and unless God had restrained them, they would have struck the deicides Jews with their weapons and lightning; whence St. Dionysius, as he himself relates in his letter to Demophilus, seeing the miraculous eclipse of the sun, exclaimed: "Either God the creator of nature suffers, or the machine of the world is dissolved." Thus again God, sending ten plagues upon Pharaoh and Egypt through Moses, armed all creation against the Egyptians in them; whence St. Augustine (or whoever is the author: for many things argue it is not St. Augustine's) in book I On the Marvels of Scripture, chapter IX: "The manner of these plagues, he says, was agreed upon from the earth, waters, animals, air, fire, clouds, heaven, angels, so that it might be shown that the entire world armed itself equally against those who were rebels and contumacious to God."
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In Greek, the straight (Vatable, rightly aimed) darts of lightnings shall be borne, and as if from the most taut bow of the clouds they leap to the mark. Direct, says Castro, he calls those directly hurled and aimed, which do not miss. Darts, βελίδες, are missiles or javelins, which because they are sent forth by God, the Vulgate called emissions. The most taut bow, he calls that drawn and bent with great force, so that when released afterwards it may hurl and strike with greater force. Such darts therefore leap upon the senseless, so as to destroy them, as it were their own, hail, and coals of fire: and he sent forth his arrows, and scattered them, he multiplied lightnings, and troubled them;" and Job XXXVII, 5: "God shall thunder with his voice wonderfully, who doth great and unsearchable things." Our Lorinus probably judges that by these lightnings the fire of conflagration is to be kindled, by which the whole world shall be burned up, which shall then burn the reprobates living with great torment and pain, and slay them, and soon after raising them up and judging them, and condemning them by Christ, shall wrap them in the depths of hell. Moreover, the velocity, force, and efficacy of lightnings is wonderful and inscrutable, so much so that the gentiles believed God angered thunders and lightens, so as to avenge the impious, especially perjurers or the sacrilegious, and therefore those things which were touched by lightning were considered accursed and of evil omen, as Pliny testifies, lib. XIV, cap. XIX; Livy, lib. II, decad. 3; Julius Obsequens, lib. De Prodig., cap. LXXI, LXXXIII, LXXXVII. Thus the heretical emperor Anastasius was struck by lightning and perished. Hence lightnings are called the arrows of God, Psalm. VII, 17, XVII, 15 and CXIX, 4, and the flashing spear of God, Habac. III, 11. To this pertains that in the victory song of Deborah over Sisara, Judic. V, 20: "The stars from heaven fought against them: remaining in their order and course, they fought against Sisara." to the mark, nor shall they miss. The Vulgate added, shall be scattered; namely the darts, since that word is not read in the Greek to signify the force of the darts, which shall be cast forth beyond the bounds of the clouds from the bow of the clouds against the impious. Well curved bow, — as if to say, Just as when an archer deeply curves his bow, so that with great force returning to its position, it may cast the arrow with great force, and more strongly strike the mark: so God shall bend and strain his bow of wrath and vengeance vehemently, so as to hurl violent darts of lightnings against the impious. He alludes to the celestial bow, or the Rainbow: for this is the mother and cause of rains, and concomitantly of thunders and lightnings. Whence Seneca, lib. I Natur. Quaest. cap. VI: "The bow, he says, rising from the south carries a great force of waters; if it shone forth about the west, it will drizzle." Pliny, lib. XVIII, cap. XXXV: "The bow, he says, when they are double, announce rains;" Virgil, I Georg.: "Or the great bow drinks in;" Ovid, I Metamorph.: Juno's messenger clothed in various colors, Iris receives the waters, and brings nourishment to the clouds. Furthermore Pliny, lib. II, cap. XXXVI and LV, says that there are certain vain and empty lightnings, which come by no natural reason: by these mountains are struck, by these seas, and all their casts are in vain; others are fateful, from on high and from fixed causes, and come from their own stars. Yet this division smells more of superstition than philosophy: for all lightnings have a physical cause, and both those which strike mountains and those which strike other places and men, ought to be referred to the influence of the stars drawing forth exhalations, as to a cause: and none of them is fateful, if fate is taken as it signifies the context and series of human affairs, succeeding by an inflexible and inevitable necessity, as the Stoics thought: otherwise it is certain that lightnings proceed from a certain and direct, as the Wise Man here says, providence of God; see our Conimbricenses in Meteor. tract. II, cap. V and VI. This is the first line and phalanx of the army of God, formed from all creatures: a line, I say, of the heavens and angels, who from on high shall thunder and hurl lightnings, as if terrible and fiery bombards, and shall cast them upon the impious and reprobates before the day, and on the very day of judgment, by which they shall drive them condemned by Christ into the depths of hell, just as they thundered upon the Sodomites, Genesis XIX. This therefore shall be the lightning-hurling legion, similar to that of the Christians, which under the emperor M. Antoninus obtained by their prayers rain for the afflicted army, and at the same time stones and lightnings hurled against the enemies by God, as Eusebius testifies, lib. V Histor. cap. V, and Tertullian, Apolog. cap. V. This line of God the Psalmist depicts graphically, Psalm. XVII, 9: "There went up a smoke in his wrath, he says, and a fire flamed out from his face, coals were kindled by it;" and vers. 14: "And the Lord thundered from heaven, and the Most High gave forth his voice" AND THEY SHALL LEAP TO A CERTAIN PLACE,—namely, which God has destined for the stroke of His lightning. Hence the lightning, as if it were animated and could distinguish one from another, touches this one, not that one, although it be near; it strikes the sword, the sheath unharmed; it melts the bronze, the purse untouched; it kills the embryo, the mother safe; it consumes the wine, the barrel intact; it absorbs the egg, the shell untouched. Thus the lightnings and plagues sent by Moses touched Pharaoh and the Egyptians, the Hebrews unharmed, Exodus II, 26: thus on the day of judgment the lightnings of God leap upon the reprobate, not upon the elect, although they be near to them. That this plague shall be at the end of the world St. John teaches, Apocalypse XVI, 17: "And the seventh angel poured out his phial into the air, and there came a great voice out of the temple from the throne, saying: It is done. And there were lightnings, and voices, and thunders, and there was a great earthquake, such as never was since men have been upon the earth, such an earthquake, so great. And the great city was divided into three parts; and the cities of the Gentiles fell, and great Babylon came in remembrance before God, to give her the cup of the wine of the indignation of His wrath. And every island fled away, and the mountains were not found." This is the second aerial array of God, by which He shall hurl numerous and vast hailstones, like stones and rocks, upon the reprobate, just as He hurled the same upon the Egyptians, Exodus cap. IX, 18 and seq., and upon the Canaanites Jos. X, 11, and Eccli. XLVI, 6. Whence St. John, Apocalypse XVI, 21, describes this hail to be hurled by God upon the wicked at the end of the world thus: "And great hail like a talent descended from heaven upon men; and men blasphemed God because of the plague of the hail, because it was exceeding great:" see the words there. This is what Job says cap. XXXVIII, vers. 22: "Hast thou entered into the treasures of the snow, or hast thou seen the treasures of the hail: which I have prepared for the time of the enemy, for the day of battle and war?" AND THE WATER OF THE SEA SHALL RAGE AGAINST THEM, AND THE RIVERS SHALL RUN TOGETHER FIERCELY.—Some read it wrongly as candescet, and explain it, as if to say, It shall cast forth white foam or hiss like heated iron. But excandescet signifies that the sea shall rage, roar and overflow upon the wicked with great heat, impetuosity and fury. This is the third array of God, the marine one, which shall stir up dreadful tempests in the sea and rivers, collisions of waves, crashes of waters, risings, storms, roarings and inundations, both to strike down the wicked and to submerge and swallow them up, of whom Christ says, Luke XXI, 25, that there shall be "upon the earth distress of nations, by reason of the confusion of the roaring of the sea and of the waves, men withering away for fear, and expectation of what shall come upon the whole world;" and St. John Apocalypse VIII, 8: "And the second angel, he says, sounded the trumpet: and as it were a great mountain burning with fire was cast into the sea, and the third part of the sea became blood, and the third part of the creatures that had life in the sea died, and the third part of the ships were destroyed. And the third angel sounded the trumpet: and there fell from heaven a great star burning as it were a torch, and it fell on the third part of the rivers, and upon the fountains of waters: and the name of the star is called Wormwood, and the third part of the waters became wormwood: and many men died of the waters, because they were made bitter." And cap. XVI, vers. 3: "And the second angel poured out his phial into the sea: and there came blood as of a dead man, and every living soul died in the sea;" and vers. 12: "And the sixth angel poured out his phial upon that great river Euphrates: and dried up the water thereof, that a way might be prepared for the kings from the rising of the sun." Among the fifteen signs preceding the judgment, which St. Bonaventure, Holcot and others recount from St. Jerome (though it is not found in him), the first is that the sea will rise fifteen cubits above all mountains. The same thing is confirmed from the tradition of the Jews (with whom let the credibility rest) by Eusebius of Emesa (or rather St. Eucherius, as Baronius wishes; or Faustus of Riez, as Bellarmine wishes; or, as others think, St. Maximus, or Caesarius: for it is established from the homilies themselves that their author was not Greek or Syrian, such as Eusebius of Emesa was, but Latin, indeed a Gaul promoted from the monastery of Lérins to the episcopate) in homily 2 On the Advent: "These things, moreover, appear to agree with certain things which are written in the annals of the Jews, in which it is narrated that the sea rises fifteen cubits higher than all mountains, with the waters standing still and flowing in no direction. And then it will sink so far into the abyss that it can scarcely be seen by those looking at it. Afterwards, however, it will return to its place, and then perhaps that confusion of the sound of the sea and waves will occur, of which he now speaks here: for such a commotion of the sea and waves cannot happen without great confusion and sound." Fittingly this heat and rage of the sea will punish the heat and rage of the impious, by which they themselves burned to satisfy their desires and lusts, according to that passage, Isaiah LVII, 20: "But the wicked are like the raging sea, which cannot rest, and its waves cast up mire and dirt." RIVERS SHALL RUSH TOGETHER (in Greek συγκλύσουσιν, that is, shall inundate, submerge, overwhelm: whence κατακλυσμός is inundation and flood, as was the universal cataclysm in the time of Noah) VIOLENTLY,—in Greek ἀποτόμως, that is, rigidly, savagely, abruptly, precipitously; whence Vatablus translates it, and rivers shall rush together precipitously, namely the filth of the earth, that is, the impious, who have defiled the earth with their crimes, shall sweep it away and scrape it bare.
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The spirit of strength is a wind of power, that is, powerful, strong and vehement, such as a whirlwind, which drives and turns all things in a circle, a storm, typhoon and fiery whirlwind: which are so powerful that they uproot ships, houses and mountains, and transfer them to another place. For "shall divide" in Greek is ἐκλικμήσει, that is, shall winnow, shall toss: for just as chaff is winnowed with a fan so that only the grains of wheat remain, so God with this wind shall winnow the reprobate, so that only the just remain. For "shall lead into the desert," in Greek it is ἐρημώσει, that is, shall desolate, shall make the land desert and desolate. Of these winds Ecclesiasticus says, cap. XXXIX, verse 33: "There are spirits which are created for vengeance, and in their anger they have made ready their torments." This is the fourth army of God, of winds and storms, both raging upon the earth and beneath the earth: for upon the earth they will strike down men, crops, trees, fruits, etc.; beneath the earth they will stir up earthquakes, and so much so that some think the whole earth will be torn from its center on the day of judgment, so as to strike down and overwhelm the impious. It is known from histories what great destruction earthquakes have wrought in Constantinople, in Asia, Bithynia and other provinces: but these same ones far
and greater ones will eat under the day of judgment, so much so that they will shake, cast down and level all houses, fortresses, walls, cities, etc., so that they seem to lay waste the whole earth and reduce it to a desert or wilderness, according to that passage, Nahum I, 3: "God is in tempest and whirlwind in his way;" and Jeremiah XXIII, 18: "Behold, a whirlwind of the indignation of the Lord shall go forth, and a tempest shall break out upon the head of the wicked." All these whirlwinds and storms the angels will bring about: for they are the ministers of divine providence and vengeance. To a desert (that is to the utmost desolation and waste) they will lead all the earth. — For this is the meaning of ἐρημώσει, according to that passage, Isaiah XIII, 9: "Behold, the day of the Lord shall come, a cruel day, and full of indignation and of wrath and fury, to lay the land desolate, and to destroy the sinners thereof out of it:" wherefore the exposition of many is impertinent, who by desert understand hell, as if to say, Iniquity will lead the earth, that is the inhabitants of the earth, to hell, where there will be the utmost desolation. And malice (that is sin, not only the deed done from malice, as Holcot wishes, but any sin whatsoever: for in Greek it is κακοπραγία, that is evil action, sin, wickedness, malice, as Vatable translates it, especially fraud and deceit) will overthrow the seats of the mighty, — namely the palaces, royal fortresses, splendid and magnificent cities of kings and princes. It is an epiphonema, as if to say, Sin is the harm and ruin of men and of the whole world: for it itself will overthrow on the day of judgment all the fortresses and cities of the earth, because on account of sin the angels will destroy all these things. Moreover, the ruin and destruction of any city and kingdom, as well as of the world, is wont to be done by God chiefly on account of two sins, namely injustice and the violation of religion, especially through fraud and hypocrisy: on account of both the world perished by flood in the time of Noah, and will perish by fire on the day of judgment. To this pertains what Eusebius of Emesa writes, homily 2 On the Advent: "The earth also will give its signs, because earthquakes so great will occur that almost all things made by hand will collapse, and all stones even small ones will be split; and wild beasts coming down from the mountains will remain among men, and will harm none; the men themselves also, as if mad and withering away from fear, running hither and thither will waste away, and these words seem to agree with the gospels, in which the Lord says Luke XXI, 26: Men withering away from fear and expectation of the things that shall come upon the whole world."
Machine translation from the Latin, not reviewed.
5:1
… Iud., II, 8, 11; VII, 8, 7). Wis. 1:12-4:20 insists on future retribution: the glorious immortality of the righteous and the punishment of the wicked in the afterlife, which will be ratified by divine judgment (ibid. 5:1-25). In the martyrdom of the seven brothers shines the hope of glory in the afterlife "in the bosom of divine mercy" (II Mach. 7:9-29); the departed saints follow what happens on earth …
5:6
… of Wisdom, which speaks of immortality (Sap. 3, 4; 4, 1; 8, 17; 15, 3), of incorruptibility (ibid. 2, 23; 6, 18 ff.) and of the different lot that awaits the just (ibid. 3, 1 ff. 7, 9; 4, 4-17; 5, 15) and the wicked (ibid. 1, 16; 2, 21-25; 5, 6-13), always in messianic or eschatological contexts. …
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · original Douay-Rheims (Douay 1609-10), transcription by EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Public domain.