Art & Architecture
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Biffi, Gian Andrea
BIFFI, GIAN ANDREA. - Sculptor, active in Milan, where he died in 1631. A pupil of Brambilla, he adhered to the prevailing mannerist taste.… -
Bifora
BIFORA. - This is the name given to any window with two adjacent openings, generally divided by a small column, and enclosed in a single… -
Bilivert (Biliverti), Giovanni
BILIVERT (BILIVERTI), GIOVANNI. - Painter, b. according to some in Maastricht, but more probably in Florence to a Flemish father in 1576,… -
Binago, Lorenzo
BINAGO, LORENZO. - Barnabite, architect, b. and d. in Milan (1556-1629). His most significant work is the reconstruction of S. Alessandro… -
Bistolfi, Leonardo
BISTOLFI, LEONARDO. - Sculptor, b. at Casale Monferrato on 14 March 1859, d. at Turin on 2 Oct. 1933. From a naturalistic training he… -
Blondeel, Lancelot
BLONDEEL, LANCELOT. - Painter, sculptor, architect and engineer, b. at Poperinghe in 1496, d. at Bruges on 4 March 1561. It is almost… -
Boccaccino, Boccaccio
BOCCACCINO, BOCCACCIO. - Painter, b. in Ferrara in about 1467, d. in Cremona in 1524 or 1525. He completed his first artistic education in… -
Boccardini, Giovanni and Francesco, Florentines (BOCCARDI, GIOVANNI E FRANCESCO, FIORENTINI)
BOCCARDINI, Giovanni and Francesco, Florentines. - GIOVANNI, illuminator, b. in 1460, was a pupil of Zanobi di Lorenzo. His work was highly… -
Boccati, Giovanni di Piermatteo, detto Il
BOCCATI, GIOVANNI di PIERMATTEO, detto il. - Painter, b. at Camerino around 1420; in 1445 he moved to Perugia, where he is last recorded in… -
Boito, Camillo
BOITO, CAMILLO. - Architect, b. in Rome on 30 Oct. 1836, d. in Milan on 28 June 1914. He held the chair of architecture in Venice and in… -
Bolgi, Andrea
BOLGI, ANDREA. - Sculptor, b. at Carrara on 22 June 1606, d. of plague at Naples in 1656; he was a pupil and collaborator of Tacca. With… -
Boltraffio, Giovanni Antonio
BOLTRAFFIO, GIOVANNI ANTONIO. - Painter, b. in Milan in 1467, d. there in 1516. He worked almost always in his native city; only in 1500 do… -
Bonanno Pisano
BONANNO PISANO. - Sculptor and architect of the second half of the 12th century. The bronze leaves of the main door of the cathedral of… -
Bonfigli, Benedetto
BONFIGLI, BENEDETTO. - Painter, b. in Perugia c. 1420 and d. there in 1496. He was one of the principal representatives of the 15th-century… -
Bonifacio Veronese (Bonifacio De' Pitati)
BONIFACIO VERONESE (BONIFACIO DE' PITATI). - Painter, b. in Verona around 1487, d. in Venice in 1553. Dated works are scarce; none is known… -
Bonsignori (Monsignori), Girolamo
BONSIGNORI (MONSIGNORI), GIROLAMO. - Veronese painter, active in the second half of the 15th century. He was a pupil of Mantegna, to whom… -
Bordone, Paris
BORDONE, PARIS. - Painter, b. in Treviso in 1500, d. in Venice in 1571. Trained in Titian's workshop, he long suffered the influence of the… -
Borgianni, Orazio
BORGIANNI, ORAZIO. - Painter, b. in Rome in 1578. He learned the rudiments of drawing from his brother, a sculptor known as Guido Scalzo.… -
Borromini, Francesco detto Il Castello
BORROMINI, FRANCESCO detto il CASTELLO. - Born at Bissone on 27 Sept. 1599 and died at Rome in Aug. 1667. After a stay in Milan, which… -
Bortoloni, Mattia
BORTOLONI, MATTIA. - Painter, b. in 1696 at S. Bellino (Polesine), d. at Bergamo in 1750. He derived from A. Balestra a fluid decorative… -
Bosch, Hieronymus (van Aeken)
BOSCH, HIERONYMUS (VAN AEKEN). - Dutch painter, b. at 's-Hertogenbosch around 1450, > (phot. Soprint., Cagliari) > BOSA - Facade of the… -
Bossi, Giuseppe
BOSSI, GIUSEPPE. - Painter and writer, b. at Busto Arsizio on 17 Aug. 1777, d. at Milan on 9 Dec. 1815. A Neoclassicist, a superficial… -
Botticelli, Sandro (Alessandro di Mariano Filippi)
BOTTICELLI, Sandro (Alessandro di Mariano Filippi). - Painter b. in Florence in 1445, d. there on 17 May 1510. The apprenticeship under… -
Botticini, Francesco
BOTTICINI, FRANCESCO. - Painter, b. in Florence in 1446, d. there in 1497. Criticism, basing itself on the only documented work (the… -
Boucher, François
BOUCHER, FRANÇOIS. - French painter and etcher, b. in Paris in 1703, d. there in 1770. A pupil of Fr. Le Moyne, he at first followed in… -
Bourdichon, Jean
BOURDICHON, JEAN. - Painter and miniaturist (b. ca. 1457, d. 1521), he was the head of the "school of Tours" at the close of the 15th… -
Bouts, Dirk (Thierry)
BOUTS, DIRK (THIERRY). - Dutch painter, b. in Haarlem between 1400 and 1420, d. in 1475 in Louvain. The following works are documented: the… -
Braccesco, Carlo
BRACCESCO, CARLO. - Lombard painter, named "magister Carolus de Mediolano" in a document of 14 Nov. 1481. His first work, signed Carolus… -
Braccialetto (Armilium, Armilla, Brachiale, Manica)
BRACCIALETTO (Armilium, Armilla, Brachiale, Manica). - From prehistoric times down to the present, the bracelet has constituted a… -
Bracci, Pietro
BRACCI, PIETRO. - Sculptor and architect, b. in Rome on 16 July 1700, d. there on 13 Febr. 1773. He was perhaps a pupil of C. Rusconi, and… -
Bracket (MENSOLA)
BRACKET. - In architecture, a load-bearing element consisting of a block of stone or wood (from the Latin mensula = small tablet) that… -
Bramante, Donato
BRAMANTE, DONATO. - Architect and painter, b. at Monte Asdrualdo (now Fermignano) near Urbino in 1444, d. at Rome on 11 April 1514.… -
Bramantino (Suandi, Bartolomeo) (BRAMANTINO (BARTOLOMEO SUANDI))
BRAMANTINO (SUANDI, BARTOLOMEO). - Milanese painter and architect. The year of his birth is not known; from the documents it appears that… -
Brambilla, Francesco the Elder (BRAMBILLA, FRANCESCO IL VECCHIO)
BRAMBILLA, FRANCESCO THE ELDER. - Sculptor, died in Milan in 1570, author of statues and reliefs in the Cathedral of that city, among which… -
Brambilla, Francesco the Younger (BRAMBILLA, FRANCESCO IL GIOVANE)
BRAMBILLA, FRANCESCO THE YOUNGER. - Sculptor, active in the second half of the 16th century, d. in Milan in 1599. He worked for the… -
Brandi, Giacinto
BRANDI, GIACINTO. - Painter, b. at Poli in 1623, d. in Rome in 1691. He was a pupil of Lanfranco, in whose workshop he remained until… -
Brandl, Petr
BRANDL, PETR. - Painter, b. in 1688 in Prague, d. in 1739 in Kutná Hora. Through the study of the Italian Caravaggisti and naturalists,… -
Braun, Joseph
BRAUN, JOSEPH. - German art historian and archaeologist, b. at Wipperfürth in the Rhineland on 31 Jan. 1857, d. at Pullach on 11 July 1947.… -
Braun, Matyas Bernard
BRAUN, MATYAS BERNARD. - Sculptor, b. in 1684 at Ötz in the Tyrol, d. 15 February 1738 at Prague. He trained and carried out his activity… -
Bregno, Andrea
BREGNO, ANDREA. - Sculptor and architect, b. at Righeggia near Ozeno in 1418, d. in Rome in Sept. 1503: in 1506 a funeral monument was… -
Bregno, Antonio
BREGNO, ANTONIO. - Called A. da Como. Sculptor, b. at Righeggia (Como), active with his brother Paolo in the 15th century in Venice, where… -
Brentano, Giuseppe
BRENTANO, GIUSEPPE. - Architect, b. in Milan in 1862 and d. there in 1889, a pupil of Camillo Boito. His principal work is the design for… -
Breu, Jörg, the Elder (BREU, JÖRG, IL VECCHIO)
BREU, JÖRG, THE ELDER. - Painter, woodcut artist and designer of stained glass, b. in Augsburg in c. 1475, d. there in 1537. Active (after… -
Brill
BRILL. - Family of painters from Antwerp; to it belong the brothers Matthew (b. 1550, d. in Rome 1583) and Paul (b. 1554, d. in Rome 1626),… -
Briosco, Benedetto
BRIOSCO, BENEDETTO. - Lombard architect and sculptor of the 15th century, a pupil of Amadeo, he worked especially in Milan; of his activity… -
Broederlam, Melchior
BROEDERLAM, MELCHIOR. - Flemish-Burgundian painter, b. at Ypres; documents concerning him date from 1381 to 1409. He was one of the… -
Broggio, Giulio e Ottaviano
BROGGIO, GIULIO e OTTAVIANO. - Architects. GIULIO, b. in Milan, moved very early to Bohemia, of which he became (1673) a citizen, d. at… -
Brokov (Brokoff)
BROKOV (BROKOFF). - Bohemian sculptors. FERDINAND MAXIMILIAN b. in 1688 at Červený Hrádek, d. in 1731 at Prague. His principal works of a… -
Bronze (BRONZO)
BRONZE. - Used for a great many purposes since antiquity, bronze played a preponderant part in Greek statuary beginning with the Attic… -
Bronzino, Angelo (Agnolo Tori)
BRONZINO, ANGELO (AGNOLO TORI). - Painter and poet, b. at Monticelli (Florence) on 17 Nov. 1503, d. on 23 Nov. 1563. As a very young man he… -
Brovikovskiy, Vladimir Lukič (BCROVIKOVSKIY, VLADIMIR LUKIČ)
BROVIKOVSKIY, VLADIMIR LUKIČ. - Painter, b. in 1727 at Mirgorod (Ukraine), d. in 1825 at St. Petersburg. Once a pupil of Levitzky, he then… -
Brueghel
BRUEGHEL. - A family of Flemish painters, whose progenitor is Pieter the Elder, who had two sons, Pieter the Younger (called "of the… -
Brunelleschi, Filippo
BRUNELLESCHI, FILIPPO. - Architect and sculptor, b. in Florence in 1377 to Brunellesco di Lippo di Tura and Giovanna di Giovanni degli… -
Brustolon, Andrea
BRUSTOLON, ANDREA. - Sculptor and carver b. 20 July 1662 at Belluno, where he also d. 25 Oct. 1732. Having learned the rudiments of the art… -
Buglioni Benedetto And Santi (BUGLIONI BENEDETTO E SANTI)
BUGLIONI BENEDETTO AND SANTI. - Continuator of the art of Della Robbia (v.), BENEDETTO (b. in Florence in 1461, d. there in 1521) appears… -
Bulino
BULINO. - It is the tool with which the copper or steel plate intended as a matrix for prints is directly engraved, without the aid of the… -
Buonconsiglio, Giovanni, known as Il Marescalco (BUONCONSIGLIO, GIOVANNI, DETTO IL MARESCALCO)
BUONCONSIGLIO, Giovanni, known as Il Marescalco. - Vicentine painter, active chiefly in Venice, where he worked from 1495 to 1535. The… -
Buon, Family (BUON, FAMIGLIA)
BUON, FAMILY. - GIOVANNI, architect and sculptor, is first recorded in Venice in 1382; d. there in 1442. He worked together with his son… -
Buontalenti, Bernardo
BUONTALENTI, BERNARDO. - Architect, sculptor, painter and miniaturist, b. in Florence ca. 1536, d. there on 6 June 1608. A very notable… -
Buonvicino (Bonvicino), Ambrogio
BUONVICINO (BONVICINO), AMBROGIO. - Sculptor and stucco worker, b. in Milan in 1552, d. in 1622 in Rome, where he had moved in 1581.… -
Buratto
BURATTO. - This name is given to a loosely woven fabric on which one embroiders with a needle stitch in a color different from the… -
Burgkmair, Hans
BURGKMAIR, HANS. - German painter, draughtsman and woodcut artist, b. at Augsburg in 1473, d. there in 1531. He trained artistically under… -
Burne-Jones, Edward (BURNES-JONES, EDWARD)
BURNE-JONES, EDWARD. - Painter and decorator, b. in Birmingham in 1833, d. in London in 1898. He left his ecclesiastical studies to devote… -
Buschetto (Buscheto)
BUSCHETTO (BUSCHETO). - Architect and master builder of the cathedral of Pisa, remembered as such in a deed of donation of property to the… -
Busi, Luigi
BUSI, LUIGI. - Painter, b. in Bologna on 1/8 May 1838, d. there on 2 June 1884. In Rome, where he perfected his studies in painting, he… -
Bussola, Dionigi
BUSSOLA, DIONIGI. - Lombard sculptor, d. 1687. He trained in Rome, in the Berninian and Algardian circle; from 1645 he worked for the Milan… -
Butinone, Bernardino
BUTINONE, BERNARDINO. - Painter, b. at Treviglio (Milan) before 1463; notices up to 1507. He is one of the major representatives, along… -
Buttress (CONTRAFFORTE)
BUTTRESS. - Generic designation of a wall structure whose purpose is to counterbalance the thrusts in architectural organisms with vaults.… -
Byzantine, Art (BIZANTINA, ARTE)
BYZANTINE, ART. - Of the civilization that developed in the Eastern Roman Empire, with Constantinople as its center, between the 6th and… -
Cacciatori, Benedetto
CACCIATORI, BENEDETTO. - Sculptor, b. at Carrara in 1794, d. there on 25 Sept. 1871. A pupil of Lorenzo Bartolini, in Milan he left among… -
Caccini, Giovanni Battista
CACCINI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA. - Sculptor and architect, b. probably in Florence on 24 Oct. 1556 and d. there in 1612 or '13. A pupil of Gio.… -
Caesarianus, Caesar (CESARIANO, CESARE)
CAESARIANUS, CAESAR. - Architect, painter, art writer, b. in Milan in 1483, d. there on 30 March 1543. He trained under Leonardo and… -
Cafá (Caffa, Cofa), Melchiorre (CAFÁ (CAFFA, COFA), MELCHITORRE)
CAFÁ (Caffa, Cofa), Melchiorre. - Sculptor, b. in Rome or in Malta in 1631 or 1635. He supplied the sketches and sometimes the models for… -
Caffieri
CAFFIERI. - Family of French sculptors of Italian origin. The founder, DANIELE, b. at Sorrento in 1603, d. in 1639, was an engineer in the… -
Cagnacci, Guido
CAGNACCI, GUIDO. - Painter, b. at S. Arcangelo di Romagna on 20 Jan. 1601, d. at Vienna in 1681. In Bologna he studied drawing in… -
Calamatta, Luigi
CALAMATTA, LUIGI. - Engraver and lithographer, b. at Civitavecchia on June 21, 1801 or June 12, 1802; d. at Milan on March 8, 1869. From… -
Calco
CALCO. - It is the reproduction of objects worked in relief obtained by means of impressions taken from the original with wax, clay,… -
Calderini, Guglielmo
CALDERINI, GUGLIELMO. - Architect, b. in Perugia on 3 March 1837, d. in Rome on 12 February 1916. Professor of architecture first at the… -
Calegari, Family (CALEGARI, FAMIGLIA)
CALEGARI, FAMILY. - SANTO, incisore e scultore, n. a Brescia nel 1662, m. nel 1717. Operò a Roma sotto gli influssi del Bernini e… -
Callot, Jacques
CALLOT, JACQUES. - Engraver and draughtsman, b. at Nancy around 1594, d. there in 1635. In 1608 he reached Italy, after having made his… -
Camassei, Andrea
CAMASSEI, ANDREA. - Painter, b. at Bevagna on 2 Dec. 1602 and d. at Rome on 18 Aug. 1649. He was a disciple of Domenichino, but in his art… -
Cambiaso, Luca
CAMBIASO, LUCA. - Painter, b. at Moneglia on 18 Oct. 1527, he soon received his first lessons in Genoa from his father Giovanni, a good… -
Cameo (CAMMEO)
CAMEO. - A gem worked in relief, deriving the difference in colors from the different layers of hardstones. The first and principal… -
Camilliani, Francesco
CAMILLIANI, FRANCESCO. - Sculptor, b. in Florence and d. there on 13 Oct. 1586, buried in the church of the Santissima Annunziata. A pupil… -
Campagnola, Giulio and Domenico (CAMPAGNOLA, GIULIO E DOMENICO)
CAMPAGNOLA, GIULIO AND DOMENICO. - Engravers and painters. GIULIO, son of Girolamo, born in Padua perhaps in 1482, died after 1514. In 1498… -
Campaña, Pedro
CAMPAÑA, PEDRO. - Painter, b. in Brussels in 1503 and d. there in 1580. His real name was Kempeneer and he was probably a pupil of Bernard… -
Campanile
CAMPANILE. - It is a structure standing on its own or incorporated into the church and intended to carry the bells at a height suitable for… -
Campi, Giulio
CAMPI, GIULIO - The Purification of the Virgin. Fresco. Cremona, church of S. Margherita. BIBL.: A. Jülicher, s. v. in Pauly-Wissowa, III,… -
Campionese, Masters (CAMPIONESI, MAESTRI)
CAMPIONESE, MASTERS. - Sculptors, architects, stonecutters, natives of the lake of Lugano, active in northern Italy, already known in the… -
Camporese, Pietro, the Younger (CAMPORESE, PIETRO, IL GIOVANE)
CAMPORESE, PIETRO, THE YOUNGER. - Architect, b. in Rome on 22 May 1792 and d. there in 1873. He belongs to a notable family of Roman… -
Cancello
CANCELLO. - A movable closure of metal or wood; if fixed and continuous, in which case it is sometimes of stone, it takes the name of… -
Canevari (Cannevari, Cannerari), Antonio
CANEVARI (Cannevari, Cannerari), Antonio. - Architect, b. in Rome in 1681, d. in Naples ca. 1750. A pupil of Antonio Valeri, he built in… -
Caniana, Gian Battista
CANIANA, GIAN BATTISTA. - Architect, carver and inlayer, b. at Roniano on 8 May 1671, d. at Bergamo on 5 May 1745. He is the most important… -
Cano, Alonso
CANO, ALONSO. - Painter, sculptor and architect, b. at Granada on 19 March 1601, d. there on 3 Sept. 1667. Until 1638 he worked in Seville… -
Canova, Antonio
CANOVA, ANTONIO. - Sculptor, b. at Possagno on 1 Nov. 1757, d. at Venice on 13 Oct. 1822. At the beginning of his artistic career he long… -
Cantarini, Simone
CANTARINI, SIMONE. - Painter and engraver, b. at Oropezza (Pesaro) in 1612, d. at Verona on 16 Oct. 1648, a pupil of Claudio Ridolfi, he… -
Caporali, Bartolomeo
CAPORALI, BARTOLOMEO. - Painter, b. in Perugia ca. 1420 and d. in 1504 or 1505. At first a follower of Benozzo Gozzoli, he later drew… -
Caporali, Giovanni Battista, also known as Bitti (CAPORALI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, DETTO ANCHE BITTI)
CAPORALI, Giovanni Battista, also known as Bitti. - Son of Bartolomeo, born in Perugia around 1476 and died in 1560. A man of letters,… -
Cappanna, Puccio (CAPANNA, PUCCIO)
CAPPANNA, PUCCIO. - Painter; he was working in 1347 in Florence, where he kept a workshop. Vasari remembers him as a pupil and assistant of… -
Capponi, Luigi
CAPPONI, LUIGI. - Sculptor of the Lombard school, he flourished in the second half of the 15th century. In his works, almost all of them in… -
Capriani, Francesco
CAPRIANI, FRANCESCO. - Architect and sculptor, b. at Volterra before 1540 and d. at Rome around 1601. He worked in Rome; the facade of the… -
Capriolo, Domenico
CAPRIOLO, DOMENICO. - Painter, b. in Venice in 1494, d. in Treviso on 3 Oct. 1528. A pupil of P. M. Pennacchi, he was later drawn into the… -
Carabelli
CARABELLI. - Family of sculptors and stucco workers from Ticino, natives of Obino near Mendrisio. Very active between the 17th and 19th… -
Caradosso
CARADOSSO. - Cristoforo Foppa, called il C., was a goldsmith, medallist and sculptor. Born at Mondonico in Brianza c. 1452, died in 1527… -
Caravaggio, Michelangelo Merisi (Amerighi), known as (CARAVAGGIO, MICHELANGELO MERISI (AMERIGHI), DETTO IL)
CARAVAGGIO, Michelangelo Merisi (Amerighi), known as. - Painter, son of the mason Fermo Merisi, b. at Caravaggio near Bergamo, probably on… -
Caravaggio, Sanctuary of the Madonna of (CARAVAGGIO, SANTUARIO DELLA MADONNA DI..)
From Caravaggio's activity, three periods can be established (very approximately, and without any claim to rigor): the youthful one, which… -
Carbone, Giovanni Bernardo
CARBONE, GIOVANNI BERNARDO. - Painter, b. in Genoa in 1614. As a young man he frequented the workshop of G. A. de Ferrari. Later, probably… -
Cariani, Giovanni de' Busti (CARIANI, GIOVANNI, DE' BUST)
CARIANI, GIOVANNI DE' BUSTI. - Born probably in Venice to a father from Bergamo, he studied in that city, where he was living in 1509, and… -
Carimini, Luca
CARIMINI, LUCA. - Architect, b. in Rome in 1830, d. on 14 Dec. 1890. He practiced in Rome a vast activity both in the field of religious… -
Carlini, Alberico
CARLINI, ALBERICO. - Franciscan, painter, b. at Pescia in 1705, d. in 1775. A pupil in his native town of Ottaviano Dandini; in Rome he… -
Carlone (Carloni)
CARLONE (CARLONI). - A Lombard family of architects, sculptors, painters, and decorators, active from the 15th to the 19th century in… -
Carminati, Antonio
CARMINATI, ANTONIO. - Sculptor, b. at Brembate di Sotto (Bergamo) on 2 June 1859, d. at Milan on 11 May 1908. Besides some good portraits… -
Carnelivari, Matteo
CARNELIVARI, MATTEO. - Architect, b. at Noto, he worked in Palermo at the end of the 15th century and in the early years of the 16th. He is… -
Carnivali, Giovanni, called Il Piccio (CARNEVALI, GIOVANNI, DETTO IL PICCIO)
CARNIVALI, Giovanni, called Il Piccio. - Painter, b. at Montegrino near Luino on 29 Sept. 1806, d. at Caltaro on the Po on 10 July 1873.… -
Carolingian, Art (CAROLINGIA, ARTE)
CAROLINGIAN, ART. - It comprises the art of Western Europe under the rule of the Carolingians (751-911), especially the art of the court of… -
Caroselli, Angelo
CAROSELLI, ANGELO. - Painter, b. in Rome on 10 Feb. 1585, d. there on 8 Apr. 1652. Son of an antiquarian, he tempered Caravaggesque… -
Caroto
CAROTO. - Two painters of this name. GIOVANNI FRANCESCO (Verona 1480?-1555?) was the best pupil of Liberale da Verona, and was influenced… -
Carpaccio, Vittore
CARPACCIO, VITTORE. - Venetian painter, b. around 1455, d. in 1525 or 1526. According to tradition, C. was a pupil of Gentile Bellini;… -
Carpet (TAPPETO)
CARPET. - The fragments found in Turkestan (5th-6th centuries) and at al-Fusṭāt near Cairo (8th-9th centuries), knotted and with geometric… -
Carpi, Ugo da
CARPI, Ugo da. - Painter and woodcutter, b. at Carpi (Modena) ca. 1480 and d. at Parma in 1532. As a painter he was judged mediocre already… -
Carracci
CARRACCI. - Family of Bolognese artists. Faced with the need to overcome Mannerism (v.) in its extreme and debased aspects of exasperated… -
Cartoon (CARTONE)
CARTOON. - Painters call c. the preparatory drawing carried out at the very dimensions that the painting will have. Extremely useful in any… -
Casolani, Alessandro
CASOLANI, ALESSANDRO. - Painter, born in Siena, to Agostino, in 1552, died there on 20 January 1606. After a stay in Rome, having returned… -
Cassapanca
CASSAPANCA. - It originated in the Middle Ages from the combination, perhaps intended to save space, of the bench (v.), which was the most… -
Castelli, Domenico, called Il Fontanino (CASTELLI, DOMENICO, DETTO IL FONTANINO)
CASTELLI, Domenico, called Il Fontanino. - Architect; date of birth unknown, d. 1657 in Rome. He was in Faenza from 1619 to 1621 (fountain… -
Castello, Bernardo
CASTELLO, BERNARDO. - Painter, b. in Genoa in 1557, d. there on 4 October 1629. He was a pupil of Andrea Semino; but, drawn by the art of… -
Castello, Giovanni Battista, known as Il Bergamasco (CASTELLO, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, DETTO IL BERGAMASCO)
CASTELLO, Giovanni Battista, known as Il Bergamasco. - Painter and architect, b. at Gandino (Bergamo) around 1509, d. at Madrid in 1569.… -
Castel Sant'Elia
CASTEL SANT'ELIA. - A comune in the province of Viterbo near Nepi, in the ancient Suppentine valley. It appears that St. Benedict founded a… -
Catena, Vincenzo
CATENA, VINCENZO. - Venetian painter, b. c. 1470, d. 1531; he is recorded in 1506 as a "colleague" of Giorgione in the inscription on the… -
Cattaneo, Raffaele
CATTANEO, RAFFAELE. - Architect and art writer, b. in Rovigo in 1860, d. 7 Dec. 1889. He studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Venice and… -
Cavagna, Giovanni Battista
CAVAGNA, GIOVANNI BATTISTA. - Architect and painter, b. in Rome ca. 1550, d. at Loreto in 1613. A member of the Accademia di S. Luca, he… -
Cavallini, Francesco
CAVALLINI, FRANCESCO. - Sculptor, born according to some in Carrara, according to others in the Canton of Ticino, active in Rome in the… -
Cavallini, Pietro
CAVALLINI, PIETRO. - Painter and mosaicist of the Cerroni family, b. in Rome between 1240 and 1250, d. there at a very great age, perhaps a… -
Cavallino, Bernardo
CAVALLINO, BERNARDO. - Painter, b. in Naples on 10 Dec. 1622, d. there in Jan. 1654. These data, not deducible from documents but… -
Cavallucci, Antonio
CAVALLUCCI, ANTONIO. - Painter, b. at Sermoneta (Rome) on 21 Aug. 1752, d. at Rome on 18 Nov. 1795. He was a pupil of Stefano Pozzi and of… -
Cavedoni, Giacomo
CAVEDONI, GIACOMO. - Painter, b. at Sassuolo in 1577, d. at Bologna in 1660. He ingeniously managed to fuse with the Carraccesque… -
Cavenaghi, Luigi
CAVENAGHI, LUIGI. - Painter, b. at Caravaggio in 1844, d. at Milan on 31 March 1918. A pupil at the Brera Academy, he displayed in the… -
Ceccarelli, Nadd
CECCARELLI, NADD. - Sienese painter of the mid-14th century, of whom only a few signed works are known. These are: a panel with the… -
Ceiling (SOFFITTO)
CEILING. - An architectural element tending to mask the overlying roof structures or, more simply, the sky of a room. What interests us… -
Cellini, Benvenuto
CELLINI, BENVENUTO. - Born in Florence in 1500, he was first set by his father to music and then to goldsmithing; at the age of sixteen he… -
Cennini, Cennino
CENNINI, CENNINO. - Painter and writer, b. at Colle Val d'Elsa, d. perhaps at Padua after 1398. At Padua, C. worked for the Carraresi, as… -
Ceracchi, Giuseppe
CERACCHI, GIUSEPPE. - Sculptor, b. in Rome on 4 July 1751, d. in Paris on 30 Jan. 1802. A pupil in Rome of Tommaso Righi, after a stay in… -
Ceramic Art (CERAMICA)
CERAMIC ART. - A generic term designating any product obtained through the successive use of two technical processes: 1) manipulation of… -
Cesari, Giuseppe, called Il Cavaliere d'Arpino (CESARI, GIUSEPPE, DETTO IL CAVALIER D'ARPINO)
CESARI, Giuseppe, called Il Cavaliere d'Arpino. - Painter, b. at Arpino (Frosinone) in 1560, d. at Rome in 1640. He served as many as ten… -
Cevakinsky, Savva
CEVAKINSKY, SAVVA. - Russian architect, b. 1733, d. 1783. He trained in the school of Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli, adapting the pomp and… -
Chancellery, Palace of the (CANCELLERIA, PALAZZO DELLA)
CHANCELLERY, Palace of the. - It is one of the largest and most significant Renaissance buildings in Rome. Construction was begun in 1485… -
Chapel (CAPPELLA)
CHAPEL. - It is a small sacred building, either free-standing or placed inside buildings of different purpose such as public and private… -
Chiaroscuro
CHIAROSCURO. - It is determined in the vision of objects by the contrast between parts in light and parts in shadow. In art, these are said… -
Chisel (CESELLO)
CHISEL. - It is properly a steel tool used to draw, engrave, raise, flatten or clean the metal on which one is working; there are therefore… -
Chorale (CORALE)
CHORALE. - I. CHANT. - In current usage, the true choral or liturgical chant is Gregorian chant (v. CHANT). Polyphonic chant also takes the… -
Chronicle, Simone del Pollaiolo, detto Il (CRONACA, SIMONE DEL POLLAIOLO, DETTO IL)
CHRONICLE, Simone del Pollaiolo, detto Il. - Architect, b. in Florence in 1457, d. there in 1508. His art belongs to the moment of… -
Ciborium (CIBORIO)
CIBORIUM. - From the Greek κιβώριον, also called fastigium, tegurium, and in the Middle Ages tiburium. It was an arched covering supported… -
Cigoli, Cardi Ludovico detto Il
CIGOLI, CARDI LUDOVICO detto il. - Painter, architect and sculptor, b. at Cigoli (S. Miniato), 21 Sept. 1559; d. at Rome, 8 June 1613. A… -
Cimabue
CIMABUE. - Cenni di Pepo, called C., Florentine painter, b. ca. 1240. The documents tell us only that in 1272 he was in Rome, that in 1301… -
Cima da Conegliano
CIMA DA CONEGLIANO. - Painter, b. at Conegliano between 1459 and 1460 and d. there in 1517-18. In 1492 he settled in Venice, where he… -
Cire-Perdue Casting (GETTO (FUSIONE A CERA PERDUTA))
CIRE-PERDUE CASTING. - Casting, or pouring, is in general the operation carried out in sculpture to obtain the definitive work from the… -
Ciseri, Antonio
CISERI, ANTONIO. - Painter, b. at Ronco in the canton of Ticino in 1821, d. at Florence in 1891. A pupil of Bezzuoli in Florence, where he… -
Ciuffagni, Bernardo di Piero di Bartolomeo
CIUFFAGNI, BERNARDO di PIERO DI BARTOLOMEO. - Sculptor, b. in Florence in 1381, d. there in 1457. An assistant of Ghiberti on the second… -
Civitale (CIVITALI)
CIVITALE. - Family of artists. MATTEO, sculptor and architect, b. at Lucca on June 5, 1436; d. there on Oct. 12, 1501. He completed his… -
Classicism (CLASSICISMO)
CLASSICISM. - The concept of classicism, like that of Romanticism and, more recently (limited to the figurative arts) of Baroque, besides… -
Clement, The (CLEMENTE, IL)
CLEMENT, THE. - Sogari Prospero, known as il C., sculptor and goldsmith, b. at Reggio Emilia on 16 February 1516, d. there on 25 May 1584.… -
Cleves (CLEVE)
CLEVES. - Two painters of this name. Of Joos van C. (Joos van der Beke) the Elder, the year of birth is unknown; he died in Antwerp in… -
Clock (OROLOGIO)
CLOCK. - Since antiquity there have been reports of instruments for measuring time applied to buildings; nevertheless the clock understood… -
Clouet, Jean
CLOUET, JEAN. - Painter and draughtsman, b. in the Low Countries (?) around 1485, d. in Paris in 1540. He is recorded at Tours from 1516,… -
Clovio, Giulio
CLOVIO, GIULIO. - Miniaturist, b. at Grizane in Croatia, d. at Rome on 5 Jan. 1578. His name in his native language was Jurai (that is,… -
Coda, Benedetto
CODA, BENEDETTO. - Painter, b. in Venice, or in Ferrara, or in Treviso, d. after 1530. From September 1495 he was in Rimini. Vasari… -
Coducci, Mauro detto Moro (Moretto)
CODUCCI, MAURO detto MORO (MORETTO). - Architect, b. at Lenna in Val Brembana around 1440, d. in 1504. He appears active in Venice for the… -
Coello, Claudio
COELLO, CLAUDIO. - Spanish painter and architect, b. in Madrid, baptized on 2 March 1642, d. there on 20 April 1693. A pupil in his… -
Coghetti, Francesco
COGHETTI, FRANCESCO. - Painter, b. in Bergamo on 20 July 1802, d. in Rome on 21 Apr. 1875. After studying under Diotti, he followed… -
Cola dell'Amatrice
COLA dell'AMATRICE. - Nicola Filotesio, called dell'Amatrice after his birthplace, an Abruzzese painter and architect. He lived most of his… -
Colombe, Michel
COLOMBE, MICHEL. - Sculptor, b. in Brittany around 1430-40, d. before 1519. From 1491 he settled in Tours, where in 1500 he received the… -
Colonna
COLONNA. - It is a load-bearing element of circular section, generally of marble or stone, with a base and capital connected to similar… -
Color (COLORE)
COLOR. - Both the sensation produced by matter permeated with a light that determines in it a "quality," and the light itself that defines… -
Comacini, Masters (COMACINI, MAESTRI)
COMACINI, MASTERS. - Builders, natives of the ancient diocese of Como. The expression "Magister Comacinus cum colligantes[sic] suis" and… -
Comb (PETTINE)
COMB. - From the Latin pecten, it is an instrument of bone, ivory, boxwood or other material, fitted with one or two rows of close-set… -
Conca, Sebastiano
CONCA, SEBASTIANO. - Painter, b. at Gaeta on 8 Jan. 1679 (or according to others 1676 or 1680) and d. at Naples in 1764. A pupil at Naples… -
Condivi, Ascanio
CONDIVI, ASCANIO. - Writer and painter, b. at Ripatransone in the Marche perhaps in 1525, and d. at Rome in 1574. Nothing is known of his… -
Confessional (CONFESSIONALE)
CONFESSIONAL. - A church furnishing in which the priest administers the sacrament of Penance. Confessionals in their present form began to… -
Contini, Giovanbattista
CONTINI, GIOVANBATTISTA. - Architect, b. in Rome in 1641 and d. there in 1723. Rather than from his father Francesco, an architect of very… -
Coppo di Marcovaldo
COPPO di MARCOVALDO. - Florentine painter. Taken prisoner by the Sienese during the battle of Montaperti (1260), he painted, to ransom… -
Coral (CORALLO)
CORAL. - The working of coral for artistic uses was characteristic of the peoples of the Mediterranean basin from the most ancient times.… -
Corenzio, Belisario
CORENZIO, BELISARIO. - Painter of Greek origin, b. in Acaia in the province of Lecce around 1560 and d. after 1640. He seems to have… -
Cornacchini, Agostino
CORNACCHINI, AGOSTINO. - Sculptor, b. at Pescia in 1685 and d. at Rome shortly after 1740. A pupil of G. B. Foggini, he embraced the… -
Cornice
CORNICE. - The frame, besides being a decorative complement to an object and particularly to a painting, is also, according to a more… -
Corot, Jean-Baptiste-Camille
COROT, JEAN-BAPTISTE-CAMILLE. - Painter, b. in Paris on 16 July 1796, d. there on 22 Feb. 1875. Encouraged by the painter A. E. Michallon,… -
Corradini, Antonio
CORRADINI, ANTONIO. - Sculptor, b. at Este toward the end of the 17th century, d. at Naples on 12 Aug. 1752. An excellent decorator, he… -
Correggio, Antonio Allegri, Known as Il (CORREGGIO, ANTONIO ALLEGRI, DETTO IL)
CORREGGIO, Antonio Allegri, Known as Il. - B. at Correggio di Reggio Emilia before 30 Aug. 1489, d. there, 5 March 1534. Perhaps he began… -
Corte (Corti, Curte), Niccolò da
CORTE (Corti, Curte), Niccolò da. - Sculptor b. at Cima di Valsolda (Lugano), it is not known when; d. at Granada in 1552. In Genoa in 1530… -
Cosmati
COSMATI. - Under this generic denomination are included the marble-workers active in Rome, in various localities of Latium and generally of… -
Costa, Lorenzo
COSTA, LORENZO. - Painter, b. in Ferrara around 1460, d. in Mantua on 3 May 1535. He was a pupil in his native city of Cosmè Tura, as the… -
Courtois, Jacques, detto Il Borgognone
COURTOIS, Jacques, detto Il Borgognone. - Painter and engraver, b. 12 Feb. 1621 at St-Hippolyte in Franche-Comté and d. in Rome on 14 Nov.… -
Cousin, Jean, Il Vecchio
COUSIN, Jean, Il Vecchio. - French painter, woodcut artist, sculptor: b. ca. 1490 at Sens (?), d. at Paris ca. 1561. From 1538 he is… -
Coustou, Family (COUSTOU, FAMIGLIA)
COUSTOU, FAMILY. - Family of French sculptors. NICOLAS, b. in Lyon on 8 Jan. 1658, d. in Paris on 1 May 1773, was a pupil of his uncle A.… -
Coysevox, Charles-Antoine
COYSEVOX, CHARLES-ANTOINE. - Sculptor, b. in Lyon on 29 Sept. 1640, d. in Paris on 10 Oct. 1720. He first followed the Berninian manner,… -
Cozzarelli, Giacomo
COZZARELLI, GIACOMO. - Son of Bartolomeo di Marco. Sculptor and architect, b. in Siena on 20 Nov. 1455, d. on 23 March 1515. He resided in… -
Cozzarelli, Guidoccio
COZZARELLI, GUIDOCCIO. - Sienese painter and miniaturist, documented from 1450 to 1516. His first signed work is a panel with the Madonna… -
Cranach, Lukas Il Vecchio
CRANACH, LUKAS il Vecchio. - German painter, woodcut artist and draughtsman, b. at Kronach (Franconia) in 1472, d. at Weimar on 16 Oct.… -
Crespi, Daniele
CRESPI, DANIELE. - Painter, b. at Busto Arsizio ca. 1600, d. at Milan in 1630. Trained on the examples of Giovan Battista Crespi,… -
Crespi, Giovanni Battista, Known as Il Cerano (CRESPI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, DETTO IL CERANO)
CRESPI, Giovanni Battista, Known as Il Cerano. - Painter, architect and sculptor, b. at Cerano in 1557, d. at Milan in 1633. He worked not… -
Crespí, Giuseppe Maria, Called Lo Spagnolo (CRESPÍ, GIUSEPPE MARIA, DETTO LO SPAGNOLO)
CRESPÍ, Giuseppe Maria, Called Lo Spagnolo. - Painter, b. in Bologna on 16 March 1665, d. there on 16 July 1747. He studied in his native…