The virtues and vices of men in power: the great evil of pride.
Wise superiors are very necessarie, because the multitude folow their example. 6. Remitte and forget iniuries, detest pride, iniustice, contumelie, and auarice. 12. Life is short. 14. Pride is the roote of al sinnes. 23. Iust pouertie is better then sinful riches. 31. Mekenes and modestie are necessarie in al men.
1A wise judge shall judge his people, and the government of a prudent man shall be steady.Il saggio re renderà la giustizia al suo popolo, e il principato dell'uomo sensato sarà stabile.A wise iudge shal iudge his people, and the principalitie of the wise shal be stable.Judex sapiens judicabit populum suum, / et principatus sensati stabilis erit. 2As the judge of the people is himself, so also are his ministers: and what manner of man the ruler of a city is, such also are they that dwell therein.Quale è il giudice del popolo, tali i suoi ministri; e qual è il governatore della città, tali sono i suoi abitanti.According to the Iudge of the people, so also are his ministers: and what maner of man the ruler of a citie is, such also are the habitants therein.Secundum judicem populi, sic et ministri ejus: / et qualis rector est civitatis, tales et inhabitantes in ea. 3An unwise king shall be the ruin of his people: and cities shall be inhabited through the prudence of the rulers.Un re imprudente rovinerà il suo popolo: la prudenza de' grandi popolerà le cittadi.An vnwise king shal destroy his people: and cities shal be inhabited by the vnderstanding of the prudent.Rex insipiens perdet populum suum: / et civitates inhabitabuntur per sensum potentium. 4The power of the earth is in the hand of God, and in his time he will raise up a profitable ruler over it.Il dominio della terra è nella mano di Dio, ed egli lo darà a suo tempo a chi la governi utilmente.The powre of the earth is in the hand of God, and he wil rayse vp a profitable ruler for a time ouer it.In manu Dei potestas terræ: / et utilem rectorem suscitabit in tempus super illam. 5The prosperity of man is in the hand of God, and upon the person of the scribe he shall lay his honour.La felicità dell'uomo è nelle mani di Dio, ed egli alla persona del dottor della legge fa parte della sua gloria.The prosperitie of man is in the hand of God, & vpon the face of the scribe he wil put his honour.In manu Dei prosperitas hominis, / et super faciem scribæ imponet honorem suum. 6Remember not any injury done thee by thy neighbour, and do thou nothing by deeds of injury.Non aver memoria di alcuna delle ingiurie ricevute dal prossimo: e non far cosa veruna per nuocere altrui.Anie iniurie of thy neighbour remember not, and doe nothing by workes of iniurie.Omnis injuriæ proximi ne memineris, / et nihil agas in operibus injuriæ.
7Pride is hateful before God and men: and all iniquity of nations is execrable.E odiata da Dio, e dagli uomini la superbia, ed è avuta in esecrazione tutta l'iniquità delle genti.Pride is odious before God and men: and al the iniquitie of the nations is execrable.Odibilis coram Deo est et hominibus superbia, / et execrabilis omnis iniquitas gentium. 8A kingdom is translated from one people to another, because of injustices, and wrongs, and injuries, and divers deceits.Il regno è trasportato da' una ad altra nazione a causa delle ingiustizie, e delle violenze, e degli oltraggi, e delle fraudi di molte maniere.A kingdome is translated from nation vnto nation, because of iniustices, and iniuries, and contumelies, and diuerse deceites.Regnum a gente in gentem transfertur propter injustitias, / et injurias, et contumelias, et diversos dolos. 9But nothing is more wicked than the covetous man. Why is earth, and ashes proud?Nulla v'ha di più scellerato dell'avaro. Come mai la terra, e la cenere si leva in superbia.But nothing is more wicked then the couetous man. Why is earth and ashes proud?Avaro autem nihil est scelestius. / Quid superbit terra et cinis ? 10There is not a more wicked thing than to love money: for such a one setteth even his own soul to sale: because while he liveth he hath cast away his bowels.Nulla v'ha di più iniquo, che colui, che ama il denaro; perocché questi mette in vendita anche l'anima sua; perocché egli ancor vivo si cava le proprie sue viscere.Nothing is more wicked then to loue money. For he hath his soule also to sel: because in his life he hath cast forth his most in ward thinges:Nihil est iniquius quam amare pecuniam: / hic enim et animam suam venalem habet, / quoniam in vita sua projecit intima sua. 11All power is of short life. A long sickness is troublesome to the physician.Ogni potentato di corta vita. La lunga malattìa stanca il medico;Al power is of short life. Long sicknes greueth the Physicion.Omnis potentatus brevis vita; / languor prolixior gravat medicum. 12The physician cutteth off a short sickness: so also a king is to day, and to morrow he shall die.E fa breve la malattia il medico col troncarla; così anche il re, oggi è, e domani morrà.Short sicknes the Physicion cutteth of at the first: so also the king is to day, & to morow he shal die.Brevem languorem præcidit medicus: / sic et rex hodie est, et cras morietur. 13For when a man shall die, he shall inherit serpents, and beasts, and worms.Or l'uomo alla sua morte avrà per suo retaggio de' sergenti, e delle bestie, e de' vermi.For when a man shal die, he shal inherite serpents, and beasts, and wormes.Cum enim morietur homo, / hæreditabit serpentes, et bestias, et vermes.
14The beginning of the pride of man, is to fall off from God:La prima superbia dell'uomo è di apostatare da Dio:The begynning of the pride of man, is to apostatate from God:Initium superbiæ hominis apostatare a Deo: 15Because his heart is departed from him that made him: for pride is the beginning of all sin: he that holdeth it, shall be filled with maledictions, and it shall ruin him in the end.Mentre il cuor di lui si allontana da colui, che lo creò; onde il primo di tutti i peccati ell'è la superbia: e chi è governato da lei, sarà ricolmo di abbominazioni, ed ella alla fine lo manderà in rovina.because his hart is departed from him that made him, for pride is the begynning of al sinne: he that holdeth it, shal be filled with curses, & it shal subuert him in the end.quoniam ab eo qui fecit illum recessit cor ejus, / quoniam initium omnis peccati est superbia. / Qui tenuerit illam adimplebitur maledictis, / et subvertet eum in finem. 16Therefore hath the Lord disgraced the assemblies of the wicked, and hath utterly destroyed them.Per questo il Signore caricò di ignominie la razza dei malvagi, e li distrasse fino all'esterminio.Therfore hath our Lord dishonoured the congregations of the euil, & hath destroyed them euen to the end.Propterea exhonoravit Dominus conventus malorum, / et destruxit eos usque in finem. 17God hath overturned the thrones of proud princes, and hath set up the meek in their stead.Dio gettò a terra i troni de' principi superbi, e in luogo di essi fece sedere i mansueti.God hath destroyed the seates of proud princes, and hath made the meeke sitte in their stead.Sedes ducum superborum destruxit Deus, / et sedere fecit mites pro eis. 18God hath made the roots of proud nations to wither, and hath planted the humble of these nations.Dio fe' seccar le radici delle superbe nazioni: e piantò quelli, che tra le genti medesime erano abbietti.God hath made the rootes of the proud nations to wither, and hath planted the humble of the nations themselues.Radices gentium superbarum arefecit Deus, / et plantavit humiles ex ipsis gentibus. 19The Lord hath overthrown the lands of the Gentiles, and hath destroyed them even to the foundation.Il Signore distrusse le terre delle nazioni, e rovinolle dai fondamenti;Our Lord hath subuerted the landes of the gentiles, and hath destroyed them euen to the fundation.Terras gentium evertit Dominus, / et perdidit eas usque ad fundamentum. 20He hath made some of them to wither away, and hath destroyed them, and hath made the memory of them to cease from the earth.Alcune di esse egli le desolò, e né sperse gli abitanti, e fece sparire dal mondo la loro memoria.He hath made of them to wither, and hath destroyed them, and hath made the memorie of them to cease from the earth.Arefecit ex ipsis, et disperdidit eos, / et cessare fecit memoriam eorum a terra.
21God hath abolished the memory of the proud, and hath preserved the memory of them that are humble in mind.Dio annichilò la memoria de' superbi, e conservò la memoria degli umili di spirito.God hath destroyed the memorie of the proud, and hath left the memorie of them that are humble in vnderstanding.Memoria superborum perdidit Deus, / et reliquit memoriam humilium sensu. 22Pride was not made for men: nor wrath for the race of women.Non è ingenita agli uomini la superbia, né l'iracondia ai figliuoli delle donne.Pride was not created to men: nor wrath to the nation of wemen.Non est creata hominibus superbia, / neque iracundia nationi mulierum. 23That seed of men shall be honoured, which feareth God: but that seed shall be dishonoured, which transgresseth the commandments of the Lord.Quella stirpe di uomini, che teme Dio, sarà onorata; e disonorata sarà quella stirpe, che trasgredisce i comandamenti del Signore.That seede of men shal be honoured, which feareth God: but that seede shal be dishonoured, which transgresseth the commandments of our Lord.Semen hominum honorabitur hoc, quod timet Deum: / semen autem hoc exhonorabitur, quod præterit mandata Domini. 24In the midst of brethren their chief is honourable: so shall they that fear the Lord, be in his eyes.Trai fratelli quegli, che governa è in onore; così dinanzi al Signore sarà di quelli, che lo temono.In the middes of brethren their ruler shal be in honour: and they that feare our Lord, shal be in his eyes.In medio fratrum rector illorum in honore: / et qui timent Dominum erunt in oculis illius. 25The fear of God is the glory of the rich, and of the honourable, and of the poor.La gloria de' ricchi, e degli uomini in dignità, e de' poveri è il timor del Signore.The glorie of the rich, of the honourable, and of the poore, is the feare of God:Gloria divitum, honoratorum, et pauperum, / timor Dei est. 26Despise not a just man that is poor, and do not magnify a sinful man that is rich.Guardati dal disprezzare il giusto, perché povero: guardati dal far grande stima del peccatore, perché ricco.Despise not the iust man that is poore, and magnifie not the sinful man that is rich.Noli despicere hominem justum pauperem, / et noli magnificare virum peccatorem divitem. 27The great man, and the judge, and the mighty is in honour: and there is none greater than he that feareth God.I grandi, i magistrati, i potenti sono onorati; ma nissuno è da più dì quello, che teme Dio.The great one, and the iudge, and the mightie is in honour, and there is none greater then he, that feareth God.Magnus, et judex, et potens est in honore: / et non est major illo qui timet Deum.
28They that are free shall serve a servant that is wise: and a man that is prudent and well instructed will not murmur when he is reproved; and he that is ignorant, shall not be honoured.Al servo sapiente serviranno uomini liberi, e l'uom prudente, e disciplinato non mormorerà quando sia ripreso; ma l'imprudente non otterrà gli onori.Free men wil serue a seruant, that is wise: and a man that is prudent and hath discipline, wil not murmur being rebuked, and the ignorant shal not be honoured.Servo sensato liberi servient: / et vir prudens et disciplinatus non murmurabit correptus, / et inscius non honorabitur. 29Extol not thyself in doing thy work, and linger not in the time of distress;Non vantar tua grandezza quando hai da fare il fatto tuo, e non istare a vedere nel tempo di necessità;Extol not thyself in doing thy worke, and linger not in the time of distresse:Noli extollere te in faciendo opere tuo, / et noli cunctari in tempore angustiæ. 30Better is he that laboureth, and aboundeth in all things, than he that boasteth himself and wanteth bread.Perocché è più stimabile colui, che lavora, e abbonda dì tutto, che il glorioso, il quale manca di pane.better is he that worketh, and abundeth in al thinges, then he that glorieth, and lacketh bread.Melior est qui operatur et abundat in omnibus, / quam qui gloriatur et eget pane. 31My son, keep thy soul in meekness, and give it honour according to its desert.Figliuolo custodisci colla mansuetudine l'anima tua, e onorala, secondo che ella merita.Sonne in mildenes keepe thy soule, and geue him honour according to his desert.Fili, in mansuetudine serva animam tuam, / et da illi honorem secundum meritum suum. 32Who will justify him that sinneth against his own soul? and who will honour him that dishonoureth his own soul?Chi giustificherà colui, che pecca contro l'anima sua? e chi onorerà colui, che disonora l'anima propria?Him that sinneth agaynst his owne soule who shal iustifie? and who shal honour him that dishonoureth his owne soule?Peccantem in animam suam quis justificabit ? / et quis honorificabit exhonorantem animam suam ? 33The poor man is glorified by his discipline and fear, and there is a man that is honoured for his wealth.Il povero arrida alla gloria per mezzo de' buoni costumi, e del timore di Dio; ed havvi chi è rispettato a motivo di sue ricchezze.The poore man is glorified by his discipline and feare: & there is a man that is honoured for his substance.Pauper gloriatur per disciplinam et timorem suum: / et est homo qui honorificatur propter substantiam suam.
34But he that is glorified in poverty, how much more in wealth? and he that is glorified in wealth, let him fear poverty.Ma colui, che è glorioso nella povertà, quanto più il sarebbe colle ricchezze? Ma colui, che fonda sua gloria: nelle ricchezze ha da temere là povertà.But he that is glorified in pouertie, how much more in substance? and he that is glorified in substance, let him feare pouertie.Qui autem gloriatur in paupertate, quanto magis in substantia ! / et qui gloriatur in substantia, paupertatem vereatur.
10:1
Challoner
Judge. Greek, "instruct." (Challoner)
Worthington
The example of rulers is very powerful. (Worthington)
10:2
Claud
Therein. Regis ad exemplum totus componitur orbis. (Claud.)
Cicero
As a whole city is infected with the vices of princes, so it may be corrected by their good behaviour, (continentia.) (Cicero, Leg. 3.)
10:3
Rulers. All who wish to live under just kings, Proverbs 29:4.
10:4
10:5
Challoner
The scribe. That is, the man that is wise and learned in the law. (Challoner)
Calmet
It also denotes an officer, Judges 5:14. God must give light and success. (Calmet)
10:6
Injury, out of revenge. (Haydock) (Leviticus 19:18.)
Cicero
"Caesar used to forget nothing but injuries." (Cicero, Ligar.)
St. Augustine
This at least is the character of a great man. (St. Augustine, ep. 138., and 54.)
10:7
Men. It invades the rights of the former, and disturbs the repose of mankind.
Haydock
All. Greek is obscure, "and from both proceeds injustice;" (Calmet) or, "it shall act unjustly." (Haydock)
10:8
Worthington
Deceits. Hence kingdoms are changed. (Worthington)
St. Augustine
The ambition and luxury of subjects (Cato) and the negligence of the rulers, bring on confusion. (St. Augustine, City of God 5:13.)
10:9
Haydock
Man. The desire of plunder, or of glory, occasions revolutions. (Haydock)
10:10
Bowels, and would have no compassion for others or for himself. Some Greek copies leave out as far as sale, but Grabe replaces the omission from the Complutensian.
10:14
Calmet
Beginning, or summit; arche. (Calmet)
10:15
Worthington
Sin, because man abandons God's law, and falls into all misery. (Worthington)
Menochius
The proud easily yield to all sorts of iniquity. (Menochius)
10:16
Haydock
Disgraced. Greek, "hath taken an exemplary vengeance, and hath," etc. (Haydock)
Them, as he did the giants, Sodom, Nabuchodonosor, etc.
10:17
Calmet
Stead. Luke 1:52. (Calmet)
"Thales being asked what was difficult to be seen; replied, a tyrant grown old." (Laertius 1.)
10:18
Calmet
Nations, the Chanaanites, who submitted to the yoke: or rather the Hebrews. (Calmet)
Greek, "instead of them."
10:19
Calmet
Foundation: overturning Sodom, Babylon, and even Jerusalem, for their sins. (Calmet)
10:28
Wise. When Diogenes was exposed to sale, and asked what he could do, he answered, "I know how to command free men." (Laertius 6.)
Calmet
Joseph and Daniel obtained authority by their wise conduct. (Calmet)
10:31
Desert. Let not avarice deprive thee of the necessities of life, nor do any thing beneath thy dignity, Luke 21:19.
10:33
Haydock
Glorified. Greek, "honoured on account of his knowledge, and the rich is, " etc. (Haydock)
10:34
And. Greek omits this sentence: (Calmet) yet Grabe has, And the man who is without honour in wealth, how much more so will he be in poverty? (Haydock) (Ecclesiastes 7:12.)
10:1
Judge his people.... In the Greek it is, instruct his people.
10:5
The scribe.... That is, the man that is wise and learned in the law.
10:2
Example of rulers is of greate efficacie.
Concordance Prou. 29.
10:7
Concordance Dan. 4.
10:8
The causes of translating kingdomes, & dominions.
10:9
Couetuosnes is the roote of al euiles, 1. Tim. 6. in that for lucie manie fal into al sortes of sinnes, euen into schisme and heresie, erring from the faith. ibidem. v. 1•.
10:15
Neuertheles pride is the beginning of al sinne, as this text expresly testifieth, and the reason is, for that mans inordinate self loue is the cause of declining from Gods commandments. & they which runne on in that course, cast themselues headlong into the depth of al mischief, and of eternal miserie.
10:28
Concordance Prou. 17.
10:30
Concordance Prou. 1•.
10:1
St Jerome † AD 420 Against the Pelagians 2
x. 1 . “Dead flies cause the ointment to stink;” That is, almost everyone is defiled by heresy or other faults.
10:4
Origen † AD 254 Origen Against Celsus 8.68
… there would no longer remain among men any of the glory of your religion or of the true wisdom.” If, then, “there shall be one lord, one king,” he must be, not the man “whom the son of crafty Saturn appointed,” but the man to whom He gave the power, who “removeth kings and setteth up kings,” and who “raiseth up the useful man in time of need upon earth.”
10:7
Early Popes (Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals) The Epistles of Pope Fabian 2.2
… The seed of men shall be honoured, this seed that feareth God. But that seed shall be dishonoured that transgresseth the commandments of the Lord. Among brethren, he that is chief is honourable; and they that fear the Lord shall be in His eyes. My son, saith Solomon, preserve thy soul in meekness, and give honour to him whom honour beseemeth.”
10:9
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom 76
… and when spoiling all men’s goods, thinks himself to have less than any. For measuring the things present by his desire for those whereof he is not yet possessed, he will account the former nothing compared to the latter. Wherefore also one saith, “There is not a more wicked thing than a covetous man.”
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 Homilies on Second Corinthians 23
… 27 .) For since he had no sins to speak of, but shone with good works; having run about in every direction and found no very great handle against himself, he betakes himself to his nature; and since the name of “earth” is in some way or other one of dignity, he added to it that of “ashes.” Wherefore also another saith, “Why is earth and ashes proud?” (
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 Homilies on Philippians 5
How long shall we be puffed up thus ridiculously? For as we laugh, when we see children drawing themselves up, and looking haughty, or when we see them picking up stones and throwing them, thus too the haughtiness of men belongs to a puerile intellect, and an unformed mind. “Why are earth and ashes proud?” (
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Gospel of St. John 48
… if any bite and devour us with mocks and jests, let us not be overcome; lest in defending ourselves we destroy ourselves. For wrath is a wild beast, a wild beast keen and angry. Let us then repeat to ourselves soothing charms drawn from the holy Scripture, and say, “Thou art earth and ashes.” “Why is earth and ashes proud?” (
St Jerome † AD 420 The Letters of St. Jerome 133.2
2. Well does one of our own writers say: “the philosophers are the patriarchs of the heretics.” It is they who have stained with their perverse doctrine the spotlessness of the Church, not knowing that of human weakness it is said: “Why is earth and ashes proud?”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 The Confessions 7.16
… And I inquired what iniquity was, and ascertained it not to be a substance, but a perversion of the will, bent aside from Thee, O God, the Supreme Substance, towards these lower things, and casting out its bowels,
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 A Treatise on Nature and Grace 57
… Of a man, indeed, who has his legs strong and sound, it may be said admissibly enough, “whether he will or not he has the capacity of walking;” but if his legs be broken, however much he may wish, he has not the capacity. The nature of which our author speaks is corrupted. “Why is dust and ashes proud?”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Sermons on Selected Lessons of the New Testament 47.2
… What is that I have said, “Let him make a good use of his punishment”? Let him not by that from which he received his punishment fall into pride; let him acknowledge that he is mortal, and let it break down his elation. Let him hear it said to him, “Why is earth and ashes proud?”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 1.4
… That his earth has reference to the inner man, and that man is cast forth thence by pride, may be particularly seen in that which is written, “Why is earth and ashes proud? Because, in his life, he cast forth his bowels.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 83.12
… but he used the latter word in preference, to depress the pride of earth. For earth ceaseth to be proud, that is, man ceaseth, to whom it was said, “Thou art dust;” and “why is earth and ashes proud?”
Pope St Gregory I the Great † AD 604 The Book of Pastoral Rule 3.17
… Let the humble hear, Humility goeth before glory; let the haughty hear, The spirit is exalted before a fall ( Prov. xv. 33; xvi. 18 ). Let the humble hear, Unto whom shall I have respect, but to him that is humble and quiet, and that trembleth at my words ( Isai. lxvi. 2 )? Let the haughty hear, Why is earth and ashes proud (
Pope St Gregory I the Great † AD 604 Register of the Epistles of St. Gregory the Great 5.18
… For hence it is written, God resisteth the proud, but giveth grace unto the humble ( Jam. iv. 6 ). Hence, again, it is said, Whoso exalteth his heart is unclean before God ( Prov. xvi. 5 ). Hence, against the man that is proud it is written, Why is earth and ashes proud (
10:12
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 Homilies on 2 Thessalonians 1
… “Not a novice,” he says, “lest being puffed up he fall into the condemnation of the devil.” ( 1 Tim. iii. 6 .) He who is puffed up therefore, suffers the same punishment with the devil. “For the beginning of pride is not to know the Lord.” (
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Gospel of St. John 16
… while the enemies of the truth are mad with such a madness, as to assert that they are worthy to know Him even as He knows Himself. What is worse than such insanity, what more frenzied than such arrogance? Well hath a wise man said, “The beginning of pride is not to know the Lord.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 A Treatise on Faith and the Creed 10
… For the soul also may thus in like manner be called mortal, even as it is designated corruptible in reference to vices of manners. For assuredly it is “the death of the soul to apostatize from God;”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 A Treatise on Nature and Grace 33
… For the serpent, in fact, only sought for the door of pride whereby to enter when he said, “Ye shall be as gods.” Truly then is it said, “Pride is the commencement of all sin;” and, “The beginning of pride is when a man departeth from God.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 7.16
… Now he bringeth forth what, save that with which he hath travailed, although he has not travailed with that which he conceived? For that is not born, which is not conceived; but seed is conceived, that which is formed from the seed is born. Toil is then the seed of iniquity, but sin the conception of toil, that is, that first sin, to “depart from God.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 19.14
… For there is no third source of sin, but one’s own secret sin, by which the devil fell, and another’s sin, by which man is seduced, so as by consenting to make it his own. “And I shall be cleansed from the great offence.” What but pride? for there is none greater than apostasy from God, which is “the beginning of the pride of man.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 38.7
… “Mine iniquities have lift up mine head.” For no one is proud but the unrighteous man, whose head is lifted up. He is “lifted up,” whose “head is lifted up on high” against God. You heard when the lesson of the Book of Ecclesiasticus was read: “The beginning of pride is when a man departeth from God.”
10:13
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Gospel of St. John 9
Wherefore a wise man has said, “Pride is the beginning of sin” (
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 The Confessions 8.6
… and these, in their ram bling, came upon a certain cottage inhabited by some of Thy servants, “poor in spirit,” of whom “is the kingdom of heaven,”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 City of God 14.13
Our first parents fell into open disobedience because already they were secretly corrupted; for the evil act had never been done had not an evil will preceded it. And what is the origin of our evil will but pride? For “pride is the beginning of sin.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 A Treatise on Nature and Grace 33
… “Every sin,” says he, “if I mistake not, is a contempt of God, and every contempt of God is pride. For what is so proud as to despise God? All sin, then, is also pride, even as Scripture says, Pride is the beginning of all sin.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Our Lord’s Sermon on the Mount 1.1.3
… those who have not the spirit which puffeth up. Nor ought blessedness to begin at any other point whatever, if indeed it is to attain unto the highest wisdom; “but the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom;” for, on the other hand also, “pride” is entitled “the beginning of all sin.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Our Lord’s Sermon on the Mount 1.11
… For He is rightly called the adversary of those whom He resists, for “God resisteth the proud, but giveth grace to the humble;” and “pride is the beginning of all sin, but the beginning of man’s pride is to become apostate from God;”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Sermons on Selected Lessons of the New Testament 73.1
1. Ye know, Brethren, for ye have learnt it as believing in Christ, and continually too do we by our ministry impress it upon you, that the humility of Christ is the medicine of man’s swollen pride. For man would not have perished, had he not been swollen up through pride. For “pride,” as saith the Scripture, “is the beginning of all sin.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 7.4
… For that by which the soul first fell, she overcomes the last. “For the beginning of all sin is pride:” and again, “The beginning of man’s pride is to depart from God.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 36.16
… Because those who now are ungodly, have fallen by pride. Therefore when the Lord would caution His Church, He said, “It shall watch thy head, and thou shalt watch his heel.” The serpent watcheth when the foot of pride may come against thee, when thou mayest fall, that he may cast thee down. But watch thou his head: the beginning of all sin is pride.
Pope St Gregory I the Great † AD 604 The Book of Pastoral Rule 3.17
… x. 9 )? Let the humble hear, God hath respect unto the things that are humble. Let the haughty hear, And lofty things He knoweth afar off ( Psal. cxxxvii. 6 ). Let the humble hear, That the Son of Man came not to be ministered unto, but to minister ( Matth. xx. 28 ); let the haughty hear, that The beginning of all sin is pride (
10:14
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 A Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles 29
… lxii. 10 ); and many other like sayings. And from the histories thou hearest of Gehazi, Judas, the chief scribes, and that “gifts blind the eyes of the wise.” ( Exod. xxiii. 8 and Deut. xvi. 19 .) Is another proud? Let him hear that “God resisteth the proud” ( James iv. 6 ); and, “Pride is the beginning of sin” (
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Lectures or Tractates on the Gospel According to St. John 25.15
… “Why is dust and ashes proud?” Why proud! Let the Scripture tell why. “Because in his life he put forth his inmost parts.”
10:15
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 On the Holy Trinity 12.9
14. For the soul loving its own power, slips onwards from the whole which is common, to a part, which belongs especially to itself. And that apostatizing pride, which is called “the beginning of sin,”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Ten Homilies on the First Epistle of John 8.6
6. For in this the proud soul has passed bounds, and, in a manner, become avaricious. For, “The root of all evils is avarice;” and again it is said, “The beginning of all sin is pride.”
10:19
Origen † AD 254 Origen Against Celsus 8.50
… But surely it is not without honour for the body to suffer for the sake of godliness, and to choose afflictions on account of virtue: the dishonourable thing would be for it to waste its powers in vicious indulgence. For the divine word says: “What is an honourable seed? The seed of man. What is a dishonourable seed? The seed of man.”
10:26
St Cyprian of Carthage † AD 258 Three Books of Testimonies Against the Jews 3.52
In Solomon, in Ecclesiasticus: “Extol not thyself in doing thy work.”
10:28
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Epistle to the Hebrews 25
… Do not in insulting him, insult thyself. Spare thyself, not him. Honor thyself, not him. Is there not some Proverb such as this, He that honoreth; honoreth himself? With good reason: for he honors not the other, but himself. Hear what a certain wise man says, “Do honor to thy soul according to the dignity thereof.” (
10:30
St Jerome † AD 420 The Letters of St. Jerome 107.13
… Hand her over to Eustochium while she is still but an infant and her every cry is a prayer for you. She will thus become her companion in holiness now as well as her successor hereafter. Let her gaze upon and love, let her “from her earliest years admire” one whose language and gait and dress are an education in virtue.
10:1
A WISE JUDGE SHALL JUDGE HIS PEOPLE, AND A SENSIBLE PRINCE SHALL BE STABLE. — Judge, that is, a prince: for the principal duty of a prince is judgment and to judge, namely, to rule the people in judgment and equity; so that injustice and iniquity being excluded, the due order of justice may be preserved, and from this public peace and tranquility. All these things the royal Prophet briefly comprehended, foretelling the kingdom of Solomon, and in it the kingdom of Christ, Psalm LXXI, 1, when he thus sings: "Give to the king thy judgment, O God, and to the king's son thy justice. To judge thy people in justice, and thy poor in judgment. Let the mountains receive peace for the people, and the hills justice. He shall judge the poor of the people, and he shall save the children of the poor, and he shall humble the calumniator. In his days shall justice spring up, and abundance of peace, till the moon be taken away. Hence princes are called judges; whence the book of Judges is inscribed, that is, of the princes of Israel: for such were Othoniel, Barac, Gedeon, Samson, Samuel, etc., whose deeds are described in the book of Judges. For shall judge, in Greek it is παιδεύσει, that is, shall teach, shall instruct according to the laws of justice and of God. Rabanus reads, shall vindicate, namely, the innocent from the injuries of the guilty. For stable, the Complutensian editors read τεταμένη, that is, extended; the Roman edition τεταγμένη, that is, ordered, and, as the Zurich edition, shall be composed. The Complutensian editors therefore have it thus: A wise judge shall instruct his people, and the dominion of a prudent prince shall be extended, namely, shall extend itself to many nations, and to many years, because, as the Roman edition, it shall be ordered. For order brings peace, peace brings utility, stability brings longevity and amplitude, according to that in Proverbs XXIX, 14: "The king that judgeth the poor in truth, his throne shall be established for ever." Again Lyra and Jansenius for stable read terrible, as if to say, A wise prince shall be a terror to the wicked, so that no one dare attack him, as Solomon was: for it seems to allude to that in the Canticle VI, 9: "Terrible as an army set in array." But the Latin and Greek Bible constantly have stable, or ordered, not terrible. So also the Syriac: A wise judge, it says, shall teach his people, and a wise prince shall make his city stable. Excellently Pliny in his Panegyric to Trajan: "There is," he says, "no more excellent and beautiful gift of God toward mortals than a chaste, holy and most God-like prince;" and Plutarch in his life of Numa: "When," he says, "kings are wise and holy, then the state considers itself to have received from God some great and divine gift." The reason a priori is, that the whole method of ruling rightly consists in wisdom. Therefore a wise prince, being endowed with this, wisely moderates, arranges, directs, and governs all things and all persons. Whence Cassiodorus, book X of the Variae, letter 3, treating of wisdom: "There," he says, "the prudent man finds the means to become wiser; there the warrior discovers the means to strengthen himself in courage of soul; from there the prince receives how he may arrange his subjects in equality." St. Thomas, III part. Quest. LIX, art. 1, teaches that judicial power is appropriated to Christ as man, because this requires three things which plainly belong to Christ. "First indeed," he says, "it is required for it that there be power of coercing subjects; secondly, zeal for righteousness, so that judgment may be pronounced not from hatred or envy, but from love of justice; thirdly, wisdom, according to which judgment is formed; whence it is said Eccles. X, 1: A wise judge shall judge his people. Now the first two are prerequisites for judgment; but properly the third is that according to which the form of judgment is taken, because the very nature of judgment is the law of wisdom or truth, according to which judgment is made. And because the Son is wisdom begotten, and truth proceeding from the Father, and perfectly representing him, therefore judicial power is properly attributed to the Son of God." Moreover, to judge here is taken generally for to rule and govern, which is the proper function of wisdom: this function it exercises through beneficence, by which it keeps away from subjects all evils, and wisely and beneficently procures all goods for each according to his degree, state and order; for in order consists peace and the good of the commonwealth. For this reason Agapetus the Deacon prudently stirs up the Emperor Justinian to beneficent wisdom and wise beneficence in his Admonitions, no. 60: "The garment that waxes not old is the cloak of beneficence, and the incorruptible robe is charity toward the poor. He therefore who wishes to reign piously ought to adorn his soul with the beauty of such garments. For he who, clothed in purple, has put on love toward the needy, shall also become a partaker of the heavenly kingdom;" and no. 61: "When you have received the scepter of empire from God, consider in what ways you will please him who gave it to you; and since you are set above all men by him, hasten rather to honor him above all. Moreover, he himself considers that the greatest honor, if you protect those made by him as if they were yourself; and that you fulfill the duty of beneficence as a debt to be paid." This wisdom of ruling Ferrandus the Deacon of Carthage comprehends in seven rules particularly, which the sevenfold Spirit of God dictates, in his Exhortation to Reginus a military leader (it is found in volume V of the Library of the Holy Fathers): "If indeed," he says, "you confess grace, the spirit of the fear of the Lord shall rest upon you. If your life be a mirror, where soldiers may see what they ought to do, the spirit of piety shall rest upon you. If you do not desire or seek to rule, but to benefit, the spirit of knowledge shall rest upon you; for he knows how to rule who wishes to benefit. If you love the commonwealth as yourself, the spirit of fortitude shall rest upon you. If you prefer divine things to human, the spirit of counsel shall rest upon you. If you willingly hear, Be not overmuch just, the spirit of understanding shall rest upon you. If you remember that you are a Christian, the spirit of wisdom shall rest upon you, and through the abundance of the sevenfold spirit, the merciful God." Which then he pursues each in order at length, elegantly and wisely. Basil the Emperor, Exhortation to his son Leo, cap. XX: "My hands," he says, "have placed upon your head the crown of empire conveyed to you by God. Render therefore to the giver a gift worthy of him. Honor God, who has honored you, through the honor which you show to your father; but you shall honor me, not in quite the same manner as subjects do, namely, either by kneeling, or standing at my side, or by wishing me well: for these things are not sufficiently worthy of a princely and kingly man; but rather by exercising all virtue, cultivating temperance, adorning your character, pursuing the study of letters, by which the minds of youths ought to be refined, and to sum up, so preparing yourself that you may be deemed worthy of this earthly empire, and may bear the image of the King of heaven on earth. For he alone will deservedly be called the image of God, by whom you have been placed on the throne of the kingdom, who embraces all virtue. And he will most justly be loved in the second place after God by his subjects; and as having deserved most excellently of himself and of his own, shall be held worthy of all honor." Hence it comes to pass that the rule of the wise is stable; because, namely, it rests and is founded on wisdom, which is stable, solid and eternal. Whence the Egyptians depicted wisdom standing on a square stone, but fortune on a round one, to signify the constancy of the former, the inconstancy and volatility of the latter, as Pierius testifies in Hieroglyphics 39. Thus Christ, as the wisest of princes, his kingdom shall be eternal, according to that in Luke, cap. I, 33: "And he shall reign in the house of Jacob forever, and of his kingdom there shall be no end;"; and that in Daniel, cap. VII, 14: "All peoples, tribes and tongues shall serve him: his power is an eternal power, which shall not be taken away; and his kingdom, which shall not be corrupted." Tropologically, the dominion of the sensible man, in which he rules his soul and its affections, is stable, because by this dominion he restrains all affections that resist him; but the foolish man does unstable work, because always agitated by his affections he will serve, and will not remain in the liberty of the sons of God, which he had begun to have. The sensible, therefore, are mystical heavens, which without any interruption revolve in ordered motions, and in the place in which they are set by God, always tending forward, maintain the same course of life, concerning which Job, cap. XXXVII, 18: "Thou perhaps hast made the heavens, which are most solid as if cast in brass."
10:2
2. According to the judge (that is, the prince) of the people, so also his ministers; and what sort of ruler the city has, such also are its inhabitants. — In Greek, what sort is the ἡγούμενος, that is, the governor or prince of the city, such also are all its inhabitants: thus the Zurich Bible; the Syriac: As the judge of the people, so his ministers; and as the prince of the city, so its inhabitants, that is to say, To the morals and life of the prince, as to a norm and exemplar, conform themselves, first his ministers, then the other citizens and subjects, according to that saying of Claudian: According to the example of the king the whole world is arranged. And he adds: Nor can edicts so bend human senses as the life of the ruler: The fickle multitude always changes with the prince. In verse 1 he assigned two advantages of the wise judge, namely of the prince. The first is, that he instructs and judges, that is, governs the people justly; the second, that he makes the commonwealth as stable as his own principate; the third, this verse 2 assigns, that he pours forth and transfuses his wisdom, justice and virtue into his ministers and other subjects, just as the head transfuses its spirits, motion and life into the members subject to it; just as therefore the health of the head derives health to the members, and just as the sun communicates light to the whole world: so a good prince diffuses and pours forth his goodness into the people. For, as Quintilian says in Declamation 8: "This is the condition of princes, that whatever they do, they seem to command;" and Cicero in book III of On Laws, expounding the law of the Twelve Tables, by which it was provided "that magistrates be free from vice, and be an example to others;" added these words: "For just as the whole city is usually infected by the desires and vices of princes, so it is amended and corrected by their continence;" and a little later: "For you can see, if you wish to review the memory of times, what sort of men the chief men of the city were, such the whole city was. Whatever change of morals has occurred in princes, the same will follow in the people." And in Laertius, Antigonus, king of the Macedonians, writing to Zeno, when he had promised much concerning doctrine and happiness, finally added this at the end: "What sort the leader is, the subjects must necessarily become for the most part." Agesilaus also, that great man and himself king of the Lacedaemonians, "when asked why in severe winter at that age (for he was then old) he went about without a tunic? answered: So that young men might imitate, having indeed both the example of an old man and a prince." The author Plutarch in Laconic Apophthegms. But also Herodian in book IV: "Men are accustomed, he says, for the most part to emulate the life of the prince." Thus if the prince be warlike, subjects breathe war, and handle nothing but arms; if he be a lover of peace, all cultivate peace, give themselves to letters, arts, agriculture, etc. If he be orthodox and zealous for the faith, subjects imitate or feign this zeal; if he be chaste, all profess chastity; thus conversely, if he be a heretic, incestuous, intemperate, immediately many become heretics, incestuous, intemperate. Quintus Curtius relates in the Life of Alexander the Great, and Panormitanus in the Life of Alfonso, king of Aragon, that the courtiers of each went about with twisted necks, because each king was wry-necked and went about with a twisted neck. The reason a priori is given by Lactantius in book IV of Divine Institutions: "Since, he says, the morals and vices of the king are judged to be imitated as a form of obedience, all cast off piety, lest by living piously they should seem to have reproached the crime to the king;" and Pliny in the Panegyric of Trajan: "The life, he says, of the prince is a censure, and that perpetual; to this we are directed, to this we turn, and we have need not so much of command as of example;" and St. Jerome to Heliodorus: "The house, he says, of the Bishop and his conduct is placed in a mirror, the teacher of public discipline: whatever you do, all think they ought to do the same." Wherefore so diligently does St. Paul admonish Titus in cap. II, and Timothy in epistle I, cap. IV, saying: "In all things show thyself an example of good works," that is, says St. Chrysostom, "an exemplar of life and morals; be thyself as an image set forth, as an animated law, as a rule and norm of living well and rightly."
10:3
3. A FOOLISH KING SHALL DESTROY HIS PEOPLE, AND CITIES SHALL BE INHABITED BY THE WISDOM OF THE MIGHTY. — Some read συνετών, that is, of the prudent, of the intelligent; but it should be read δυναστῶν, that is, of the mighty, of the princes, of the dynasties; the Zurich Bible: A king without skill shall destroy his people, but the prudence of the great shall cause the city to be inhabited by its inhabitants; the Syriac: An unjust king shall destroy his people, and the city shall be inhabited in the wisdom of its lords, which is to say, An imprudent king, and therefore unjust, partly by his wicked example, partly by his wicked rule and sloth, destroys "his people," that is, the people's wealth, peace, concord, strength, and often life and conscience, and therefore destroys, that is, diminishes the people's multitude, both because he causes many to be slain by famine, war, quarrels, seditions; and because he is the cause that citizens flee from the city, and migrate elsewhere, where a wise prince rules, and therefore there is hope of peace, wealth and other goods. Thus Saul, Rehoboam, Jeroboam and the other impious and idolatrous kings of Israel destroyed their people. Whence by antithesis he adds: "And cities shall be inhabited," that is, shall be frequented, "by the wisdom of the mighty." For the wisdom and prudence of princes causes that citizens and the city flourish in wealth, peace, numbers, commerce, and abundance of all things, according to that in Proverbs XXIX, 4: "A just king setteth up the land, a covetous man shall destroy it." "Let princes therefore frequently read, re-read and ponder that address of the Wise Man in chapter VI, 2, directed to them: Hear, O kings, and understand; learn, O judges of the ends of the earth. Give ears, you that rule over multitudes, and please yourselves in the multitude of nations; because power is given you by the Lord, and strength by the Most High, who will examine your works, and search out your thoughts; because being ministers of his kingdom, you have not judged rightly, nor kept the law of justice, nor walked according to the will of God. Horribly and quickly shall he appear to you; for a most severe judgment shall be for them that bear rule. For to the lesser, mercy is granted; but the mighty shall be mightily tormented." Plato learned this same thing from Solomon and the Hebrews and held it, who in book III of the Laws says: "Of the best forms of the commonwealth, the best is monarchy, which is sanctioned by good laws and uses them; for it approaches nearest to the power of a father. The tyranny of kings and unjust rule brought about popular liberty, because the people could no longer endure the character of such kings. Every commonwealth and its form is destroyed and overthrown by itself, on account of corruptions arising in it;" and again: "Ignorance or wickedness of those who rule is the plague of the state, and the greatest ruin. Infinite power even in kings themselves, which does not allow itself to be restrained by the bonds of laws, is the most certain ruin of the kingdom and commonwealth, and a prognostication of its imminent fall. Against which the remedy is, that laws be observed even by the prince himself, and that he be compelled to do this by the orders of the kingdom even unwillingly." Aristotle also in book V of the Politics, chapter VIII: "A commonwealth," he says, "is preserved, first, by the inviolable authority of good laws; second, by the prudence, diligence and alacrity of magistrates in performing their duty; third, by the obedience of the people toward magistrates; fourth, by the concord and consensus of citizens among themselves; fifth, by the paternal spirit and care of magistrates toward the people." By these arts Romulus built Rome, Constantine Constantinople, Antiochus Antioch, Alexander Alexandria, Jerusalem David, Solomon and Nehemiah, and above all Christ propagated the Church throughout the whole world. This is what the Wise Man says in chapter VI, 26: "The multitude of the wise is the welfare of the world, and a wise king is the stability of his people." He alludes to the Hebrew and Greek etymology; for in Hebrew a prince and lord is called Adon, or Adonai, from אדן eden, that is, a fulcrum, a base; and in Greek a king is called βασιλεύς, as if βάσις λαοῦ, that is, the base of the people. For just as bees fly in swarms to their king, so do peoples to a wise king; for bees, and especially the king of bees, are a symbol of wisdom. Finally, how much a foolish king destroys himself and his people, the fable of Aesop teaches wittily (who preceded Sirach by two hundred years) about the fox and the monkey: "Once," he says, "at a council of irrational animals, the monkey danced, and being approved, was elected king by them. But the fox, envying him, when she saw meat in a certain snare (net), led the monkey there, saying she had found a treasure; but that she did not wish to use it, but to yield it to the king; wherefore she urged him to take it. But he went inconsiderately, and was caught in the snare, and accused the fox of having deceived him. But she said to him: O monkey, having such madness as you have, shall you rule over brutes?"
10:4
4. IN THE HAND OF GOD IS THE POWER OF THE EARTH, AND EVERY ABOMINABLE INIQUITY OF THE NATIONS, AND HE WILL RAISE UP A USEFUL RULER OVER IT IN TIME. — Thus read Rabanus, Lyra and others, indeed even Marcellus the Pontiff, epistle 1. But the Greek codices, equally as the Latin ones corrected at Rome, delete "and every abominable iniquity of the nations"; but they read that same thing in verse 7. The Greek, as is customary, is brief and bipartite: the power of the earth is in the hand of the Lord, who in time, that is, as Vatable says, opportunely, will raise up over it a useful man; others say, who in his time excites what is expedient over it. "For magistracy shows forth a man," as Bias says. The Syrian: in the hands of the Lord of lords is the universe, him who is fit he will establish in time over it (the universe). He says this so that kings and princes may know that they have the kingdom and principality not primarily from themselves, or their ancestors, or from the people and commonwealth, but from God, and therefore depend upon him, and are subject to him, and therefore they themselves and their scepters and crowns (as those holy princes do in the Apocalypse, chapter IV, verse 10) should place before the feet of God and offer to him, and govern and administer them only by the will and law of God. Homer saw the same thing through a shadow; for in the hymn to the Muses and Apollo: "From the Muses," he says, "and from Apollo sending from afar, men are poets on the earth, and harpists; but from Jupiter, kings;" and Tertullian in the Apology: "From there," he says, "is the Emperor, whence also man, before he is Emperor; from there power is his, whence also spirit," according to that passage of Daniel, chapter V, verse 23, to Belshazzar: "The God who holds your breath in his hand, and all your ways, you have not glorified;" and that of Wisdom, chapter VI, verse 4: "Power has been given to you by the Lord, and strength by the Most High, who will examine your works and scrutinize your thoughts; because, when you were ministers of his kingdom, you did not judge rightly, nor did you keep the law of justice, nor did you walk according to the will of God." Christian kings acknowledge this, when they profess in their edicts that they obtain the kingdom by the grace of God, as: Philip, by the grace of God, King of Spain, etc. For just as all knowledge is derived from God the omniscient, as from a fountain, so all power is derived from the same omnipotent one; he therefore, as it were the supreme ruler of the world, has substituted and arrogated to himself kings and princes in this rule, as his vicars, and has given them power to rule, to punish the wicked, to reward the good, to make laws; for these are derived from the first and eternal law, which is in the mind of God, as rays from the sun, streams from a fountain, and therefore "every iniquity of the nations is abominable to God," especially that common and capital one, and the source of the others, namely idolatry, by which they attribute themselves and their commonwealths, kingdoms and principalities, not to the true God, but either to themselves or to their idols; but this too is in the hand of God, so that in his time he may either punish and suppress it, or remove it and convert it to good. Thus Lyra. Wherefore it is the clemency of him, as the supreme lord of the earth, to raise up over it a useful prince, when it so pleases him; just as it is his wrath to raise up over it a useless one, when the sins of the subjects merit such, according to that passage of Job, chapter XXXIV, verse 30: "Who makes a hypocrite to reign because of the sins of the people." Moreover τὸ in tempus, in Greek εἰς καιρόν, that is, in opportune time, as the Zurich version, the Syrian and others translate it. Otherwise Jansenius: "In time," he says, "he will establish, because it has never been given to any land to have a useful ruler perpetually; but only for a time, as there is here a vicissitude of all things, as if he alluded to the four monarchies succeeding one another in order, namely of the Assyrians, Persians, Greeks and Romans, which Daniel describes through the symbols of four beasts in chapter VII. Truly St. Cyprian, in the oration on the Vanity of Idols: "Kingdoms," he says, "do not happen by merit, but vary by lot; and the accepted time they keep with a certain end." And Philo, in the book On Divine Immutability: "The whole habitable world," he says, "like a ship tossed to and fro by alternating waves, now uses favorable winds, now adverse ones. For the divine Word leads dances around the world, which the common people of men call fortune. And when it is perpetually borne through cities, nations and regions, it gives the things of some to others, of all to all, the times varying in turn among individuals, so that the whole circle of lands, as one city, is administered by the best form of commonwealth, by popular rule." Wherefore wisely Agapetus the Deacon admonishes the Emperor Justinian in the Admonition (which the Greeks call the Royal Edict; it is found in volume II of the Library of the Holy Fathers), number 1: "Although you have," he says, "O Emperor, a dignity however sublime in honor, honor above all him who has deemed you worthy of this, God;" because according to the likeness of the heavenly kingdom he has delivered to you the scepter of earthly power, that you might teach men the keeping of justice, and might pursue the barking of those who rage against him, both by obeying his laws and by ruling your subjects according to right." And in number 5: "Know, O specimen divinely fashioned of piety, that by how much greater gifts you have been deemed worthy of, God granting them, by so much greater debt in turn do you bind yourself to him. Therefore render to your benefactor the debt of gratitude, accepting it as a debt as a merit, and repaying benefit with benefit; for he himself always both merits by benefits first, and repays benefits as a debt. But he requires from us gratitude, not that which is performed by the utterance of flattering words, but that which is performed by the offering of pious deeds." And in number 7: "The unstable riches of earthly wealth imitate the course of river waters. For they flow in small measure to those who think they possess them; but soon flowing back they pass to others. But the treasure of beneficence alone is stable for those who possess it; for the merit of good actions returns to their authors." And in number 9: "The anxious mind of the Emperor ought to be wiped clean like a mirror, that it may always gleam with divine splendors, and may learn from thence distinct judgments of things; for nothing so much makes it possible to see what must be done, and to keep it perpetually pure." But especially he himself, at a time opportune and foreknown and predetermined by him, will raise up a useful ruler over the earth, Christ the Lord, who, having abolished the idolatry of the gentiles, will turn them to himself, as Rabanus, Lyra and others say; and through him will raise up Christian princes, who under God shall govern the people justly, faithfully and religiously. Wherefore the people and the commonwealth should continually beseech God that he give them such kings and princes, or make those already given such. Whence Palacius: "Christ," he says, "was a useful ruler, because he gave himself as companion, food, price and reward." Secondly, Rabanus, and from him the Glossa interlinearis: "Execrable," he says, that is damnable, is all iniquity of the gentiles, because God will destroy from his city all who work iniquity. Thirdly, Jansenius gives this sense, as if to say: "All iniquity of the gentiles, which is execrable," that is, all wicked and execrable nations, because idolaters, are in the hand of God, equally as kings and princes, as if to say: God rules over all the earth, and over all kingdoms, both of infidels and of the faithful, although infidels do not acknowledge him, and therefore he has the hearts of infidels in his hand, that he may turn them to himself, and imbue them with his faith, as he did through Christ. Again, some read wrongly, according to Rabanus, for execrable, exclamable is all iniquity of the gentiles; which however Rabanus thus explains, as if to say: "By the preaching of the Apostles the infidelity and error of the Gentiles was reprobated, whom the Savior sent into the world for this purpose, that they might refute the contumacious, teach the ignorant, and heal the infirm." Moreover τὸ in tempus, in Greek εἰς καιρόν, that is, at an opportune time, as the Zurich version, the Syriac and others translate it. Otherwise Jansenius: "In time," he says, "he will establish, because it has never been given to any on earth to have a useful ruler in perpetuity; but only for a time, as there is here a vicissitude of all things, as if he alluded to the four monarchies succeeding one another in order, namely of the Assyrians, Persians, Greeks and Romans, which Daniel describes by the symbols of four beasts in chapter VII. St. Louis among the golden admonitions which he left to his son Philip by testament, assigns this first: "My son, before all things apply yourself diligently to this care, that you love God. For no one can be saved unless he love God. Beware lest you ever admit mortal sin; but rather wish to bear all kinds of torments than to perpetrate any such fault. Frequently give thanks to God for all good things bestowed upon you by him, that you may be worthy to be affected and increased by his greater benefits. Do not suffer anyone, while you hear, to speak perversely of God or his Saints; nor allow this to go unpunished." Basil the Emperor, in his Exhortation to his son Leo, chapter X: "By the benefit of the Godhead," he says, "you have received the kingdom; guard it carefully as a deposit committed to your faith, that you may preserve it unharmed. But beware lest, being a bad guardian of it, you commit something degenerate and unworthy; but, just as you are set over others, that you might command all: so strive that you also excel others in virtue; for virtue is superior to all principality and all authority. If therefore you excel all others in dignity indeed, but are excelled by another in virtue, you are Emperor in that which is of lesser excellence; but in that which is more illustrious, you are not Emperor, but rather you are subject to another's rule." Do not therefore be a spurious and illegitimate lord, num. 35: "Consider then that you reign safely only when you rule over willing men; for what is subjected to an unwilling mind fluctuates with seditions, seizing the opportunity; but what is governed by the bonds of benevolence, preserves stable obedience toward its ruler." Wherefore wisely does Agapetus the Deacon admonish the Emperor Justinian in the Admonition (which the Greeks call the Royal Edict; it is found in volume II of the Library of the Holy Fathers), num. 1: "Honor," he says, "although you possess a most sublime dignity, O Emperor, honor above all Him who deemed you worthy of this—God; since according to the likeness of the heavenly kingdom He delivered to you the scepter of earthly power, that you might teach men the observance of justice, and pursue the barking of those who rage against Him, both by obeying His laws yourself, and by ruling your subjects according to right." And num. 5: "Know, O specimen divinely fashioned of piety, that by how much greater gifts you have been deemed worthy of, God granting them, by so much greater debt in turn do you bind yourself to Him. Therefore repay to your Benefactor the debt of gratitude, accepting it as a debt that is a merit, and repaying benefit with benefit; for He Himself always both merits by benefits first, and repays benefits as a debt. But He requires from us gratitude, not that which is performed by the utterance of flattering words, but that which is accomplished by the offering of pious deeds." And num. 7: "The unstable riches of earthly wealth imitate the course of river waters. For they flow in abundance to those who think they possess them; but soon flowing back they pass to others. But the treasure of beneficence alone is stable for those who possess it; for the merit of good actions returns to their authors." And num. 9: "The careful mind of the Emperor ought to be wiped clean like a mirror, so that it always gleams with divine splendors, and from thence learns the distinct judgments of things; for nothing so much makes it possible to see what must be done, and to keep it perpetually pure." For this reason Agapetus the Deacon piously admonishes the Emperor Justinian to humbly beseech God for aid in ruling wisely and happily; thus indeed he says in the Admonition, num. 62: "Recourse to heavenly aid ought to be made by anyone who expects salvation, but before all by the Emperor, as one who is solicitous for all; for when he is guarded by God, he both vanquishes enemies with a generous hand, and carefully strengthens his own." And num. 63: "God needs nothing, the Emperor God alone. Imitate therefore one who needs nothing, and make abundant mercy available to those who ask, not by an exact and cutting calculation of your expenditures toward service; but satisfying the petitions of all for sustaining life. For it is far better to have mercy even on the unworthy out of merit, than to defraud the worthy of it on account of the vice of the unworthy." And let another more excellent one be found; but the true Emperor, excelling all others in virtue." IN THE HAND OF GOD IS THE POWER OF MAN, AND UPON THE FACE OF THE SCRIBE HE SHALL IMPOSE HIS HONOR.—In Greek δόξαν, that is, his glory. Note τὸ power; thus indeed the Latin Bibles read everywhere, Rabanus, Lyra, Jansenius and others throughout; as if the Interpreter had read here equally as in the preceding verse ἐξουσία, that is, power, authority, dominion, as if to say: Just as in the hand of God is the power of the earth, so that He may give it a prince whom He wills, as I said in the preceding verse, so also in the hand of God is the power of man, so that, namely, He may create this man a prince rather than another, and may depose him from the principate when it pleases Him; so that the power of all kings, princes and magistrates is in the hand of God, both as to its beginning, as to its progress and consummation and end: for God is He who "upon the face," that is, upon the person (for from the face one person is distinguished and recognized from another: whence also face, Hebrew אף aph, Greek πρόσωπον, is sometimes taken for person, as I have shown elsewhere), "of the scribe, that is, of the learned and wise man, imposes his honor," when He gives him authority, not only of teaching, but also of ruling, and of making laws; when, namely, He exalts him on account of wisdom, and makes him a prince or counselor, a president or governor. This sense is favored by the Syriac, when it translates: In the hand of the Lord is dominion, and He will give His glory to those who fear Him. But truly for power, it should be corrected and read, prosperity; thus indeed the Roman and Greek Bibles correct it, which here for ἐξουσία, which preceded, read εὐοδία, that is, prosperity, happiness, as if to say: In the hand of God is it to prosper man, and to make all his actions and undertakings have prosperous outcomes, praise, honor and glory; especially indeed God is He who gives prosperity to a king and prince, namely so that his rule may succeed prosperously, and so that he may rule usefully and happily. Whence the Zurich translation renders it: The success of a man is in the hand of the Lord, and the same person attributes glory to the scribe, or learned man; Vatable makes him illustrious; Cajetan, notable. Note first: Scribe, Hebrew סופר sopher, in Greek γραμματεύς, among the Jews was called a learned man, a wise man, a doctor. For the ancient Hebrews, whom we now call wise men or masters, called them sopherim, that is, scribes, from sepher, that is, book, letters, in Greek γραμματεῖς, because they dealt with γράμματα, that is, letters and books, as I said in I Corinthians 1, 20. Thus Ezra, chapter VII, 6, is called "a scribe swift in the law of the Lord," that is, most skilled in the law and most ready in it; for it was the duty of scribes to preserve the Sacred Scriptures uncorrupted, to watch over the correction of their copying, to interpret them, both by word and in writing, as Epiphanius testifies in Heresy 15. Add that Ezra restored the sacred books, not as if they had been lost; but by correcting the errors that had crept in, and by copying them in other characters, which he himself invented, and which the Hebrews thereafter always used. Understand this passage concerning these doctors thus, namely that God is He who imparts and communicates his wisdom to the scribe, that is, to the doctor, through which he is honored by disciples and people as if wise and powerful in the virtue of teaching; while He effects that he teaches with such clarity and efficacy that he persuades his doctrine to the people, and the people from it make progress in the knowledge, love and practice of God and virtue: for this is true philosophy and practical wisdom; which, while it happens, great merit accrues to the scribe, that is, to the doctor, equally as honor and glory. Moreover it should be noted that he says God places his honor before others upon the scribe, because the proper gift, honor and glory of God consists in practical wisdom; for this includes all prudence, virtue and holiness, as I said above. Again, because God often exalts the wise to principality, and makes them to be princes, or certainly counselors of princes, legislators, and governors of kingdoms and commonwealths, according to that saying of Plato, book 5, On the Republic: "Blessed will be the commonwealths when philosophers shall govern them, or the governors of them shall philosophize." For honor and glory of God consists in dominion, principality, legislation, rule and empire of the Universe. Hence scribe was a name of dignity: for scribes were called then, who are now Chancellors, who were nearest to the king, whose duty it was to conceive, write, promulgate and preserve the decrees in the king's name. Thus Seraiah was scribe, that is, chancellor of David, II Kings VIII; Shebna, of Hezekiah, IV Kings XVIII. Thus God gave His honor to Christ the Lord, namely to the Word incarnate, who is the prince of scribes and doctors, when He communicated His divinity, authority and empire with wisdom to Him. Whence Palacius properly understands this passage of Christ, who is the doctor of the new law, and a scribe learned in the kingdom of heaven, and bringing forth from the treasure of his wisdom new things and old, Matthew XIII, 52, so that the sense is, namely that In the hand of God it is to make a man happy and honored. Such a one in the first place, and as a mirror to others, He made Christ, giving Him His honor: whence in the face of Christ the honor of God was placed, when in the transfiguration His face shone as the sun, inasmuch as it was the face of God. To this honor and glory of doctors pertains that passage in Daniel XII, 3: "They that are learned shall shine as the brightness of the firmament; and they that instruct many unto justice, as stars for all eternity." Morally, note here that prosperity is a peculiar gift of God, and therefore should be sought from Him. The ancients thought Fortune was a goddess who gave prosperity; whence they cultivated her studiously, as I said on Isaiah LXV, verse 11. But Christians know this to be an idol and a figment; for they know that none other than God is Fortune making fortunate, who, namely, makes all things of His fortunate and prosperous, from whom all our fortune becomes fortunate. Whence, although with respect to secondary causes, which contingent things concur to produce the same effect, and with respect to us, to whom this concourse of causes appears to be contingent and fortuitous, fortuitous effects are given, and there is truly chance and fortune; yet with respect to God nothing is fortuitous, no lot, no chance, because all things are foreknown, foreseen, provided for and ordained by God, "or in the kingdom of providence nothing is permitted to rashness," as Boethius says. Whence St. Augustine: "Nothing," he says, "is done in this lower world which is not commanded or permitted by the hall of that highest Emperor." Thus Jacob, having obtained prosperity from God, brought the same with him into the house of Laban his father-in-law, who therefore, wishing to retain him and beseeching him, said: "I shall find favour in thy sight; I have learned by experience that God hath blessed me for thy sake," Genesis XXX, 27. See the remarks there. Thus we see today that some men are happy, to whom all things succeed according to their wish; others unhappy, to whom all things happen contrary to their wish. The question is asked, what is the cause of this disparity. Sirach answers here that it is God, who prospers the happy and does not prosper the unhappy. For prosperity is a gift in the hand of God, which He Himself bestows on whom He will; He denies it to whom He will: wherefore He Himself makes happy those whom He will; unhappy those whom He will. But Sirach hints here that scribes, as teachers, are prosperous and happy beyond others; for wisdom is the first and greatest happiness. Hence the wise and the holy daily, when they go out of their house or undertake anything, pray that God may direct all their thoughts, words and deeds. Thus David: "Direct me, he says, in the right path because of my enemies," Psalm XXVI, verse 11; and: "Let the brightness of the Lord our God be upon us, and direct thou the works of our hands upon us, and direct the work of thy hands," Psalm LXXXIX, verse 17. Tobias dying thus commanded his son in chapter IV, 20: "Bless God at all times, and ask of Him that thy ways may be directed, and that all thy counsels may abide in Him." Solomon in Proverbs III, 6: "In all thy ways think on Him, he says, and He shall direct thy steps;"; and chapter XVI, 9: "The heart of man disposeth his way: but it is the Lord that directeth his steps." Whence St. Paul in II Thessalonians III, 5, prays, saying: "Now may the Lord direct your hearts in the love of God, and in the patience of Christ." But especially God prospers wise and good princes and kings, because the commonwealth depends on them: wherefore He has them before all others in His care and concern. Thus Trajan was saved by a heavenly voice from an earthquake that overturned all things, as Dio relates in book LIII. Vespasian in the Jewish war escaped the densest volleys of the Jews, as Josephus reports in book V of the War, chapter VII. Julius Caesar said to a naval commander trembling in a storm: "Why art thou afraid? Thou carriest Caesar and Caesar's fortune," as Plutarch testifies in the Sertorius. The same was said by Charles V the Emperor in a similar storm while besieging Tunis; and he was snatched by God from the greatest dangers in the constant battles in which he himself took part.
10:6
6. Do not remember any injury of your neighbor, and do nothing in works (that is, by works) of injury. — In Greek: "Upon every wrong do not be angry with your neighbor, and do nothing in works of outrage," that is, in every iniquity do not be angry with your neighbor, and do nothing in works of contumely. Our text, for "be angry," reads "remember," that is, do not remember; the Zurich version: "Do not be angry with your neighbor for any injury, nor do anything by way of injury"; others: "Do not on account of any iniquity exercise enmity with your neighbor, and do nothing by way of contumely." He also recites and reinforces the law of Leviticus XIX, 18: "Thou shalt not seek revenge, nor be mindful of the injury of thy fellow citizens." See what is said there. He therefore forbids the memory and vengeance of private injury, lest anyone inflict upon him who has harmed him outrage, that is, injury, contumely, contempt, insolence, and insult him insolently and petulantly, as if to say, "Do not remember any injury of your neighbor," that is, remember no injury of your neighbor, so that you would frequently turn it over in your mind, keep it deep in your heart, be angry, be indignant, and wish to avenge it and return like for like. For among the Hebrews, "all" is not the same as "none" or "no"; for, as St. Augustine says in epistle 54 to Lucil.: "The remedy for injuries is forgetfulness." Jansenius understands this as applying only to princes, not as if they are here warned not to avenge any injury, but not every one, because much must be overlooked by princes. Thus Cicero, as St. Augustine says in epistle 5 to Marcellus, said to Julius Caesar, "extolling his character, that he was accustomed to forget nothing except injuries. But he said this as a great praiser, a great flatterer; but if a praiser, he knew Caesar to be such; if however a flatterer, he was showing what a prince ought to be, such as he falsely proclaimed him to be." And Seneca, in the book On Anger, praises Cato, who, struck in the bath, "when the one who struck him later made satisfaction: I do not remember, he said, being struck; he thought it better not to acknowledge it than to forgive it. Nothing bad happened to him after such insolence, indeed much good." The symbol of the Emperor Aurelian was, according to Vopiscus: "The greater, the more placable." Whence, capturing Bithynia, he abstained from slaughter. Truly Menander: "He is to be considered most excellent who knows how to bear very many injuries." Seneca gives an example of the king of bees in book I of On Clemency: "Nature, he says, did not wish him to be savage, nor to purchase vengeance at great cost, and took away his weapon (for the king of bees lacks a stinger), and left his anger unarmed; this example is great for great kings." Finally, it is so much a royal thing to forgive, that Saul, the enemy of David, from the fact that David spared him in the cave, received a certain omen of his kingdom: "And now I know, he said, that thou shalt surely be king, and shalt have the kingdom of Israel in thy hand," I Kings xxviii, 21. Indeed, St. Chrysostom, homily 41 on Acts, dares to say: "Not to avenge makes one equal to God." But be that as it may, especially for princes, yet Sirach speaks indifferently to all, and forbids all vengeance of injury, insofar as it is private; for, insofar as it is public and has harmed the commonwealth, princes can, indeed are bound to, avenge it, unless a greater evil is to be feared. The wise therefore write an injury done to them in dust, because they immediately forget it; but they write a favor in marble, because they constantly remember it, so as to give thanks; but the proud and foolish write wrongs in marble, favors in dust, because they are mindful of the former, forgetful of the latter. Whence Aristotle, when asked "what grows old quickly," answered: "Gratitude"; "what slowly?" he answered: "Injury," according to Laertius, book I, chapter III. Excellently Bede in Proverbs: "It is more glorious, he says, to bear an injury in silence than to avenge it by response. The virtue of patience repels the arrows of contumely. What sort each person is in himself, an inflicted contumely proves. Those who commit injury are more unfortunate than those who suffer it. It is better to be well defeated than to win badly." Now the Syriac version thus translates and connects with what follows: In all your vice do not harm your friend, and do not walk in the way of the delicate or the proud. From all sins and falsehood withdraw, and do not walk in the way of the proud, because pride is hateful before God and before men; and against both (pride and falsehood, namely, fraud and injury) rapine is fraud. Moreover, these things especially pertain to princes, concerning whom the discourse has gone before and follows. For they ought to be unmindful of private injuries, and do nothing by way of injury insolently, so as to satisfy their own cupidity; for this is the mark of a tyrant. On which account truly from Solomon and the Hebrews, Plato in book I of the Republic: "It is tyrannical, he says, to call just whatever pertains to the advantage of the stronger;" likewise, subjects are destined for the utility of the prince or magistrate. It is tyrannical to say that the prince is absolved from the laws: public utility and safety ought to be the aim proposed to the magistrate." The same author, book VIII: "From monarchy tyranny arises, when the king, contemning the authority of the laws, does whatever his own desire pleases." And book IX: "Tyrannical natures always favor the most wicked, serve someone, live in turmoil, are tormented by furies and tortures of conscience. Finally they are altogether unhappy and miserable, however much they simulate or display the joy of life. A tyrant, however fortunate, is more miserable than a good king, however unfortunate, by seven hundred twenty-nine parts, that is, in infinite ways." The same author, book I On Laws: "Civil war (which is kindled from injuries inflicted upon citizens and subjects by the prince) is more dangerous than foreign war, and therefore to extinguish civil war it is expedient to undertake external wars." And further below: "Even victories themselves are often fatal and Cadmean even to the victors themselves. Therefore wars are by no means to be desired, or the republic is to be prepared for them." The disciple Aristotle assents to his master Plato, book V of Politics, chapters x and xi, and book IV, chapter x: "A tyrant, he says, is one who refers all things to his own utility, or to satisfying his desire and vengeance of spirit. Kings are guarded by citizens, tyrants by foreigners. Kings love their citizens, and are loved by them; tyrants hate them, indeed they even fear their own satellites. Kings relieve subjects of tributes as much as they can; tyrants burden them so that they exhaust and oppress them. Kings nourish, foster and preserve the nobility of the kingdom and good men; tyrants remove both nobles and good men, either by force or secretly." Thus also Isocrates to Nicocles: "Love, he says, those over whom you rule, and bring it about that you are loved by them in return. The love of the people is the foundation of lasting empire." Pliny also in his Panegyric to Trajan: "A good prince, he says, ought to conduct himself with citizens as with his own children. The affability of a prince is the greatest virtue. The most faithful guard of a prince is his own innocence. It is tyrannical for anyone to seize and retain for himself whatever his subject possesses that is ample, distinguished, or beautiful. A prince cannot be loved unless he himself loves." Seneca: "Nothing, he says, is more glorious than a prince injured with impunity." He pursues this excellently in several places, book I On Clemency, chapters xix and xx. Let the prince remember that, although all bees have a stinger, their king alone lacks it.
10:7
7. Pride is hateful before God and men, and all iniquity of the nations is abominable. — He touches here the root of evil, namely injury, to wit pride; for from pride arises the avenging of injuries, injustice, contumely and all iniquity; wherefore he acts against it henceforth, and dissuades from it by nine reasons, which I have reviewed in the synopsis of the chapter. The sense therefore is, as if to say, Remember not the injury of thy neighbour, nor wish to avenge it by retaliation with a like injury, because this remembrance and appetite for vengeance arises from pride, which is hateful to God and men, equally as "all iniquity of the nations;" because namely the godless nations, not fearing God as avenger, are wont to avenge proudly and harshly injuries inflicted upon them, nay rather provoke others to injury, reviling, despoiling, plundering, killing; and therefore God transfers the kingdom from nation to nation on account of injustices, as follows. The latter part of the verse varies in the Greek texts. For some read, ex amphoteron plemmelesei adika, that is, from both they commit unjust things, as if to say, By both (injury, namely, and pride) many unjust things are committed by the impious. Others: kai ex amphoteron plemmelia adikias, that is, and from both the transgression of injustice. Thus the Complutensian; which, although it can be understood in the same sense already stated, can nevertheless be understood in another way, as if to say, From both, namely God and men, to wit from the sense and common judgment, both of God and of men, sin of injustice is equally hateful (for this must be repeated). Whence the Zurich version translates, and both abhor the unjust deed; which translation coheres and agrees with the Vulgate. The Syriac also agrees, which translates, against both rapine and fraud; and the Arabic: Because pride is hateful before God, and before men likewise, and over and above all these anger and cruelty, or oppression, as if to say, God has appointed and opposed a fitting punishment to avarice and pride, rapine and frauds, so that just as the avaricious and proud have plundered and defrauded the property of others, so they themselves may be plundered and defrauded by others. The reason why pride, and injustice and avarice springing from it, is hateful to God and men, is that these two vices disturb and overturn every commonwealth. Whence it follows: "The kingdom is transferred from nation to nation on account of injustices," etc. St. Gregory gives another reason in the 34th book of the Morals, chapter 18, that all the acts and deeds of the proud are hateful: "For indeed, he says, in all those who are swollen with proud thought within themselves there is clamour in speech, bitterness in silence, dissolution in cheerfulness, fury in sadness, dishonesty in action, honesty in appearance, stiffness in gait, rancour in reply. Their mind is always strong for inflicting insults, weak for bearing them, sluggish for obeying, importunate for provoking others; idle for those things which it both ought and is able to do, but ready for those things which it neither ought nor is able to do." How hateful it is to men, Palacius says, "humility itself, most pleasing to them, teaches, and that saying: To spare the conquered, and to subdue the proud. So that it is greatly to be wondered at, that we so hate pride in all others, yet we most of all admit it in ourselves. But meanwhile, that we are proud is declared chiefly from this, that we scarcely bear the pride of others, and we most greatly desire the subjection of others. This pride of ours therefore is the cause why we so hate that of others; but God hates pride, because it is the beginning of all sin." St. Ambrose gives the reason a priori in Psalm 118: "God, he says, as the repeller of his own contumely, undertakes as it were a special war against pride, as if to say: This is my adversary, who has provoked me; this contest is due to me." And St. Jerome, epistle 45 to Antony: "See, brother, what an evil it is, to have God as an adversary." The proud man therefore challenges God as it were to a duel; but foolishly, for he is immediately laid low by so great a duelist, as were laid low Nebuchadnezzar, Antiochus, Holofernes, Haman, Herod, etc. Nay, even Seneca in the Hercules Furens: "God follows, he says, the proud as an avenger from behind," so as to cast them down unawares. Wherefore Prudentius wisely admonishes in the Psychomachia concerning humility and pride: Cease to speak great things, God breaks every proud one; Great things fall, inflated things burst, swollen things are pressed down: Learn to lay aside haughtiness. Deservedly therefore St. Bernard exclaims: "O wisdom, he says, in thousands of mortals nothing else than vain inflation of the ears, and yet how much unhappiness do you think this very thing, not so much vain vanity as vain happiness, brings forth! Hence namely blindness of heart, as it is written: My people, those who call you blessed lead you into error." Hence the stiff-necked fury of animosity, hence the anxious labor of suspicion, hence the cruel torment of envy, and the more miserable than pitiable torture of burning jealousy." Moreover, pride especially lies in wait for princes, inasmuch as they excel others in a sublime degree, and often acknowledge none superior to themselves except God. Wherefore Agapetus the Deacon, admonishing the Emperor Justinian in his Admonitions, no. 19: "If you wish," he says, "to enjoy the honor which proceeds from all, show yourself a common benefactor to all; for nothing so draws men to benevolence as the gratitude for a benefit given to the needy; for obedience rendered from fear is false and feigned flattery, deceiving by the title of false honor those who pay attention to it themselves;" and no. 21: "The essence of the body is equal in any Emperor, but in the power of dignity all are subject to God as their ruler; for he has no one on earth above himself. It is fitting therefore that he, like God, should not be angry, and, like a mortal, should not be puffed up. For although he is honored with a divine image, yet he is nevertheless bound to earthly dust; by which he is taught to preserve equality toward all;" and no. 23: "Show yourself toward your servants such as you wish the Lord to be toward you. For as we hear, we shall be heard; and as we regard, we shall be regarded by the divine and all-seeing gaze. Let us therefore first confer mercy for mercy, that we may receive equal for equal;" and no. 71: "Let not the proud and haughty man, like a high-horned bull, be lifted up; but, observing the subsistence of flesh, he ought to calm the swelling of his heart. For although he has been made a prince on earth, let him not be ignorant that he is sprung from earth, that from dust he may ascend to the throne, and into dust he may at last descend;" and no. 68: "As the Emperor is lord of all, so with all he is a servant of God. Then indeed shall he be called Lord, when he himself shall rule himself, and shall not suffer himself to be enslaved to unlawful pleasures; when, assuming pious reason as his helper, namely, an unconquered empress of the perturbations of the mind lacking in reason, he shall overcome indomitable desires with the armor of chastity." Basil the Emperor, in his Exhortation to his son Leo, chapter xiv: "If you wish," he says, "to have God propitious toward you, be yourself propitious toward your subjects; for although you have been made lord of others, you yourself are also a servant. For we all have a Lord, namely, He who holds in His hand the dominion of all things; and the author and propagator of all mankind is one and the same, namely, the clay of the earth; although we, one dust against another, swell up. You therefore, who are now an exalted dust, remember that, however much you may excel in any way, there will come a time when you shall be brought down to earth; thus never shall you be puffed up in spirit against a humbler dust. Remember the sins which you have committed against God; thus it will come to pass that you shall easily forget the sins of your neighbor against you."
10:8
8. The kingdom is transferred from one nation to another on account of injustices and injuries, and insults, and various deceits. — In Greek chremata dolia, that is, deceitful monies, that is, obtained by deceit and fraud; likewise, things which make men deceitful: just as death is called pale, because it makes men pale; and a blind pit, because by its depth and darkness it dulls and as it were blinds the sight of those looking into it. Some codices, however, omit to dolias, that is, deceitful; thus also the Syriac: The kingdom, it says, is changed from people to people on account of sins and pride and riches, which enemies and neighbors covet; the Arabic: For the kingdom is taken away from a nation and delivered to others on account of sins and pride. The nam gives the reason, or rather the sign and effect of the hatred with which God pursues pride and proud tyrants, as if to say: God hates them, for He deprives them of the kingdom. Moreover, kingdoms are transferred "on account of injuries and injustices," both because God justly punishes those on account of these and chastises by transfer, and because the very nations affected by these injuries arm themselves to avenge them, and stir up all neighbors to take up common arms against tyrants, who are so hostile and injurious to all: as the Persians, affected by injuries from the Assyrians, despoiled them of their monarchy: thus also the Greeks despoiled the Persians, and the Romans the Greeks. Truly Plato, book I of the Republic: "The source of all happiness," he says, "is justice; but the mother of unhappiness is injustice;" the same, book X: "God cares for the human race. Therefore He blesses just princes, both in this life and in the future; but unjust ones He punishes in both." Moreover, injustice, in Greek adikia, is the force by which the property of others is seized or retained against right and laws. Injury, in Greek hubris, is impudence, wantonness, insolence. Insult is abuse or reproach cast upon another. Deceits are frauds. Therefore, when these four iniquities abound in any republic, city, or kingdom, know that it is near to ruin and transfer; for, as Seneca sings in the Thyestes: Where there is no shame, Nor care for law, sanctity, piety, faith, The kingdom is unstable. And Plutarch, in the book On the Teaching of Princes: "The philosophers," he says, "wrote and taught that without justice one cannot govern a principality, nor even Jupiter himself." Certainly, "by justice the throne is established," Proverbs xvi. And Valerius Maximus at the beginning of book IV: "Those household gods, that city, that kingdom will easily stand firm in eternal stability, where the desire for the power of Venus and money has claimed the least for itself." For, as Lactantius says in book I of the Divine Institutes, chapter iv: "From those from whom the study of gain is absent, the will to sin and the cause of deception is also absent." Hear St. Augustine, book V of the City of God, chapter xii, recounting and praising the words of Cato, concerning the manner in which the Roman empire grew and declined: "Do not think," he says, "that our ancestors made the republic great from small by arms. If that were so, we would have it far more beautiful; indeed, we have a greater abundance of allies and citizens, moreover of arms and horses, than they had. But there were other things which made them great, which we have none of: industry at home, just rule abroad, a mind in deliberation free, and not subject to lust or crime. In place of these we have luxury and avarice, public poverty, private wealth; we praise riches, we pursue idleness; there is no distinction between good and bad, ambition possesses all the rewards of virtue. Nor is it a wonder, when each of you separately takes counsel for himself, when at home you serve pleasures, here money or favor. Hence it comes about that there is an assault upon an empty republic." Wherefore Agapetus the Deacon dissuades from injury and exhorts to justice and beneficence the Emperor Justinian, number 44: "The resources of beneficence," he says, "are inexhaustible. For by giving they are acquired and by scattering they are gathered. Having these implanted in your mind, most munificent Emperor, give abundantly to all who ask of you. For you will have infinite recompense when the time of repaying comes;"; and number 47: "Consider the safest protection of your salvation to be to inflict injury on none of your subjects; for he who offends no one has no one to suspect; he who, if he inflicts injury on no one, secures protection, will much more secure it by conferring benefits; for as it provides protection, so it does not betray charity." St. Louis not only through judges appointed by him, but also personally twice publicly heard the cases of the poor, and decided them immediately according to justice. The same, dying, left this admonition to his son Philip in his will, among other things: "In administering justice be upright and severe, and exercise it toward your subjects as the laws prescribe, neither turning aside to the right nor to the left; do not reject the complaints of the poor until the truth becomes known. If anyone has a complaint or controversy against you, always stand against yourself until you have ascertained the matter with certainty. If you possess anything belonging to another, even if you received it from your ancestors, restore it without delay to the just possessor, if it is certain to you; but if the matter is doubtful, take care that wise men inquire into it carefully and without delay. War, especially against any Christian, see that you do not undertake without much deliberation. If necessity compels you to undertake it, permit not the Churches and the innocent to suffer any harm." Basil the Emperor, Exhortation to Leo his son, chapter xxx: "The most excellent of physicians," he says, "is he who knows how to apply treatments suited to each kind of disease; and the best king is he who appoints magistrates who are able to ward off and repel every injury from his subjects. For just as it is the proper virtue of a horseman to know the excellence of each horse, and of a hunter to understand how much each dog is able to run in pursuing beasts, and of a commander to know his soldiers and to have clear knowledge of the strength of each of them, so that in drawing up the battle line he may understand in what place he ought to station each one: so it is the duty of a good king to learn thoroughly the character, minds, deeds and opinions of his subjects, so that, being instructed concerning each, he may know how to arrange each one in his proper order; and indeed to cast out from the republic the wicked and pestilent men; but to place in honor and public offices those who are good and lovers of truth." The same, chapter lxii: "Establish innocence and a good conscience as the most choice crown of your kingdom, by which you will adorn yourself far better than by six hundred other ornaments. Riches are a certain unreliable thing, and one that easily slips away; glory passes, bodily strength grows weak, pleasures dissolve; innocence and good morals alone extend through many ages, and transmit an eternal memory of your name to posterity, to whom you will leave your virtue as something to be emulated, like a remedy against all evils, and you will make them both praisers and imitators of your administration."
10:9
9. But there is nothing more wicked than the avaricious man. — Complutensian: "For the love of money is nothing more unjust," that is, the desire for gold is nothing more iniquitous. For the "but" gives the reason for the preceding matters, as if to say: Therefore on account of avarice, and from it born robberies and injustices, kingdoms are transferred, because nothing is more unjust than avarice. Our text hints at the same thing through "but," as if to say: Kingdoms are transferred because they are avaricious and unjust, equally as proud; but avarice is nothing more wicked. Therefore it is supremely hateful to God and men, who accordingly punish and destroy it together with its kings and kingdoms. Again, kingdoms are transferred on account of pride, because pride is hateful to God and men: "For what is earth and ashes proud of?" as if to say: Therefore pride is so hateful, and the proud man, because it is plainly unworthy that man, so vile, who is nothing other than earth and ashes, should wish to exalt himself, indeed to equal God. You will ask: how is there nothing more wicked than the avaricious man, when other sins, such as homicide, pride, hatred, heresy, magic, are more wicked? Response: Avarice properly is the immoderate love of money: for this is what the Greek word philargyria signifies. This, although it be excessive, is in itself a venial sin; for it becomes mortal through something else, namely, if on account of it robberies, usuries, sacrileges are committed, the Sacred is omitted, or another precept is violated, so that religion, justice, or even charity is harmed: as if you deny alms to a poor man in grave necessity, in order to preserve and increase your wealth. When therefore it is said here: "Avarice is nothing more wicked," it is a hyperbole signifying that avarice is a most wicked thing. Thus by exaggeration we are accustomed to say: Nothing is sweeter than wine: Nothing is more brilliant than gold: Nothing is more learned than this man; that is, wine is very sweet, although honey be sweeter; gold is very brilliant, although a carbuncle be more brilliant; this man is very learned, although some be more learned. But of avarice alone is it said here that it is most wicked, or, as it is in Greek, unjust. First, because avarice is an injury to God; for it prefers gold to Him, and thus makes it its idol; whence avarice is called by the Apostle in Ephesians v, 5, idolatry, and the avaricious man an idolater. What therefore is more wicked than this? To this point it contributes that the Gentiles called money Jupiter, because Jupiter has dominion over money, and through it over all things. "But assuredly," says St. Augustine in book VII of the City of God, chapter xii, "avarice imposed this name of Jupiter, so that whoever loves money, not any god whatsoever, but the king of all himself seems to love." Whence, refuting this very thing, he adds: "What therefore is this theology, where the king of the gods received the name of that thing which no wise man has desired? For how much more easily, etc., would God the ruler of the world be called by them not money, but wisdom, whose love cleanses from the filth of avarice, that is, from the love of money?" Second, because avarice is an injury to the commonwealth: for it fills it with usuries, thefts, frauds, lawsuits, seditions, murders. Wherefore Plato, the disciple of the Hebrews, in book V of the Laws: "Excessive wealth," he says, "is harmful to the commonwealth; for from it arise insolence, discord, and the most foul use and luxury of monstrous pleasures." Whence the same, in book IV: "Moderation," he says, "better preserves the commonwealth than excessive wealth." And he adds the reason: "Excessive riches make the commonwealth slothful and proud." Whence Lycurgus predicted that Sparta would endure unharmed so long as the desire for wealth was banished; but with it raging, it would be overthrown. And the prophet was true. Third, avarice is an injury to the avaricious man himself, because it infects, pollutes and depresses his mind, created to enjoy God, to the enjoyment of gold, indeed casts it down to the depths of hell. For the avaricious man sells his soul to the devil and to hell for gold, as will be said in verse 10. Whence St. Thomas, II II, Question cxviii, article 5: "There is nothing," he says, "more unjust than the avaricious man, not by reason of aversion from God, as hatred is, but by reason of conversion: because, namely, he turns to money, and subjects himself to it, which among creatures is the lowest and most vile. And Palacius: "The avaricious man," he says, "is wicked not only to God and his neighbor, but also to himself, because he defrauds himself of things necessary for sustenance and life, in order to gather money; but who is good to him to whom he is wicked to himself? The avaricious man therefore ought to say with St. Paulinus: 'Lord, let me not be tormented on account of gold and silver: for wherever all my things are, Thou knowest;' and with the Psalmist, Psalm xv: 'The Lord is the portion of my inheritance and of my cup; Thou art He that wilt restore my inheritance to me.' Wherefore the Venerable Bede in the Sentences assigns these golden sayings concerning avarice: 'The fever of the body is heat: the fever of the soul is lust and avarice. Gathered money commands or serves each one. One ought to command money, not serve it. Who is rich? he who desires nothing: and who is poor?' avaricious. The avaricious man is the cause of his own misery, bringing upon himself the thirst of avarice. The avaricious man does nothing rightly, except when he dies, that he may leave his wealth to the poor or to more generous persons. "Avarice always makes men hateful, liberality makes them beloved. Avarice is not extinguished by the acquisition of desired riches, but is increased. The love of money grows as much as the money itself grows. He is equally in want who does not have enough, and he to whom no abundance suffices." Fourth, avarice is an injury to the poor, indeed to all men, whom it defrauds, deceives, and despoils, both through usuries, frauds and unjust contracts; and also because grain, wine, oil, which were created for the common use of the poor and of all men, it appropriates and reserves to itself. Truly St. Bernard, sermon 21 in the Canticles: "The avaricious man hungers for earthly things like a beggar; the faithful man despises them like a master: the one begs while possessing, the other preserves while despising." For, as Aristotle says in the first book of the Politics: "The love of riches grows infinitely." Fifth, avarice is an injury to gold and fruits themselves. For the good and as it were the happiness of gold and fruits is that they serve the common use and necessity of men; for this reason they were created by God. But the avaricious man deprives them of this end, use and fruit, while he locks them away in barns and chests, and there allows them to rot, decay, and be eaten by moths and worms, according to that passage of James, chapter v, verse 2: "Your riches are corrupted, and your garments are moth-eaten. Your gold and silver is cankered, and the rust of them shall be for a testimony against you, and shall eat your flesh like fire. You have stored up to yourselves wrath against the last days." See what I said there. Wherefore St. Chrysostom, homily 37 to the People: "The avaricious man, he says, in deed and in fact says: Let the moth gnaw, and let not the poor eat; let the worm consume, and let not the naked be clothed; let all things be consumed in time, and let not Christ be fed, though he hungers." And St. Salvian, book I to the Church: "Nothing is more wicked than the avaricious man: for what, he says, is worse than if someone converts present goods into future evils?" This the avaricious man does, while through avarice, frauds, and injuries, by which he gathers wealth to himself, the wretched man heaps up for himself the fires of hell, by which he shall burn eternally. He therefore buys for himself with so much wealth, so much labor, so much injury, hell itself, when he could have bought heaven far more easily. Sixth, avarice is an injury to all the elements, the heavens and creatures, because it prefers particles of earth, which is the lowest and vilest of all elements, to all other things, and even to the empyrean heaven itself. For what is gold and silver but white and red earth? says St. Bernard. What are silken and bombycine garments but the excrement of worms, namely silkworms? What are pearls but the refuse of shells? What are gems but stones of the earth, indeed pebbles, to which the vain estimation of men gives value? Wherefore Seneca in the Proverbs: "Avarice, he says, is like a monster." And Cicero in the first book of Duties: "Nothing, he says, is so narrow-minded and so depraved as to love money." "The avaricious man, says Rabanus, prefers the lowest things to the highest, and the vilest to the most precious." Moreover, gold and riches are called the vilest things, not precisely, but in the common manner of speaking, because they are among the vilest. For otherwise an apple, for example, the forbidden one, which Adam and Eve ate, and by which they lost themselves and theirs, is viler than gold. Seventh, avarice is an injury to all laws (whence for "more wicked," in Greek it is anomōteron, that is, more lawless, more contrary to laws) and to all virtues, because it itself impels to the violation of any laws and virtues whatsoever, and is the cause of all injustice and sin, according to that passage in I Timothy vi: "The root of all evils is covetousness." Thus Isidore, book II On the Highest Good, chapter xli. And this especially is what Sirach aims at here; for he gives the reason why the kingdom is transferred from nation to nation on account of injustices: because, he says, avarice is nothing more wicked; in Greek, more lawless and more unjust. Hence there is an Arab proverb in the Centuria 1, number 89: "There is no justice with avarice," because it is difficult to be just and avaricious at the same time; this is especially true in princes, of whom the matter is here treated: for if they labor under avarice, they plunder and destroy the whole kingdom. Excellently St. Leo, sermon 9 On the Passion: "See, he says, what fruits are born from the root of avarice, which the Apostle rightly defined as the root of all evils; because no sin is committed without covetousness, and every illicit appetite is the disease of this greed. By love of money every affection is base, and a soul desirous of gain does not fear to perish even for a trifle, and there is no trace of justice in that heart in which avarice has made its dwelling." This perfidious Judas, intoxicated with the poison of greed, while thirsting for gain, came to the snare, and was so foolishly impious that for thirty pieces of silver he sold both the Lord and his Master." See Cassian, book VII, On the Institutes, chapter vi, where he calls avarice the receptacle of vices, the root of all evils, and an inextricable fuel of wickedness. Cyril illustrates this notion with a famous apologue of the raven and the fox in book III of his Moral Apologues, chapter 1. For the raven, desiring to become rich, sought the method from the fox. To whom she said: "The entire business of becoming rich consists in three constant vices and one continuous torment, namely in insatiable cupidity, in restless rapacity, in perpetual illiberality, and in perpetual fear. For these are the instruments of the art of becoming rich, that is, always to desire: for when cupidity fails, worldly riches diminish; but where this always abounds, they increase. When appetite is diminished, the flesh wastes away; and when it is increased, it is soon restored and grows fat. For on this account the pig is excessively burdened with fat, because it suffers an inextinguishable appetite. The second office of it is to seize from everywhere and in every way; for on this account in summer time when many rivers fail, the Nile, swollen, transgresses its bounds: because from everywhere moisture is drawn by the force of the heat seizing it. The third is to give nothing ever. For from what source are the highest trees stripped bare, except because they do not pour forth their fruit outwardly? and therefore the internal cavity is always empty, because the chyle, as soon as it receives it, is effusive. The last is to keep what has been acquired always with anxious fear. Many, though not by giving, yet by negligence have lost their riches. For the bold peacock lost its golden tail, and the fearful hare guarded its own skin." Whence concluding, he sets before the raven's eyes in few words all the evils of avarice: "These therefore, my brother, you ought to observe carefully, if you wish to acquire the riches of this world. Namely, that you be always desirous in coveting them, violent in seizing, miserly in keeping." When the raven heard these things, he uttered a considered judgment: "O certainly most unhappy false riches of poverty and worldly things, to be detested with all study by the wise! inasmuch as their love is cupidity, their acquisition is rapacity, their possession is illiberality, and their preservation is dreadful fear. But what is more wicked than cupidity? what more unjust than rapacity? what more deformed than illiberality, and what more troublesome than fear? I henceforth spurn the immoderate riches of Croesus, and I reject the great wealth of Ahasuerus, and I repudiate the golden shields of Solomon. But let my riches be such as to possess me without cupidity in quiet, without rapacity in justice, without illiberality in kindness, without fear in security." Why doth the earth and ashes glory? — that is to say, It is intolerable that a little man should glory, when he is earth and ashes; and therefore it is no wonder if on account of avaricious injustice and pride kingdoms are transferred, as I have already said. For these pertain to verse 7: "Pride is hateful before God and men." Palacius, however, refers these to avarice, which immediately preceded; for this arises in princes from pride. For on this account they heap together an immense quantity of riches, because they believe nothing sufficient for their greatness and loftiness: whence he wisely opposes to these dust, from which the body was made, and by ashes he represents the soul of the avaricious sinner; for as when the fire is extinguished ashes remain without light, splendor and preceding life: so when charity is extinguished the soul remains, as it were ashes, without the life and splendor of grace. This Palacius partly literally, partly mystically. So also Lyra: Why dost thou glory, he says, from thy riches, O dust and ashes, that is, thou who art soon to be reduced to ashes: for literally dust and ashes pertain to the body, and are the same; but they are joined for emphasis, and because man was formed from dust, he ends in ashes. For ashes are the residue of a corrupted thing, as the residue of burnt wood is ashes. St. Jerome, in book XIII on Isaiah chapter xlviii, for glorieth, reads glorieth. "Why," he says, "doth the earth and ashes glory, and know not its fragility?" The same in chapter II of Joel: "If," he says, "a locust and a small worm is stronger than man, why doth the earth and ashes glory, and despise human things exalted by pride (since it is from the earth, from which man is named)?" Some Greek codices place this sentence before, and thus connect it: On account of injustices, and injuries, and insults, and deceits, why dost thou glory, O earth and ashes? Others place it after and join it to verse 13: For when man shall die, he shall inherit serpents, and beasts, and worms. And indeed it coheres well with that. Whence the Syriac thus connects and translates it: Why does dust and ashes grow proud? in whose life worms creep, whose sides and intestines the physician cuts open. Today he walks, and tomorrow he dies. Thus also in other places the Greek, Syriac and Arabic texts transpose sentences, and place them elsewhere. The same thing happens also in the Proverbs of Solomon. For since these ethical sentences, being various, were written on various sheets, they were also compiled variously by various hands, and arranged in order. Hear Isidore of Pelusium, book I, epistle 493 to Cyrinus, a prefect growing insolent, explaining these things paraphrastically: "Why does earth and ashes grow proud? Why does corruption and decay conduct itself insolently? Why does shadow think greatly of itself and exalt itself? Why does the dream of empire and prefecture puff you up? Why do you not see those who close the final day of their life shamefully and foully? Why do you not make yourself an imitator of those who lived well and notably? But you regard a brief prefecture as an eternal power, on account of which the turning of the world's time will care for you, driving your prefecture to its end, and setting a limit to your arrogance." Hear also St. Bernard in the Sentences: "Keep these three things always in mind: What were you? What are you? What will you be? What were you? foul seed. What are you? a vessel of filth. What will you be? food for worms." The same in Meditations, chapter III: "However much the flesh is cultivated, it is always flesh. If you consider carefully what issues forth through the mouth and nostrils and the other passages of the body, you will never have seen anything more vile than a dunghill. If you wish to enumerate its individual miseries, how burdened it is with sins, ensnared in vices, itching with lusts, occupied with passions, defiled with illusions, always prone to evil, and inclined to every vice: you will find it full of all confusion and ignominy. Why then do you grow proud, earth and ashes; whose conception is guilt, whose birth is misery, whose life is punishment, whose death is anguish? Whence does man grow proud, whose conception is guilt, whose birth is punishment, whose labor is life, whose death is necessary? Why do you stuff and adorn your flesh with precious things, which worms will devour in the grave after a few days? But your soul you do not adorn with good works, which is to be presented to God by his angels in the heavens? Why do you despise your soul, and prefer flesh to it? For the mistress to serve, and the maidservant to rule, is a great abuse. Indeed this whole world cannot be valued at the price of one soul: for God did not wish to give his own soul for the whole world, which he gave for a human soul. Therefore the price of the soul is more sublime, which could be redeemed by nothing but the blood of Christ." Drogo, Bishop of Ostia, sermon 1 On the Sacrament of the Lord's Passion, before the middle, vol. XXI of the Library of the Holy Fathers: "Why do you grow proud," he says, "earth and ashes? The moth will be spread under you, and the worm will be your covering: this is your garment; those who wrapped you in scarlet cloth mocked you. Thus Antiochus and Herod, the enemy of the Lord's nativity, laying aside foreign garments, expired in their own worms. Return to your heart at last sometime; return, old Adam: see where and how the new Adam clothed you also. I will show you in his body the ignominies of your soul." Finally, briefly but forcefully, Origen in homily 9 on Ezekiel: "Why does earth and ashes grow proud," he says, "so that man is lifted up by arrogance, forgetting what he will be, and in how fragile a vessel he is contained, and in what filth he is immersed, and what filth he always casts out from his flesh? For what does Scripture say: Why does earth and ashes grow proud? and in his life he cast out his intestines? Pride is greater than all sins, and is the principal sin of the devil himself." Indeed Seneca also, epistle 91: "Ashes," he says, "make all equal: we are born unequal, we die equal." Mystically, ashes on earth are utterly useless; but if the hottest water is poured upon them, they wash out the filth of cloths, and whiten them. Ashes are the memory of death: if this is poured upon hot water, that is, upon burning and tearful compunction, it washes out the filth of the soul, especially pride; thus the remedy must be sought from where the disease arose, namely the remedy for man's pride must be sought from man himself, just as the flesh of a viper in theriac cures the bites of a viper. 10. NOTHING IS MORE UNJUST THAN TO LOVE MONEY. FOR HE (who loves it) EVEN HAS HIS OWN SOUL FOR SALE (in Greek ποιεῖ, that is, makes, because he sells his soul to the devil for gold, as magicians and witches do.) Otherwise and newly the Zurich Bible reads it, namely, he even demands the soul of anyone; soul, that is, life, as if to say: The miser forces many to die of hunger): BECAUSE IN HIS LIFE HE CAST OUT HIS INMOST PARTS, — as if to say: The miser strips off all humanity, as if he had cast away his viscera, in which is the seat of mercy, for the sake of money. Whence St. Augustine, sermon 25 On the Words of the Lord: "What is this," he says, "this greed of desire? when even the beasts themselves have a limit: for they seize prey when they hunger; but they spare the prey when they have felt satiety: the avarice of the rich alone is insatiable, always seizing, and never satisfied; nor does it fear God, nor does it reverence man; it spares not the father, does not acknowledge the mother, does not obey the brother, nor keeps faith with the friend. What is this, I ask, madness of souls? to lose life, to desire death, to acquire gold, to lose heaven." The symbol and example of this was Judas, who, by selling Christ, sold his soul to the demon: "And therefore being hanged, he burst asunder in the midst, and all his bowels gushed out," Acts 1:18. Secondly, St. Thomas II II, Question CXVIII, article 5, to 1, and from him Palacius: "Nothing," he says, "is more unjust than the avaricious man, because he himself is not only unjust toward God and his neighbor, but also toward himself; for he has his own soul for sale, that is, he exposes his life to dangers for money, and therefore he adds: Because in his life he cast away his inmost parts, namely, so that he might gain money." He sells therefore his soul, that is his life, that is, the sustenance of his life, lest he spend money; and so in his life he casts away his inmost parts, that is, in life he casts away life; he spares not life, and his inmost parts, so that he might spare money. A wonderful thing: nothing is more intimate than that a man nourish and cherish his own flesh; yet the avaricious man has cast away this intimate affection from himself for the sake of money, much more has he cast away all affection toward his neighbors. Thus Palacius. Thirdly, St. Augustine, tract. 25 in John, refers these things to pride, and by inmost parts understands the interior things of Christ, to whom we are incorporated through humility, from which we are cast out through pride, as if to say: The proud man casts away from himself the bowels of Christ, to which he had been incorporated through humility. For explaining that passage John vi: Him that cometh to me, I will not cast out, he adds: "Why is the earth and ashes proud? let him say: Why is he proud? Because in his life he cast away his inmost parts? What is cast away, except cast forth? that is to go out. For to enter in is to desire inmost things; to cast away inmost things is to go out. The proud man casts away inmost things, the humble man desires inmost things: through pride we are cast out, through humility we return. Pride is the head of all diseases, because pride is the head of all sins." And a little later: "That therefore the cause of all diseases might be cured, that is pride, the Son of God descended and became humble. Why are you proud, O man? The Son of God became humble for you. You would perhaps be ashamed to imitate a humble man, at least imitate a humble God. The Son of God came in man, and became humble. You are commanded to be humble, you are not commanded to become a beast from a man. He became God made man, you man know that you are man. Your whole humility is to know yourself. Therefore because God teaches humility, he said: I came not to do my own will, but the will of him that sent me; for this is the commendation of humility. For pride does its own will, humility does the will of God. Therefore he that cometh to me, I will not cast out. Why? Because I came not to do my own will, but the will of him that sent me. I came humble, I came to teach humility. He that cometh to me is incorporated into me; he that cometh to me becomes humble; he that adheres to me will be humble: because he does not do his own will, but God's; and therefore he shall not be cast out, because when he was proud, he was cast out." The same, lib. VI On Music, cap. XIII: "Pride could not be better demonstrated than in that which was said: Why is the earth and ashes proud? Because in his life he cast away his inmost parts. For since the soul by itself is nothing; for it would not otherwise be changeable, and would suffer defect from essence. Since therefore it is nothing by itself, whatever being it has is from God, remaining in its order, it is nourished by God's presence in mind and conscience. And so it has this good as inmost. But when pride swells up, this is for it to progress into outward things, and, so to speak, to become empty, that is to be less and less. But to progress into outward things, what is it other than to cast away inmost things, that is, to put God far from oneself, not by the space of places, but by the affection of the mind?" Thus also the Syriac version refers these things to the punishment of pride, but understands by inmost parts the sides, which the physician cuts open on account of ulcers and other diseases; for thus it translates: Why is the earth and ashes proud? in whose life worms creep, the physician cuts his sides and his inward parts; and the Arabic: Ashes, from which the worm creeps in his life, and the physician casts out his side, and his intestine. Hear St. Chrysostom, on the occasion of Judas thundering against avarice, and explaining this sentence of Sirach in hom. 81 in Matthew: "This is the worst of all passions (avarice); from it come grave robbers, murderers, wars and battles, and very many other evils. Certainly the avaricious man is useless everywhere, neither fit to command an army nor to preside over a people. Why do I speak of public affairs, when he is useless even in private matters? If a wife is to be taken, he will not choose a virtuous one, but the most shameless of all for money. If a house is to be bought, he will not buy one that befits a free man, but one that could be rented for more. If servants and anything else is to be acquired, he will always seek the cheapest. Why do I go through lesser matters? If he should seize the kingdom of the world, he is nevertheless more wretched and poorer than all others, a plague of lands, a ruin of cities, a calamity of individuals: for he does not guard what belongs to others as if it were his own, but like one among many he seizes all things, thinking he has less than all others. For when he compares what he has to his desire for what he does not yet possess, he thinks that what he has is nothing compared to those things." Then, citing this passage from Sirach, he adds: "Therefore someone has said that nothing is more unjust than the avaricious man. He who is avaricious loses even himself: the avaricious man is the common enemy of all men: the avaricious man grieves not a little, because the earth does not produce gold instead of grain, because fountains do not flow with gold, because mountains do not have gold in place of stones. The avaricious man bears the fertility of the seasons with difficulty, and is contracted by the common happiness, and disdains every opportunity from which he cannot gather silver: on the other hand he endures all things from which he can gather even two small coins; he pursues all men with hatred, both poor and rich: the poor, lest they ask something of him; the rich, because he does not possess what is theirs; for he simply thinks that all things ought to be his own, and therefore, as if injured by all, he is hostile to all." The Interpreter reads ἔρριψε, that is, he cast out; and rightly so. Now the Greek texts vary: for the Roman editions read ἔμβρυα, and the Greek exemplar had it more accurately, from which thus he translated: A prolonged sickness weighs down the physician. 12. A BRIEF (for it seems he read μικρόν instead of μακρόν) SICKNESS THE PHYSICIAN CUTS SHORT — SO ALSO A KING TODAY IS, AND TOMORROW SHALL DIE. — The Arabic version: today he is already dead, and tomorrow he is already dead; that is, today or tomorrow he will certainly die. The earth is his lot. For he compares tyranny to a prolonged sickness, which weighs down the commonwealth, and God to a physician, who, in order to free the commonwealth from it, immediately destroys him with medicines, and even burns him with fire and cuts him down with the sword, as it were. As Lyra and Jansenius say: Just as a physician cuts short a brief, that is, slight, recent and beginning sickness immediately by applying medicines and pills, and even fire and iron if necessary, lest, if it becomes chronic, it afflict the sick man for a long time and become stubborn, and spread throughout the whole body, so that it becomes lethal and cannot be healed: so also God quickly removes a king ruling tyrannically, lest he confirm tyranny, and by it oppress God and the commonwealth; and indeed lest he infect or oppress it with his crime as if with a creeping cancer. See our Father Menochius treating this passage seriously and elegantly in book II of the Hieropolitan, chapter VIII, number 1. Palacius applies and explains these things somewhat differently, as it were: "If a physician finds a chronic sickness, not dangerous, he is accustomed to sustain it and to cure it over many days: but if the sickness is brief, which seems quickly to consume the sick man, and which allows no respite, then the physician applies all diligence to cut it short and remove it. Thus God does; if a king is not wicked, but either negligent, or languishing from some lesser vice, he sustains him, does not remove him from the midst; but if a king by his wickedness is a plague to the commonwealth, he cuts him down, nor does he allow him to live long. Let the king therefore beware of tyrannical power. Otherwise, today he is, tomorrow he shall die." Third, Rabanus: "A prolonged sickness," etc. "He makes this comparison," he says, "in order to show that the plague of avarice, if it has long possessed the mind, will be difficult to cure. But if immediately at the first onset it is resisted by the reason of the spirit, and by the fear of God and the dread of punishments the entrance from harmful thought is closed to it, its power is more easily extinguished. And this also greatly helps in resisting avarice, if the brevity of passing life, and the future failure in the flesh, and the horror of hell, are recalled to the soul. Therefore he adds: So also a king today is, and tomorrow shall die; for when man shall die, he shall inherit serpents, and beasts, and worms." This therefore is the first and principal cause why tyrants are quickly cut down. Solomon gives the same reason in Proverbs XXVIII, 16: "A prince void of prudence shall oppress many by calumny: but he that hateth covetousness shall prolong his days." By which he tacitly admonishes princes that they should be benevolent and generous toward their subjects, if they wish to be long-lived. The second reason is that human affairs, especially those which are exalted, are subject to continual variation and agitation. For just as the tops of trees are most shaken by winds, so also the heights of honors are tossed about by the whirlwinds of envy, sedition and wars, according to that saying: "The highest winds blow through, and lightning strikes the highest mountains." The Gentiles signified this by fortune, which delights to renew and vary lofty things. The third reason is, that is, I cast forth: "Because in his life I cast forth his inmost parts," as if they were the words of God, who says he cast forth the inmost parts of the miser. The Complutensians and others read ἔρριφαν, that is, they cast forth: "Because in his life they cast forth his inmost parts, or his entrails, or those of the miser": for αὐτοῦ is a pronoun, both reciprocal and absolute, and signifies both his own and his. Which can first be understood, as if to say, Misers cast forth their own entrails of humanity, as I have already explained, so that there is a frequent enallage of number among the Hebrews, by which he speaks of the miser now in the singular, now in the plural: and thus the sense of the Greek is the same as that of the Latin Vulgate. Secondly, others explain it, as if to say, Usurers and misers are so hateful to all that men wish their living entrails to be scattered, as we have heard and seen that some tax collectors of great tributes and burdens have been torn apart and cut to pieces by the common people. Thus poets introduce Jupiter saying that Juno will then at last satisfy her hatred toward the Trojans, if she devours Priam alive. Thirdly, the Zurich Bible reads and translates thus: "For he also exacts the soul of anyone; for in place of his own life each one is forced to tear out his own entrails," as if to say, The miser exacts the soul, that is, the life, of the poor; because in place of his own life, so that, namely, he himself may live richly, luxuriously and splendidly, the poor are forced to tear out their entrails through labors, so that, namely, they may pay to the miser the great usuries which he unjustly exacts. Fourthly, Vatablus thus: as if to say, "For he also has his own soul for sale, because in his life he is prepared to cast forth even his own entrails, namely for the sake of gain." For the miser labors night and day so that he may gather money, and therefore he runs to the Garamantes and to the Indies, he is wearied, he sweats, and thus he consumes himself and his own entrails.
10:11
11. Every ruler (in the genitive case, that is to say, every empire and kingdom) HAS A SHORT LIFE,—that is to say, every power has a brief duration and life. Some read "way"; for life is a way to death, and through it to immortality. These words are now lacking in the Greek. Ruler, first, is any principality; second, it is tyranny: for ruler signifies imperious and violent rule, because tyrants rule powerfully, or rather impotently, proudly and greedily over their subjects. Moreover, rulers or powers are called here those endowed with power and rulership, namely princes and tyrants: for the abstract is put for the concrete, ruler for the one who rules, that is to say, Every powerful man's life is brief. For Sirach in this whole passage censures the pride and greed of tyrants. Whence the Zurich Bible: Every tyrant obtains a brief life. He adds the cause: Because a persistent disease is grievous to the physician. The physician cuts off a stubborn disease; thus a king lives today, dies tomorrow. For the Greek texts thus briefly in the usual manner have: μακρὸν ἀρρώστημα κόπτει (the Romans read σκώπτει, that is, mocks) ἰατρός, καὶ βασιλεὺς σήμερον καὶ αὔριον τελευτήσει, that is, the physician cuts or severs a long or stubborn disease: thus also a king today, and tomorrow will die. But our author more fully [shows] that the governance of a city, much more of a province, kingdom or entire empire, brings so many labors, cares, troubles, anxieties, anguishes, sorrows and melancholies, that the anxious king is consumed and wasted by them. Indeed, Charles V, when at Brussels in the assembly of the Estates he transferred his dominions and kingdoms to his son Philip II, weeping said: "I sympathize with you, my son, because I am placing a great burden upon your shoulders. For in all these years in which I have sustained it, I was never able to obtain even a single farthing of rest and joy, which was not mixed with many cares and disgust and false." A fourth [cause] arises from the ambition of many, who aspire to the kingdom, or to other dignities, which if another prince were created they hope to obtain; but it arises especially from the offense of many, who, oppressed by the insolence of the tyrant, strive with all their strength to shake off his yoke. Wherefore St. Cecilia, when the prefect Almachius objected to her his and Caesar's power, answered wisely and fearlessly: "The power of man is like a wineskin filled with wind, which if one needle prick it, all the rigidity of its neck becomes soft;" others read, becomes soft. And St. Valerianus her spouse to the same: "What are you? or what are your princes? You are little men born in your time, to die when your time is completed; you will render to God as great an account as the highest power granted to you." These causes are given by politicians, both Christian and Philosopher. Seneca the orator in the Proverbs: "He errs," he says, "if anyone thinks it safe for a king to be for long. Nothing is great in human affairs, except a mind despising great things." Seneca the tragedian in the Thyestes after Act III: A brief hour exchanges the lowest with the highest. He to whom fortune gives a diadem on his brow, Whom kneeling peoples trembled before, etc. Whom the day saw coming proud, The same day saw him fleeing, lying down. God turns our affairs, driven by swift Whirlwind. The same in the Agamemnon: Whatever fortune has lifted on high, It raises to fall: to modest things Life lasts longer. The same in the Medea: Swift fortune and light, Headlong snatched from the kingdom, gave to exile. Ovid in the third Tristia: Indeed fortune gives, and whatever it pleases it snatches away: Irus and suddenly he who was Croesus becomes. The same in book V: With ambiguous steps fickle fortune wanders, And is constant only in its lightness. Silius in book IV: Put off delays, brief is the fortune of great favor. Saturninus in Vopiscus: "Do you not know," he says, "friends, what an evil it is to rule. Swords and weapons hang over our necks, spears threaten from all sides, darts from all sides; the very guards are feared, the very companions are dreaded. Not food for pleasure, not travel for authority, not wars for judgment, not arms for study." Golden are the maxims of Publius in the Mimes. Fortune when she flatters, comes to be caught. You will find fortune sooner than retain it. Fortune whom she favors too much, makes foolish. Fortune is glass, which when it shines, breaks. Fortune is light, quickly reclaims what she gave. Therefore let us follow the wise counsel of Seneca in the Thyestes: Let no one trust too much in prosperity, Let no one despair of better things when fallen. Having experienced these things, Severinus Boethius, Roman consul and prince of the senate, who was thrown into prison by Theodoric king of the Goths, and finally killed, suffered martyrdom; whence he himself in the Consolation of Philosophy thus sings: Why did you call me happy so often, friends? He who fell was not standing on a stable step. Cicero, in the oration against Vatinius, who had been consul for a few days, mocking him: "A great prodigy, he says, O citizens: under the consulship of Vatinius we felt neither spring, nor summer, nor autumn." The same man, speaking of another who had been Roman consul for a few hours: "O most holy consul, he says, under whom no one dined, no one supped, no one slept." Concerning the boy Marcellus, Virgil sings in the sixth book of the Aeneid: The fates will show this man to the earth, and will not permit him to be more. The same attribute was recently applied to Marcellus II, the Pontiff of wondrous expectation, who on the twenty-second day of his pontificate was taken from human affairs. Do you wish illustrious examples of Christians? receive tragic ones. Casimir II, king of Poland, having prepared a great banquet, with the nobles made merry and celebrating the king's deeds and good fortune, he himself having spoken somewhat concerning the immortality of the soul and the blessedness of the heavenly ones, having drunk from a moderate cup suddenly collapsed, and breathed his last within a few hours, as Matthew Cromer testifies in book VI of his History. Ladislaus, king of Hungary and Bohemia, adorning the royal pomp of nuptials with Magdalena, daughter of Charles, king of France, sent to Paris gilded chariots and seven hundred dynasts and nobles laden with purple, gold and gems, who were to bring the bride: but behold, on that very day when that embassy entered Paris, before he could settle, he was informed by a messenger of the sudden death of Ladislaus at Prague. Thus the nuptials were turned into dirges, as Anthony Bonfinius relates in book VIII of his Hungarian Affairs, decade 3. Wherefore of old, when an Emperor was being crowned, the builders of sepulchres would bring to him four pieces of marble of various colors, inquiring from which he wished his sepulchre to be constructed, and thus they admonished him of his mortality, and that he might rule prudently. Leontius is witness in the Life of St. John the Almsgiver. St. Bernard, writing to his Eugene, now created Pontiff, in the year of the Lord 1145, in epistle 237: "In all things, he says, remember that you are a man, and let the fear of him who takes away the spirit of princes always be before your eyes. How many deaths of Roman Pontiffs in so short a time have you beheld with your own eyes (no Pontiff from St. Peter until now has attained the years of St. Peter, that is 25: many in the same year, indeed in the same month in which they were created, have been extinguished)? Let your own predecessors themselves, the certain and swift witnesses of your departure, admonish you, and let the brief time of their dominion, the fewness of your days, announce to you. Therefore, by constant meditation amid the blandishments of this present glory, remember your last things, because those whom you have succeeded in the see, you will without doubt follow to death." Certainly Stephen II, Pontiff, sat for only 4 days; Celestine IV, 17 days; Boniface VI, 15 days; Sisinnius, 20 days; Damasus II, 23 days; Pius III, 26 days; Marcellus II, 21 days; Urban VII, 7 days; Leo XI, 27 days; who dying said: "How much better it would have been for me, if I had held the keys of a monastery rather than of heaven." Maximilian, the first Emperor of this name, provided in his will that his lifeless body, wrapped in rough linen, without any disembowelment, should be placed in a sarcophagus, which he had ordered to be prepared four years before his death, with his nostrils, mouth and ears filled with quicklime, so that as the lime ate away, he would be consumed more quickly, and would go into his earth. Why? so that he might constantly have that monument before his eyes, which would say to him: "Think of dying, and of dying soon. Why do you delay and extend yourself? Why do you possess much, and desire more? He whom so many provinces and kingdoms do not contain, this small coffin will contain." Charles V, grandson of Maximilian through Philip, mindful of the brevity of life, so that he might prepare himself for imminent death, having left so many kingdoms and the entire empire, withdrew into the monastery of St. Just, so that he might be wholly devoted to God, nor did he wish to be called Caesar, but Charles. Indeed, they report even more than this, that long before abdicating the empire, he ordered a sarcophagus to be constructed for himself, to be carried with funeral furnishings, yet secretly however, wherever he went, which he had prepared with him for five years wherever he was, even when he set out for Milan against the French, so that by its constant sight he might be admonished of swift death. These things are related by Peter Gregorius, book VI On the Republic, chapter III; Justus Lipsius, book II of Monitors and Examples, chapter XIV; Lawrence Surius and others. Wherefore John, king of Aragon, when in the year of the Lord 1479, seized by fever, he fell into a swoon, soon returning to himself, looking upon those standing by, he exclaimed: "O vain thoughts of men! O wretched men, who aspire to principalities; who desire riches, wealth and excessive honors! O happy condition of the poor, and secure and blessed their life, who eat bread in the sweat of their face, who live by the labor of their hands! For what have kingdom, honors, and the service of many conferred upon me, wretched as I am? What?" labors, namely great ones, and many dangers both of body and soul have I endured, nor ever in so long a lifetime could I see for myself any good days. O wretched and unhappy me, who so late come to know the deceitful world! who would certainly have lived a far better life, if I had been not a king, but a farmer." Then turning to the image of Christ crucified, with eyes fixed on heaven: "O most pious Redeemer," he said, "spare me, thy most unworthy servant; have mercy on me, most clement Jesus." And amid these words and sobs he rendered up his soul to God. Thus Lucius Marinaeus in book VIII of the History of Spain. This concerning kings: concerning tyrants I shall relate similar things, indeed more tragic ones, in the following chapter, verse 6. Wherefore the Emperor Justinian is wisely reminded of this vicissitude of human affairs by Agapetus the Deacon in his Admonitions, number 11: "A certain circle," he says, "of human affairs revolves, which now in one way, now in another, agitates them and carries them about; and in these there is inequality, because nothing of present things remains in the same state. It behooves thee, therefore, most mighty Emperor, in this changeable mutation of affairs, to have an immutable knowledge of piety." And number 67: "The splendors of dignities death does not fear; for it inflicts its voracious teeth upon all. Therefore before its inescapable coming, let us transport the abundance of riches into heaven. For no one, the things which he gathers in the world, carries them thither when he departs; but leaving all things on earth, naked he renders an account of his life." And number 70: "The condition of the brief present life imitates a ship traveling through the sea, which indeed deceiving us sailors, and gradually snatching us along in its swift course, at length brings each one to his own end. If therefore these things are thus, let us pass by the passing affairs of the world, and let us run through those things which remain unto ages of ages." Basil the Emperor, in his Exhortation to his son Leo, chapter XXXVIII: "Consider," he says, "my son, that this life has nothing fixed, nothing stable or perpetual; for things are continually varied now in one way, now in another; and like a wheel which revolves, those things which are above are borne downward; and those which lie below are lifted upward. Wherefore neither be exalted in prosperous affairs, nor cast down in adverse ones, but in both kinds of fortune be constant and unchanging, proposing to thyself always this one thing, to do good; commit the rest to God: nor when thou usest prosperous fortune, restrain thyself from proud exaltation through fear of adversity: nor even when thou art in adversity, lift thyself up from precipitous dejection through hope of better things. For this is the mark of a small mind, and not supported by kingly virtue: and what is to come cannot be foreseen. Neither therefore with a sad and abject, nor with a shining and bold countenance ever go forth in public: thus thou wilt be esteemed grave and prudent, and thou wilt avoid the errors which threaten from both sides, nor wilt thou give any occasion to malicious detractors to speak ill of the things which have befallen thee." 13. WHEN A MAN DIES, HE SHALL INHERIT SERPENTS, AND BEASTS, AND WORMS. — Jansenius thinks this is a new reason why pride should be avoided, namely, that the proud man is not only going to die, but also to be turned into serpents and worms. Hence many Greeks join this with: why does earth and ashes boast? Whence the Zurich Bible thus reads and translates: why then does earth and dust boast? For the dead man will be received by serpents, beasts and worms; so also the Syriac: why does it boast, he says, dust and ashes, in whose life worms creep, and whose sides and intestines the physician cuts? Today he walks, and tomorrow he dies. In the death of man the worm is his part, and his worm creeps before him, as if to say: Why does man boast, who is dust and ashes, and who is eaten by worms both in life and in death? Yet it can also be rightly fitted with the immediately preceding passages in the Latin Vulgate, as if it explains that: all power has a brief life. And: The king is today, and tomorrow he dies. For lest anyone say that the powerful and the king, although he dies in this life, will nevertheless have another after it, in which he will equally be prince and king, as the Gentiles thought; he answers that nothing of the sort will be, but rather the king, like other men, will inherit serpents, beasts and worms. Thus Lyra. When a man is buried, immediately from his flesh, fat and phlegm are born serpents and beasts, that is, dragons and toads, and worms, namely earthworms, beetles and other horrible worms, which all devour his flesh down to the bones, and having devoured him, when food fails they die, and are turned to dust; thus man finally returns to ashes and dust, from which he was formed, according to the sentence of God pronounced upon him, Genesis III, 19: "Thou art dust, and into dust thou shalt return." The sense therefore is, as if to say: Why does man boast, although powerful, prince and tyrant, when all his glory, riches and luxury are to be turned into horrible serpents and worms? This is what Job says, cap. XVII, 14: "I have said to rottenness: Thou art my father; to worms: You are my mother and my sister." And Isaiah concerning Baltassar the monarch of Babylon, cap. XIV, 11: "Thy pride is brought down to hell, thy carcass is fallen; under thee shall the moth be strewed, and worms shall be thy covering." Again, not only in the sepulchre, but also in hell tyrants and other impious men will inherit serpents and worms: because they will be tormented, not only by fire, but also by real worms, as I showed in Isaiah LXVI, 24; and they will be delivered to beasts, that is to demons, who will torture them like lions and tigers. Hence the Church prays for the dead: "Deliver not to beasts the souls of those who confess to thee." Hence also horrible demons assume the forms of centaurs and monsters, so that they may torment the damned more. Wherefore in Scripture they are called onocentaurs, hairy ones, lamiae, as I said in Isaiah XXXIV, verse 14. Mystically Lyra: The proud and avaricious man, he says, has three goods, namely soul, body and substance, or riches. These dying he will leave to three heirs, namely his soul to serpents, that is to demons; his body to worms; his substance to beasts, that is to friends, who live like beasts in an animal and carnal manner. "Therefore humble thy spirit exceedingly, because the vengeance of the flesh of the wicked is fire and worm," as he said cap. VII, verse 19. "For it is just that the proud man, who desired to be the highest, should become the lowest; that he who wished to rule over others, should be subject to fire: that he who aspired with Lucifer to be equal to God, should be the companion and food of the vilest and most putrid worms. St. Ephrem, tract. On Those Who Slept in Christ: "What," he says, "is man? nothing. What is man? a worm. What is man? ashes and dust. What is man? a dream. What is man? a shadow. Behold it has passed, behold it has ceased. That great and unconquered lion has come to an end, the strong, powerful and exalted tyrant, who was terrible to all; now he lies milder than any sheep: he who seemed great over many, has become as nothing: he who held others, is held: he who bound, is bound with chains." St. Basil, oration On Death: "Remember," he says, "that thou art mortal. For thou art earth, and into earth thou shalt be dissolved again. Look around at those who before thee exalted themselves with like splendors. Where are they who were adorned with civil dignities? where are the leaders? where are the orators? where are the princes? where are the powers? where are the tyrants? Is not all dust? is it not a fable? is not the memory of their life preserved in a few bones?"
10:14
14. THE BEGINNING OF THE PRIDE OF MAN, TO APOSTATIZE FROM GOD (In Greek, from the Roman version, the beginning of the pride of man, when he apostatized from God), BECAUSE HIS HEART DEPARTED FROM HIM WHO MADE HIM. — The Zurich Bible: the beginning of pride is the defection of man from the Lord, and the mind drawn away from his Creator; the Syriac: the fountain of the sin of pride, and transgression (that is, defection from God, apostasy, transgression of divine law) the fountain of both of these; St. Caesarius, homily 19 On the Care of Souls, reads: the beginning to apostatize from God is all pride; St. Chrysostom, homily 15 in John and in Psalm CXV, verse 1, reads: the beginning of pride is not to know God; for his heart departed from his maker. "The proud," he says, "do not know God; nor do they know themselves, what they are. For how can he who has not first known the maker, know that he himself is a creature? Because the Lord is not known, pride is born. Which the Scripture attests, saying: The beginning of pride is not to know God." This is a new reason teaching how base, enormous, and therefore to be avoided pride is, derived from its origin, which is most base and accursed. For the origin of pride is apostasy from God: for Adam was proud, and sinned through pride, because he apostatized and departed from God, from whom he was created, preserved, governed, and nourished with such sweetness, honor and abundance of all things: he departed from the will and law of God, preferring to it the forbidden fruit, and the false promises of the serpent. The same does every other proud man, imitating his proud father Adam. Furthermore: "There is no greater apostasy," says Rabanus, "than the aversion of the creature from its Creator; and this is deservedly ascribed to pride, because pride is that by which a moderate good wishes to assimilate or equal itself to the supreme good. This was the beginning of the diabolic fall, this also the beginning of human transgression." Secondly, St. Thomas, III, Question LXXXIV, article 2, to 1, and there Gregory of Valencia, and others explain this opinion, not of Adam alone, but of any man: for he, while he is proud, apostatizes, that is, departs from God. Apostasy therefore is taken in this way for a certain common condition of all sins. For in every sin, just as there is a general disobedience, ingratitude, hatred and contempt of God: so also there is a certain general apostasy, that is, defection from God, and his law and will. Or the sense is, as if to say: The first species of pride is the sin of apostasy from God. For this reason does anyone not wish to be subject to God (which is to apostatize from God), because he perversely desires a certain singular excellence, which is the sin of pride. For the Greek ἀρχή signifies both principality and principle; whence thus you may translate it: the principality of pride holds apostasy from God, that is, apostasy from God occupies the first place in the kingdom of pride. Thus our Interpreter uses principle for principality, Psalm CIX: "With thee is the principle," that is principality, "in the day of thy power." And Proverbs VIII, 22: "The Lord possessed," or "created me in the beginning;" Hebrew reschit; Greek ἀρχήν, that is principle, or principality, "of his ways," as if to say: In the ways, that is works, of God I wisdom hold the first place, and occupy the principality. Thus in chapter I, 16, it is said: "The beginning of wisdom is the fear of the Lord;" Greek ἀρχή, as if to say: Wisdom holds the first place and principality in the fear of the Lord. See what is said there. Excellently Caesarius of Arles, homily 23: "Whoever is proud," he says, "is full of a demon." Hear the Scripture: "Every one that exalteth himself is unclean before the Lord." And again: "To apostatize from God is all pride. What is it to apostatize, but to depart from God? and surely he who is separated from God, is joined to the devil." The same, homily 18: "The children of God, and the children of the devil, are not distinguished, except by humility and pride. Whomever you see proud, doubt not that he is a child of the devil: whomever you behold humble, you ought confidently to believe is a child of God. And, that you may know this to be true, hear the Scripture: The beginning, to apostatize from God, is all pride. And: Every one that exalteth himself shall be humbled: and he that humbleth himself shall be exalted. For what the devil cast down through pride, Christ raised up through humility: because to the wound of pride, he offered the remedy of humility." 15. BECAUSE THE BEGINNING OF ALL SIN IS PRIDE. — Thus also the Greek Complutensian have it. But the Roman version inverts it, and thus reads: because the principle of pride is sin. All the Greek texts omit τὸ omnis. Question: first, how is this verse connected to the preceding one, and to what matter does the τὸ quoniam give the reason? I answer that the τὸ quoniam can be referred in the Hebrew manner more remotely to verse 7, so that this is a new, and indeed the seventh reason why pride is hateful, as I said in the synopsis. Again the τὸ quoniam can be referred to verse 13 the immediately preceding verse, and this first in this sense, that is to say, The cause why the proud man apostatizes from God is pride itself: for this is the cause of all sin, in which, just as there is a certain general and implicit pride, so also there is a certain general apostasy from God; for sin is a turning away from the Creator and a turning toward the creature: for the sinner prefers his own will to the will of God, and the love of the creature to the love of the Creator. Thus Jansenius. Secondly, that is to say, Pride is the beginning of all sin, and therefore also of apostasy, and so when anyone begins to be proud and to sin, he begins to apostatize and to recede from God. Thirdly, more forcefully and strictly, that is to say, Apostasy is ἀρχή, that is, dominion, and the chief species of pride, because pride is ἀρχή, that is, dominion of sin, or the chief sin is apostasy. Therefore apostasy is pride, and the dominion of pride, or the first and greatest pride, and therefore the first and greatest sin. Fourthly, Hebrew כי ki, that is, because, often signifies not a cause but an effect, indeed often is an enclitic signifying: Certainly, indeed, assuredly, truly indeed, that is to say, Certainly the beginning of all sin is pride. Or, that is to say, The beginning of man's pride was that he receded from God and apostatized: whence it came to pass and followed that pride became the beginning of all sin. For from apostasy from God all sins follow, both because he who recedes from God recedes from law and virtue, and goes into vices; and because God likewise abandons him who abandons himself, and deprives him of His grace: whereby it comes to pass that he rushes into every sin. Thus from Adam on account of apostasy He took away original justice, by which, as if a bridle were removed, immediately the concupiscence and pride innate in man burst forth, which impelled him and his posterity into all sins. For beginning here is to be understood not metaphysically (as a point is said to be the beginning of a line, and unity of number), but physically, so that it is the same as origin, root, cause: as heat is the beginning of heating, air of rarefaction, water of cooling, etc., for pride is the beginning, that is, the origin, mother and cause of all sin. You will ask secondly, how pride is the beginning and cause of all sin, when many sins arise from fear, sloth, pusillanimity, which are contrary to pride? First, St. Prosper, book III On the Contemplative Life, chapter III and IV: "No sin," he says, "can be made, could be made, or will be made without pride; since all sin is nothing other than contempt of God." He speaks of generic pride, which is a condition included in every sin. Thus also St. Bonaventure in II, distinction XLII, doubt 4, and Jansenius here explain this passage of pride according to a common account, insofar as it is found in every sin: for in every sin there is found an aversion from God, which is pride. But others commonly take this passage of pride as it is a particular vice opposed to humility. Thus St. Augustine, book XI On Genesis, chapter XV, St. Thomas I II, Question LXXXIV, article 2, Cajetan there, and others. Concerning it therefore Durandus first thus reads and expounds in II, distinction XLII, Question IV, numbers 7 and 10: It is not said, he says, that pride is the beginning of all sin, because carnal sins, of timidity and pusillanimity, do not arise from pride; but the beginning of sin is said to be all pride: for all pride is the beginning of another sin; or certainly, he says, pride here is not a particular vice, but immoderate self-love, which St. Augustine calls inflating love. Secondly, Gabriel Vasquez II II, Question LXXXIV, disputation 136, chapter II, expounds it, that is to say, The sin of Adam, which was pride, was the beginning of all sin; for all sins of men were born from that, and, as Tobias says in chapter IV: "in that very thing the beginning of all destruction was taken." That the first sin of Adam and Eve was pride, not infidelity, as heretics wish, is shown in Genesis III. See St. Thomas, Opuscule III, chapter CXC, and Bellarmine, book III On Grace, chapter V. For Eve and Adam hearing from the serpent: "You shall be as gods," desired to be equal to God; which was a great pride, and therefore disobedient to God they ate the forbidden fruit, and through this disobedience they properly transmitted original sin to their posterity, not through pride, as Paul teaches in Romans V and XIX. Thirdly, others understand it of the sin of Lucifer and the angels: for this was the first sin of the world, and therefore the beginning of the others, which Adam and men afterward committed. That the first sin of Lucifer was pride the Fathers and Scholastics teach. Thus St. Augustine, book XII On the City of God, chapter VI, and the book On Nature and Grace, chapter XXIX, and from him St. Fulgentius, book I to Monimus, chapter VII: "If the beginning of sin is sought," says he, "nothing else but pride is found. For Scripture says: The beginning of all sin is pride; which then took its beginning when the angel was lifted up against God." St. Ambrose, book IV, epistle 33, otherwise 84, to Demetrias: "Whether in the fall of the devil," says he, "or in the transgression of man, the beginning of sin is pride." Thus also Francis Suarez, tract. On Angels, book VII, chapter IX, numbers 7 and 8: "The beginning," says he, "of all sin is pride: either because in the human race the first sin of Adam was pride, as St. Augustine teaches in book XIV of The City of God, chapter XIII; or because the first evil angel took the beginning of sinning from pride, and he himself was the cause or occasion of all the sins of others." For he himself through the serpent induced Adam to sin, from which all the sins of Adam and his posterity thereafter were born. Thus also Gregory of Valencia, tract. On Angels, Question XIII, point 3, at the beginning: "The beginning," says he, "of all sin is pride, because the first sin of the angels was pride." Fourth, Vasquez in the place already cited: "Pride," says he, "is the beginning of all sin, that is, of most sins; for not absolutely all, but many and most arise from pride, equally as from covetousness, as Paul says in I Timothy VI; indeed in some men all arise from pride: for they are wholly filled with it, and think, say or do nothing else than that they may appear great and excel others. Fifth, the beginning of all sin is pride, not in act, but in aptitude and proclivity, because not every sin in act proceeds from pride, but it can proceed from it, and is born to proceed from it. Thus St. Thomas I, Question LXXXIV, article 4, to 5, John Salasar and Gregory of Valencia, who also adds this reason a priori from St. Thomas: "The sin of pride," says he, "consists in a perverse appetite for excellence and perfection of something; but every sin which is committed concerning temporal goods tends toward some perverse excellence, or convenience and perfection of man: therefore every sin is ordered by itself toward the end and proper scope of pride: therefore every sin can by the nature of the thing arise from pride; and to that extent pride is said to be the beginning and cause of all sin. Wherefore the Syriac translator renders it amply and forcefully: 'The beginning of the transgressions of men is their pride, and their works cause their heart to go mad, because the fountain of sin is pride, and transgression the fountain of both of them, namely, both of sin and of pride.' Finally, brief, plain and full is the exposition: 'The beginning of all sin is pride,' both because the first sin of man, equally as of the angel, was pride, from which the rest were born; and because all sins are born to arise from it; all, that is, all kinds of sins: for not all in an individual arise from pride. It is a distribution according to the kinds of individuals, not according to the individuals of kinds, as logicians speak. In the same sense the Apostle says in I Timothy VI: 'The root of all evils is covetousness,' in Greek φιλαργυρία, that is avarice; because, namely, excessive love of money impels to all crimes and all miseries of the avaricious. See the things said there. For it is clear that the devil did not sin from avarice, or love of money; but from pride, and love of excellence. Thus St. Thomas and Valencia in the places already cited. St. Thomas adds in article 2 that pride is the cause of all sins in the order of intention, but avarice in the order of execution. More subtly St. Ambrose in book IV, epistle 32, and St. Augustine in book X of Genesis according to the letter, chapter XV, and tract. 10 in John, and from him Rabanus here reconcile Paul with Sirach, saying that pride is general avarice, by which someone desires more than is fitting, on account of his excellence. 'What more avaricious than he (Adam) to whom God was not sufficient?' says St. Augustine. But in Greek it is φιλαργυρία, which signifies love of money, not of excellence, as I have already said. Hear St. Gregory in book XXXIV of the Morals, chapter XVIII: "All sin begins with pride. For by this the devil himself (Leviathan, that is, the devil) fell; by this following after man he laid him low. For with that weapon by which he extinguished the life of his own blessedness, he obtained the blow against our immortal salvation." And soon after: "For just as the root is hidden below, but from it the branches spread outwardly: so pride hides itself within, but from it vices immediately burst forth openly. For no evils would come forth into the public unless this constrained the mind in secret." And further below: "For other vices attack only those virtues by which they themselves are destroyed, so that, namely, anger attacks patience, gluttony attacks abstinence, lust attacks continence; but pride (which we have called the root of vices) is by no means content with the destruction of one virtue alone, but raises itself against all the members of the soul, and like a general and pestilent disease corrupts the whole body, so that whatever is done when it invades, even if it appears to be virtue, is not thereby served to God, but to vain glory alone. For like a certain tyrant besieging a captured city, when pride breaks into the mind; and the richer a person it has seized, the harder it rises in dominion: because the more widely a thing of virtue is done without humility, the more widely this dominates." St. Bernard, in the tract On the Interior House, chapter XLI: "Pride," he says, "as it is the origin of all crimes, so it is the ruin of all virtues. For it is first in sin, it is last in conflict. It either at the beginning prostrates the mind through sin, or at the end casts it down from virtues." The same, sermon 2 On St. Andrew: "The beginning of all sin, and the cause of all perdition, is pride. Therefore, whoever you are, who strive to work out your salvation, remember to have the sign of the cross against this over your head, so that you may not be lifted up in pride, so that your heart may not be exalted." St. Fulgentius, epistle 3 to Proba: "Pride," he says, "is said to be the beginning of all sin, so that all sin may be shown to spring from it, as from a root, which bringing death to the wretched in manifold ways, casts down the carnal in public combat; but the spiritual, if it finds any unwary, it prostrates in more hidden conflict." Again St. Bernard, sermon 1 On the Advent: "Flee," he says, "pride, my brothers, I beseech you, flee it greatly. The beginning of all sin, pride: which so swiftly darkened even Lucifer, shining more brightly than all the stars, with eternal darkness: which changed not only an angel, but the first of angels into a devil. Whence also immediately envying man, what he had conceived in himself, he brought forth iniquity in him: persuading him that, tasting the forbidden tree, he would become like God knowing good and evil." The same in the Psalm Who dwelleth: "Ambition," he says, "a subtle evil, a secret poison, a hidden plague, the artificer of deceit, the mother of hypocrisy, the parent of envy, the origin of vices, the fuel of crimes, the rust of virtues, the worm of holiness, the blinder of hearts, creating diseases from remedies, generating sickness from medicine. How many has this plague wickedly overthrown and shamefully cast down, so that others also whom the hidden underminer escaped, suddenly trembled at ruin? how many has it thrust into outer darkness, stripping them of the wedding garment, and emptying them of the exercise of virtues and the fruit of piety?" The same, book III On Consideration, exclaims: "O ambition, cross of the ambitious! how, tormenting all, do you please all? Nothing torments more bitterly, nothing disturbs more troublesomely, and yet nothing is greater and more celebrated among wretched mortals." St. Chrysostom, homily 59 in Matthew: "Nothing," he says, "is worse than pride, which so casts down even the powers of the mind granted by nature, that it makes the prudent foolish and senseless. For if someone, whose stature does not exceed a cubit, thinks himself like mountains, or even higher, and therefore raises himself as if about to exceed mountains, he would certainly be held to be insane: so likewise he goes mad, who, though equal to others by nature, nevertheless contends to be and to be held greater than them." Whence he adds: "Certainly like a vile slave and wretched captive the devil leads him away, and drives him with blows and a thousand insults, wherever he wishes." Wherefore St. Gregory in Morals III, XVIII: "Pride," he says, "the queen of vices, when it has seized the heart completely conquered, soon delivers it to be devastated by seven principal vices, as by its own leaders." Hence pride is evident as the sign of the reprobate, as humility is of the elect, as the Fathers teach everywhere. "O how exalted you are, O Lord; but humble is your house!" says St. Augustine in book I of the Confessions, chapter V. Moreover the Pelagians from this saying of Sirach contended that all sin is pride: "To sin, they said, is as much to be proud as to be proud is to sin. For all sin is contempt of God: and all contempt of God is pride. For what is so proud as to contemn God? Therefore all sin is also pride, even Scripture saying: The beginning of all sin is pride." But St. Augustine refutes these in his book On Nature and Grace, chapter XXX. For although in every sin there is a general, that is, an implicit and interpretative kind of pride, it is not in every sin explicit, formal and specific. Whence Sirach does not say all sin is pride, but the beginning or origin of all sin is pride: therefore pride is distinguished from all sin, as a cause is distinguished from its effect. HE THAT HOLDETH IT (and permits himself to be ruled and governed by it), SHALL BE FILLED WITH CURSES. — The Complutensian editors read, ἐξυβρίσει βδέλυγμα, that is, shall injure an abomination, that is, shall pour forth abominable injuries. Better the Roman editors read, ἐξομβρήσει βδέλυγμα, that is, shall inundate an abomination, that is, shall pour forth many abominations like waves; the Zurich edition, he who is possessed of it shall pour forth execrable things, until finally he is overthrown; others, shall pour forth abomination like rain; others, shall be surrounded with abomination. Blessed Antiochus in homily 44 reads, abomination shall abound in him, that is, he shall be filled with curses, as Our author translates, and abominations, that is, abominable sins and faults; consequently also with horrible and abominable punishments and torments, so that they utterly overthrow him. Whence he adds: AND SHALL DESTROY HIM IN THE END, — namely, pride shall destroy its possessor, namely the proud man, "in the end," that is finally, to the last, or with final and extreme destruction; and that in this life, or certainly in the future, namely in hell: for, as it is said in Proverbs XVI: "Every arrogant man is an abomination to the Lord." Again the proud man is filled with curses, because all revile him, and many curse him: for all abhor his pride and arrogant ways. Excellently St. Bernard, sermon 17 in the Canticles: "Therefore, he says, in heaven she conceived sorrow, and in paradise she brought forth iniquity, the offspring of malice, the mother of death and all miseries, pride the first parent." Moreover in wretched man pride is more damnable than in the noble angel: concerning which the same, sermon 54: "If thus, he says, it was done with the angel, what shall become of me, earth and ashes? He swelled with pride in heaven, I in a dunghill. Woe to me, if so harshly was it dealt with in that mighty one for this, that his heart was lifted up, nor did it profit him that pride is known to be akin to the mighty! what is to be exacted of me, both wretched and proud?" But you will say: I am a king, I am a prince, I am a bishop, I am a doctor. These ornaments are of dust. Whoever you are who say this, remember that you are dust and ashes; remember that you are clay gilded with the gold of kingdom, principality, episcopacy, doctorship. Finally, as pride was the first sin of the first man and angel, from which as from a fountain the rest flowed forth: so on the other hand humility is the first and proper virtue of God's man, namely of Christ the redeemer, from which as from a fountain all virtues and goods have flowed forth and flow forth. Whence St. Ambrose in Psalm CXVIII, sermon 18: "In paradise, he says, humility failed, and therefore it came from heaven. By humility God himself became man, and not only did he lose nothing of his dignity, but he
10:16
16. THEREFORE (on account of pride) THE LORD DISHONORED THE ASSEMBLIES OF THE WICKED, AND DESTROYED THEM EVEN TO THE END, that is, eternally; or "to the end," that is, even to the end and root, destroying them utterly. For "dishonored," in Greek it is παρεδόξασε, which signifies both to disgrace and to make admirable. For paradoxon is the same as admirable, beyond common opinion, new, unusual, unheard of, incredible; whence the Romans translate it, on account of this the Lord made incredible the coverings, that is, calamities; others, therefore the Lord brings grave and illustrious (new, unusual, admirable, unheard of) calamities, and overturns them eternally. The Zurich version follows the first meaning, and agreeing with ours translates it, therefore the Lord afflicted the armies of the wicked with ignominy, and such he overthrew to the end; the Syriac, therefore God divided, or dispersed their blows (or disturbances), and struck them with a perfect blow, that is, complete and absolutely finished. Our text reads συναγωγάς, that is, assemblies: now they read ἐπαγωγάς, that is, inductions of calamities and disasters, a word in which Sirach delights, as I said in chapter II, verse 2. He touches upon the ancient illustrious disasters of the proud, inflicted upon them by God on account of pride, such as the builders of Babel, whom God punished by the division of tongues and scattered throughout the whole world, Genesis XI, 8; likewise the giants, whom God drowned in the flood, Genesis VI, verses 4 and 17; likewise Sodom: for, as Ezekiel says in chapter XVI, 49: "This was the iniquity of Sodom, pride." 17. THE SEATS OF PROUD RULERS GOD DESTROYED, AND CAUSED THE MEEK TO SIT IN THEIR PLACE. In Greek, the throne, or seats of princes, the Lord took away, and in their place established the meek. He opposes the meek to the proud, because under the meek he comprehends also the humble: for he who is meek is also humble; just as conversely, he who is proud is also harsh. Whence in Hebrew ענו anav signifies both the humble, and the meek, and the poor: for these three are wont to be connected. Wherefore the Syriac translates it, the Lord overturned the seat of the proud, and caused the humble to sit in their place. Thus he removed the proud angels from the heavenly thrones, and in those placed the Apostles and other meek and humble men. Thus when the proud Belshazzar was cast down from the monarchy of the Assyrians, he substituted Darius and Cyrus, who were meek toward the Israelites. Thus he drowned the proud Pharaoh through meek Moses, laid low Holofernes through meek Judith, Haman through Esther, Sennacherib through Hezekiah, Antiochus through the Maccabees; finally he set meek David over disobedient Saul, according to that in Psalm CXXXI, 4: so conspicuous and excellent did he make it toward men, that God himself, humble and humiliated, subjected them to his law, and converted them to his love and obedience, whom God himself thundering from heaven, and terrifying the world by the magnitude of his majesty, never brought from the worship of demons to his service." Are you dilated? But she, founded in the firmament of patience upon humility, answered patiently: I indeed, what you assert, I confess myself to be a point; but by this modesty of a punctual body of the world, made a middle, I rest eternally, while you with your magnitude are always in flux. Around me the whole heaven revolves, and its vital influence is founded upon my stability." Then he more fully recounts the fruits and gifts of her humility. "Because I am an opaque body, I am not spread out like you who are transparent; nay, I retain the celestial virtues, adorned within with the most precious gems and metals, decorated without with streams, herbs, and beasts; namely as the life of the living, and mother of all, I nourish all things that live in a body with the fullest breasts of diverse goods. But because I remain beneath all things, I am never troublesome to anyone, except when my bowels are shaken by an earthquake entering from you. As the place of life, the seat of rest, and the harbor of safety, I am gratefully prepared for all by perpetual fixedness. You, however, situated above, when you receive the vapors flowing to you and seeking the heights, hence you deprive the living of dense clouds and sweet light: hence you send deadly thunderbolts, and emit the fire-bearing arrows of coruscations, and pour forth terrible thunders, and by the weight of winds you break, with hail-stones you crush, with the whirlwind of storms you submerge: assuredly the emissions of your pride are the gravest tempests. Therefore better is the opaque modesty of humility than the stormy perspicuity of proud sublimity. By which words he confounded the arrogant one." "Remember, O Lord, David, and all his meekness." Hence let princes learn, if they wish to be long-lived in their principality and to perpetuate it to their posterity, to rule with gentleness and humility: for this reconciles God and men, according to that passage in chapter III, 19: "My son, in gentleness perfect thy works, and thou shalt be beloved above the glory of men." See the remarks there. To this the Blessed Virgin alluded, nay, she cited this very verse singing the hymn: My soul doth magnify the Lord; for she says: "He hath put down the mighty from their seat, and hath exalted the humble." Thus God put down Diocletian from the throne of empire, and in his place exalted the gentle Constantine; and the arrogant Eugenius, and in his stead preferred the humble Theodosius, who, as Claudian sings in the 4th book of the Consulship of Honorius: "He preferred not to insult the fallen, mild in prayers, abounding in piety, sparing of punishment: he brought no wrath to peace. After battles the same as during them, which was the end of arms." Alexander Severus, hearing from his mother Mammaea: "Thou hast made thy power softer and more contemptible by thy gentleness and mildness of empire;" answered: "Nay, more secure and more lasting."
10:18
18. THE ROOTS OF PROUD NATIONS GOD HATH DRIED UP, AND HATH PLANTED THE HUMBLE FROM AMONG THE SAME NATIONS. What he said in the preceding verse concerning princes, he now says concerning entire nations, namely, that they have been utterly overthrown and uprooted from pride, and in their place other meek and humble nations have been established. For just as when the root of a tree is pulled up, the plant or tree withers and dies: so when families (for these are the roots of nations, from which sons, grandsons, and the multiplication of the nation, as branches from the fibres of the root, spring forth) perish, the nation formed from them also perishes. Whence for "dried up," in Greek it is ἐξέρριζεν, or ἐξερίζωσεν, that is, "uprooted." Thus the Roman, Zurich and other versions. The Syriac, "eradicated"; although the Complutensian editors read ἐξεῖλε, that is, "took away." Again the Complutensian editors add, ἐν δόξῃ, that is, "in glory"; for thus they have it, and "planted in their stead in glory" (in glorious kingdoms, thrones, cities and provinces) "the humble." Thus he expelled the seven nations of Chanaan on account of their pride from the holy land, which by Daniel in chapter VIII, verse 13, is called in Hebrew tsebi, that is, the beauty, ornament and glory of the whole world, and in it in their stead he placed the Hebrews, who among the nations appeared to be the most humble, nay, the refuse and dregs. Thus again the proud Jews, rejecting the humble Christ, God dried up in faith, grace and glory, and in their stead substituted the Gentiles humbly submitting themselves to Christ. is feminine αὐτάς, which refers to χώρας, that is, regions, not ἔθνη, that is, nations; for ἔθνος in Greek is of neuter gender. The Syriac, however, also takes it of nations, but translates rather paraphrastically than word for word, and sense for sense. For thus it has: "The Lord hath subverted the heels of the proud, and hath destroyed the memory of them from the earth." Thus the most powerful cities have been utterly overthrown, Tyre, concerning which Isaiah speaks in chapter XXIII, Nineveh, Babylon, Ecbatana, etc., so much so that scarcely their ruins remain, and it is doubted in what place they were situated. The truth of this statement is adorned by the fable of air and earth in Cyril, book II of the Moral Apology, chapter 1, which has the title, On the Good of Humility and the Evil of Pride. "The air, swollen up," he says, "with bodily breadth, and clarity of substance, and local sublimity, despising the earth spoke to it, saying: Why dost thou remain a dark point, always downward? why dost thou not sometimes raise thyself up? why dost thou not Mystically, God in holy and religious men, whom he loves exceedingly, consumes any vices whatsoever, and vicious acts and habits, which arise almost from pride, and are in themselves proud and swollen, even to the root, while he multiplies in them efficacious grace, by which he implants, strengthens and amplifies the contrary virtues, which dominate the vices. Whence St. Gregory in the 34th book of the Morals, XVIII: "That this Leviathan might fall in all the things which have been said above, pride alone strikes him down; for he does not think that the branches of vices wither unless this first rots in the root." This is what Ezechiel sang in chapter VII, 10: "Behold the day, behold it cometh: destruction hath gone out, the rod hath flourished, pride hath budded, iniquity hath risen up into a rod of wickedness." See the remarks there.
10:19
19. THE LORD HATH OVERTURNED THE LANDS OF THE GENTILES, AND HATH DESTROYED THEM EVEN TO THE FOUNDATION. He descends from the gentiles to the lands which they inhabited, and says that these same lands were utterly overthrown on account of the pride of their inhabitants. He alludes to the conflagration of Sodom and the Pentapolis by heavenly fire, by which those regions, which were formerly most fertile, became most barren, indeed were converted into the Lake of Asphaltites, and consequently were destitute and empty not only of men, but also of animals, fishes, herbs, and all fruits, as I have shown from Josephus and others in Genesis XIX. The Zurich Bible reads, The Lord hath overturned the places of the gentiles, and hath utterly abolished them from the earth. But this is less correct; for the matter is not about the abolition of the gentiles, but of the lands or regions. Whence in Greek 20. HE HATH DRIED UP THEM AND DESTROYED THEM, AND HATH CAUSED THEIR MEMORY TO CEASE FROM THE EARTH. He hath dried up (thus the Roman and others, but the Complutensian reads ἐξεῖλεν, that is, he took away) them and destroyed them, and hath caused their memory to cease from the earth. Jansenius thus explains it: From them, he says, that is, from those lands which God overturned, he caused men to dry up, so that all perished. But truly the Septuagint hath dried up looks rather to the lands than to men; for it pertains to the preceding verse: "The Lord hath overturned the lands of the gentiles," etc., as if to say, Thus did the Lord overturn the lands of the gentiles, that he dried up some of them utterly, so that they nourish neither man nor any living thing. Whence some translate, he desolated some of them. For the Greek ξηραίνω, that is, I dry, I make arid, pertains to the land; whence ξηρά is called dry land. For he alludes to the burning of Sodom, by which the Pentapolis was so dried up that it appears to have been turned into ashes and cinders, as I have said in Genesis XIX. Whence concerning the inhabitants he adds, "he destroyed them," in Greek αὐτούς, masculine, namely the inhabitants; for in the preceding verse, when he was speaking of lands, he said αὐτάς, feminine. The sense therefore is, as if to say, God dried up some of the lands of the proud, such as the Pentapolis, so that he destroyed the inhabitants of the Pentapolis with all animals and plants from it, and caused their memory to cease, indeed he turned their memory into eternal ignominy and infamy. The Syriac: he destroyed them, and uprooted them, and overthrew them, and blotted out their memory from among men. 21. GOD HATH LOST THE MEMORY OF THE PROUD, AND LEFT THE MEMORY OF THE HUMBLE IN MIND. "In mind," that is in understanding and spirit, namely those who think humbly of themselves in their mind, and humble themselves entirely and prostrate themselves under the mighty hand of God. "Memory" understand as joined with honor and praise, celebrated, illustrious; for this alone the humble and the holy obtain: otherwise giants, Sodomites and other proud men are in memory, but in ignominious and infamous memory. This verse is now wanting in the Greek and Syriac; yet that it once existed is clear from St. Fabian, epistle 2, who cites it. This is what the Psalmist says, Psalm CXI, verse 6: "The just shall be in everlasting memory," as we see happening in the holy Apostles, Confessors, Virgins, Martyrs, whose memory we honor with a feast. Hear the duties of humility, which make kingdoms and kings long-lived and happy, from St. Augustine, book V On the City of God, chapter XXIV: "We call them happy," he says, "if they rule justly, if amid tongues sublimely honoring them and services most humbly saluting them, they are not lifted up, but remember themselves to be men; if they make their power the handmaid of God's worship, chiefly to be enlarged, and of his majesty; if they fear, love, and worship God; if they love more that kingdom where they fear not to have partners, and avenge themselves more slowly, forgive easily; if they exercise the same vengeance for the necessity of ruling and protecting the Republic, not for satisfying the hatreds of enmities; if they grant the same pardon not for the impunity of iniquity, but for the hope of correction; if what they are often forced to decree harshly, they compensate with the gentleness of mercy and the abundance of benefits; if their luxury is so much more restrained as it could be more free; if they prefer to rule over their own wicked desires rather than over any peoples whatsoever."
10:22
22. PRIDE WAS NOT CREATED FOR MEN. The error and excuse of the proud is that they think and say that pride is magnanimity congenital to man, and implanted and inborn in him by nature, both so that he may defend himself against those who attack him, and so that he may aspire to great things; and therefore that humility is a vice of nature tending toward its depression, harm and destruction: wherefore humility among the Gentiles was held in vice and reproach, and therefore was hateful, indeed unknown. Sirach refutes this, saying that pride was not created for men, which first can be understood thus, that is to say: Pride is not congenital and congenital to men, pride is not implanted in men by nature, or given by the Creator, but from elsewhere, namely drawn from the demon, and impressed upon man through sin; pride therefore is not natural to man, but rather a vice of nature; for it had its origin from nature, not sound and whole, but corrupted through vice; for God created Adam upright and humble. Thus Rabanus: "Vices," he says, "are not created in men, but are discovered by the perverse will of a rational mind. For the beginning of pride made men apostatize from God: because his heart departed from him who made him." And St. Antiochus, homily 44: "Pride," he says, "is not congenital to man; for pride is not natural, but the image of the most contumacious demon." Thus also the Gloss, Hugo, Jansenius, Dionysius, Palacius and others. Secondly and more aptly, that is to say: Pride was not created for men, but for beasts and brutes. For nature has implanted in the lion, tiger, leopard, etc., great and proud spirits, because they are beasts: but in man, who is man and human, she has implanted rather modesty, equity, gentleness, and humility. Whence the Syriac version translates: pride is not divided (that is, as a portion assigned) to men, and exaltation of heart to the sons of women, that is to say: Pride is not the part and lot of men, but of beasts or demons, so that those who assume it are bestial; for what in beasts is nature, and implanted with nature, this in men is a vice, and the effect of sin. Hence the animal part of man, in which concupiscence and pride reside, is common to us with beasts and animals, indeed generically the same; but in man it is subject to the rational part, as to a mistress, which beasts lack. Again in the state of innocence it was completely suppressed by original justice, which we lost through sin, and that lost, concupiscence and pride grew again from the animal part: it grew again therefore from sin. If, however, man had been created in the state of pure nature, then concupiscence of pride would have been natural to him, not indeed as some good of nature, but as a defect, and as it were a certain disease of nature, consequent upon the condition of matter. See Bellarmine, book V On the Loss of Grace, chapter XV. Hear also St. Augustine, who in book II On Original Sin, chapter IV, speaking of concupiscence, whose guilt he says is original sin, as is evident from the six preceding chapters, thus says: "Man is compared to beasts through vice, not through nature; not through the vice of a beast, but of nature. For man is of such great excellence in comparison with a beast, that the vice of man is the nature of a beast." The same, book IV Against Julian, chapter V: "But this lust," he says, "is therefore not an evil in beasts, because it does not conflict with reason which they lack;"; and chapter XIV: "Therefore," he says, "in beasts it is not an evil" brought forth or born, from γεννάω, that is, I beget, I bring forth, I produce. Add that in Greek it is γεννήμασι, in the plural, that is, in generations, namely offspring begotten by a woman. He joins anger to pride, as a daughter to a mother, as if to say: Pride, and the anger flowing from it, was not created from the nature of men, nor according to the nature of men, but was brought in by the demon and sin; for men, since they are born from a fragile and weak woman, have rather occasion for great humility and gentleness than for anger and pride. Furthermore Rabanus says: "It is well said," he says, "that anger was not created for the nation of women, because from the softness of mind, which the female sex denotes, the vice of anger arises; which nevertheless is overcome and suppressed by the virtue of constancy." For softness and weakness, because they are unequal to enduring, hence when adversities and sorrows occur, immediately one becomes impatient and angry. But constancy and strength of mind, because they are equal to enduring, hence in adversities one is patient and calm. Yet, when weakness, and a weak woman, and one born of a woman, consider themselves thoroughly, they put aside angers and passions. For it is the part of the powerful to be angry; of the weak and wretched, to groan and to pray. Hear Job, chapter XIV, 1: "Man born of a woman, living a short time, is filled with many miseries. Who goeth forth like a flower, and is destroyed, and fleeth as a shadow, and never continueth in the same state. And dost thou think it meet to open thy eyes upon such a one, and to bring him into judgment with thee?" as if to say: Man overwhelmed on all sides by miseries is the object of mercy, not of judgment and anger: wherefore it is unworthy for him to be proud and angry, but worthy to implore the mercy of God and men. For from a woman, namely from mother Eve, he draws this sea of troubles. Therefore, just as a peacock spreading its tail, and gazing upon its train so adorned with many feathers and eyes, swells with pride; but when it turns its eyes to its deformed feet, it deflates and draws in its train: so you, O man, who are proud in the gifts of mind and body, look upon the feet of your baseness and misery, that from the latter you may learn to humble yourself, from the former to groan and to beseech. A peacock spreads and displays its tail when it has many spectators of its pomp, as Pliny testifies, book XX, chapter XX. You have God and all the Angels as spectators of your baseness equally as of your humility. Therefore exhibit this spectacle pleasing to them.
10:23
23. THE SEED OF MEN SHALL BE HONORED IN THIS, THAT IT FEARETH GOD: BUT THE SEED OF THAT SHALL BE DISHONORED (shall be disgraced), WHICH TRANSGRESSETH THE COMMANDMENTS OF THE LORD. Fittingly he passes from pride to the fear of God, and opposes this to that by antithesis; for just as the beginning of all sin is pride, so the fear of God is the beginning of wisdom, that is, of humility and of all virtue. Moreover, the proud exalt themselves through pride for this end, that they may be honored, lest, if they humble themselves, they be despised. This is the root of pride. Here therefore Sirach teaches the opposite, and thus cuts off the root of evil, namely pride, as if to say: True honor before God and men consists, not in ostentation and display of oneself, but in the fear of God: wherefore he who fears God shall be honored; but those who do not fear God, but proudly transgress the commandments of God, these are despised and confounded, both in this life, and much more in the future; for God humbles the proud and exalts the humble. True glory therefore of man is the fear of God and humility, because through these from a man, nay even from a beast or demon, there is made an Angel, a divine man, and as it were a certain earthly god like to Christ the Son of God, and therefore supremely to be honored. For the fear of God gives to man a divine being, which far surpasses all natural being; wherefore he who fears God is nobler and more exalted not only than any king and prince, but also than any angel, if his angelic nature alone be considered. For he who fears God is a son and heir of God, and shall enjoy Him eternally. This sentence is more copious in the Greek: for thus the Greek and Roman texts have it, what is honored seed? the seed of man. What is honored seed? those who fear the Lord. What is dishonored seed? the seed of man. What is dishonored seed? those who transgress the commandments. But the Complutensian editors thus: seed of security, those who fear the Lord; and honored planting (or precious plant), those who love Him. Seed of ignominy, those who do not heed the law; seed of error, those who transgress the commandments. The Zurich edition: it is honored seed, those who revere the Lord; it is infamous seed, those who violate the precepts. Stable seed (Vatable, faithful or safe) are those who revere the Lord, and honest plant those who love Him. Infamous seed are those who neglect the law, and vain seed (or empty), those who violate the precepts. The Syriac: precious seed (or also burdensome and weighty), which is sown to man; precious seed, he who fears the Lord; precious seed, he who keeps the commandment. Contemptible seed (or also alluring), voluptuous, which is sown to man. Contemptible seed, he who does not do the commandment. All which are magnificent praises of the fear and of those who fear God. From what has been said it is clear that the true honor, dignity and nobility of man consists in the fear of God, so that he is more worthy and nobler in the sight of God and the Angels, who more fears, worships, loves and reveres God. In this nobility noble and illustrious was Noe, whom therefore Scripture thus celebrates in Genesis VI, 9: "These are the generations of Noe: Noe was a just man and perfect in his generations." St. Ambrose gives the reason in the same place, in his book On the Ark and Noe, chapter IV: "Noe," he says, "is praised not by lineage, but by justice; for the lineage of approved men is the offspring of virtue; because just as men are the race of men, so also of souls, virtues are the race." Hence also "he walked with God," as an equal with an equal, a friend with a friend. What nobility could be greater? I have said more on this matter in Genesis VI, 9. Thus also Plato, Cicero, Aristotle constituted true nobility not in blood, but in virtue, as I have shown elsewhere. Hence also the Saints were preferred in honor to kings. Thus Pharao was suppliant to Moses, that he might stop the plagues of Egypt. For God had said to him: "Behold I have made thee a god to Pharao," Exodus chapter VII, 1. Thus Josue, chapter X, commanded not only to the kings of the earth, but also to the heavens, stopping the sun and moon. Thus Achab revered Elias, Joram Eliseus, Jeroboam Ahias, Ezechias Isaias, Nabuchodonosor Jeremias, Darius Daniel, Alexander the High Priest Jaddum, Antiochus Onias, Constantine Antony, Valens Basil, Arcadius Chrysostom, Constantius Athanasius, etc. And who does not know that the holy Apostles, Martyrs, Confessors, Virgins are honored with more than human honor by kings and emperors? 24. IN THE MIDST OF HIS BRETHREN A RULER OF THEM IN HONOR: AND THEY THAT FEAR THE LORD, SHALL BE IN HIS EYES. Not of the ruler, that is to say, the ruler shall have special care of those who fear the Lord, as Dionysius and Palacius explain, but of the Lord. Again he repeats in honor, that is to say, Just as the firstborn is in honor among the brethren, as it were the head and ruler of the rest; likewise as he is honored by the assembly or congregation unanimously like a ruler or superior of brethren living together, as the vicar of God, representing the divine majesty governing the world, according to that: "I have said, You are gods," Psalm LXXXI, 6: so likewise, nay rather more, in honor are in the eyes of God, that is before God, those who fear the Lord. For he compares those who fear the Lord with the ruler, in that just as this one is honored by his subjects who are men, so that one is honored by God. By which he signifies that the fear of God is a greater honor than rulership, because this fear makes those who fear God more honored than rulership: for the highest honor is to be honored before God, nay rather by God. That this is the meaning is evident from the following antitheses, by which in like manner he compares with other things, and prefers to them the fear of God; and from the version of the Syriac, which has it thus, among brethren the elder is honorable; and he who fears the Lord is honorable before him; and the Zurich version, which has it thus, among brethren he who presides over them excels in honor: but before him who reveres the Lord. Hear what St. Augustine decrees concerning the ruler and the ruling superior in epistle 109, where he prescribes a rule of life to the holy women: "Let obedience be rendered to the superior as to a mother, with honor preserved, lest God be offended in her; much more to the priest who has the care of all of you." And soon after: "But let her not consider herself happy by dominating power, but by serving charity. Let her be preferred to you in honor before men, let her be subject at your feet before God. Toward all let her show herself an example of good works; let her correct the restless, console the fainthearted, receive the weak, let her be patient toward all, let her willingly have discipline, let her impose it with fear. And although both are necessary, yet let her desire to be loved by you more than feared, always thinking that she will render an account to God for you. Whence by obeying, have mercy not only on yourselves, but also on her, who among you, the higher her place, the greater her danger." And a little before: "But when the necessity of discipline compels you to speak harsh words to the younger to be corrected, if you also perceive in yourselves that you have exceeded the measure in them, it is not required of you that you ask pardon from them, lest the authority of ruling be broken among those who ought to be subject, while excessive humility is observed; but nevertheless pardon must be sought from the Lord of all, who knows also those whom you perhaps correct more than is just, with how much benevolence you love." After this verse the Complutensian editors add another, namely: πρὸ λήξεως, ἀρχή, φόβος Κυρίου, ἐκβολὴ δὲ ἀρχῆς σκληρυσμὸς καὶ ὑπερηφανία, that is, before the end, beginning, fear of the Lord; but the casting down of rule, hardness and pride. Or, as the Zurich version translates more clearly, which for ἀρχῇ reads ἀρχῆς, lest the empire fail, the religion of the Lord stands in the way; but hardness and pride lose the empire, that is to say, Pious princes by their piety and religion confirm and perpetuate their empire (as we see promised and granted to the Austrian house); but the impious and proud by their impiety and pride shorten and destroy it. Learned men probably suspect that for πρὸ λήξεως should be read προλήψεως; whence they thus translate, the beginning of the amplification of rule is the fear of the Lord, but the casting out of rule is hardness and pride, that is to say, The fear of the Lord is the cause of the amplification of rule; on the other hand hardness and pride is the cause why a prince is cast out from his rule.
10:25
25. THE GLORY OF THE RICH, THE HONORED, AND THE POOR, IS THE FEAR OF GOD. For glory in Greek is, καύχημα, that is glorying. The sense therefore is, that is to say, Both the rich and the poor, both the honored and the common man ought to glory, not in riches, nor in the art in which anyone excels, but in the fear of God: for if this be present, it supplies and provides all things; if it be absent, all other things are in vain. Whence the Zurich version translates, the honor both of the rich and honored, and of the poor is, the religion of the Lord; the Syriac, the stranger and foreigner who is poor, and distressed in himself, his glory is in the fear of God, that is to say, Let not the stranger and poor cast down his spirit, nor be distressed on account of his poverty, and that he dwells abroad; but rather let him glory that he fears God: for the fear of God will reconcile God to him, who will provide him with sufficient resources, protection and direction through whatever nations and ways. He alludes to Jeremiah IX, 23: "Let not the wise man glory in his wisdom, and let not the strong man glory in his strength, and let not the rich man glory in his riches: but let him that glorieth glory in this, that he understandeth and knoweth me." See the things said there.
10:26
26. DO NOT DESPISE A POOR JUST MAN, AND DO NOT MAGNIFY A RICH SINFUL MAN. Do not despise (correct with the Roman texts, do not despise). In Greek, just as it is not right to afflict a prudent poor man with ignominy, so it is not fitting that a wicked rich man be honored. He draws out this sentiment as a conclusion from the preceding: "The glory of the rich, of the honored, and of the poor, is the fear of God;" for from this it follows that those who are endowed with the fear of God, and therefore are just, ought to be honored, even if they are poor; but those who lack it ought not to be magnified, even if they are rich: for just as true honor is not made by wealth, but by justice and virtue, so contempt and disgrace is not made by poverty, but by iniquity. Alluding to this, St. James in chapter II, verse 3, severely attacks the acceptance of persons, by which the rich is preferred to the poor. For if you say to the rich man, he says: "Thou sit here well; but to the poor man say: Thou stand there, or sit under my footstool; do you not judge within yourselves, and become judges of unjust thoughts?" See the remarks there. Most excellently St. Paulinus, in his letter to Alethius, who was the husband of Ruffina, the daughter of St. Paula, and when she died, despising the riches and the world, he dedicated himself entirely to God: "See," he says, "the reason, you will easily judge that the poor are despised by our judgment with a crime of parricide, whom we see in no way separated from us by the work of God. For how shall we exclude from our modest dwellings those whom God has shut up with us in the one house of this world? How shall we disdain to make partakers in the use of earthly possession those whom we also have as sharers in the one unity of divine origin?" And praising above his voluntary evangelical poverty, which Paulinus himself also professed: "To you," he says, "brother in Christ of one mind, to whom under this penalty is fear, and with that seat is community, whose mouth is full of blessing, whose riches are the breasts of the poor, whose house is the hospitality of Christ, who do not allow a beggar to lie before your door while you feast, but on the contrary gladly bring him into your roof, either to feast with you, or even to be satisfied while you fast. To you blessed is poverty from sins, and blessed in virtues are riches. You will rightly be numbered among those poor, whose is the kingdom of heaven; and among those rich, whose possession is a firm city; because you are rich in the spirit of God, and poor in your own." And St. Chrysostom, homily 18 on the epistle to the Hebrews: "Nothing," he says, "is more opulent than he who willingly loves poverty and receives it cheerfully." For faith and piety begin riches for the faithful, as St. Augustine teaches, book I of the City of God, chapter X. On the other hand, Epictetus in Stobaeus, discourse 2: "Just as," he says, "looking upon a viper or an asp in an ivory and golden casket, you do not love it or regard it as great on account of the value of the material, as if they were happy animals, but rather on account of the deadly force of their nature you abhor and detest it: so also seeing malice to be inherent in riches and the pride of fortune, do not be amazed at the splendor of the material, but despise the depravity of morals."
10:27
27. GREAT, AND JUDGE, AND MIGHTY IS HE IN HONOR: AND THERE IS NONE GREATER THAN HE WHO FEARS GOD. "And," that is and, namely, as if to say, Great men, judges and mighty men are in honor, and great among men; but they are not greater than he who fears God, because the fear of God has placed itself above all things, as we shall hear in chapter XXV, 14. Whence the Greek texts have μεγιστᾶνες, that is, great men, judges and rulers will be honored, and there is none of them greater than he who fears the Lord. Some read in the singular μεγιστάν, which our Interpreter is accustomed to render as great. Whence Cardinal Sirletus, as testified by Francis Lucas in the Notes to this passage, thought that for great should be read mighty. Moreover, there is here a varied reading in the Latin codices. For most read, great is the day, and judge, and mighty in honor; but for is should be read and: thus the Roman codices read it, and this is required by the Greek and Syriac texts. Whence the Zurich version renders it, let the chief men, rulers and mighty men flourish in honors; yet none of them who reveres the Lord is greater.
10:28
28. A WISE SERVANT SHALL RULE OVER FOOLISH CHILDREN: AND SHALL DIVIDE THE INHERITANCE AMONG THE BRETHREN. AND THE FOOL SHALL NOT BE HONORED. This sentence is threefold in Latin, but in Greek, as is customary, it is twofold; for the third member is lacking in it, just as also in Syriac, which has it thus: a wise servant shall rule over the foolish, and a wise man when corrected shall not rage. Wherefore Jansenius, in his manner, thinks the third member was added by the Latin Interpreter for the sake of explanation. But thus it would not have the canonical authority of Holy Scripture, which is repugnant to the Council of Trent, sess. IV, especially because that member has its own proper sense, indeed an antithesis with the two preceding members: wherefore it cannot be said to have been added for the sake of explanation. Thus therefore I connect, apply and explain these three members among themselves. Sense, that is, prudence and wisdom, is so excellent a gift that it makes not only free men but also masters and rulers, so that free men, that is, men of liberty, serve him, indeed serve and obey gladly: wherefore also when they are corrected by him, they will not take it ill: because "a wise man and one under discipline shall not murmur when corrected," in Greek παιδευόμενος, that is, when he is instructed, educated, reproved, corrected; but rather he will give thanks to the one correcting him sensibly, because he has opened, corrected and cleansed this blemish and mark, not adhering to his garment or face, but to his morals and soul, and troubling it. The third member follows: "and the fool shall not be honored." He calls the unlearned or ignorant one imprudent, undisciplined, senseless, who is unworthy of honor, that is, of an honored office. For he opposes him to the wise servant, to whom free men serve, as if to say: The sensible one, even if he be a servant, is worthy to rule others, and to whom others should serve: but the senseless one, even if he be rich and noble, is unworthy to rule others, since he himself rather, like a blind man, ought to be ruled and led. Thus Palacius. Whence the Zurich version translates: Neither shall the inexperienced be honored with offices. Secondly, Lyra connects this third member with the second, as if it were its antithesis, as if to say: A wise man, and therefore worthy of praise and honor, is one who when corrected does not murmur, but corrects his error; but the ignorant and imprudent one, who does not bear to be admonished and corrected, even while acting badly, is unworthy of honor; whence he is not honored, but as foolish and arrogant is wont to be despised and contemned. In the first member he alludes to Proverbs X, 14: "The wise son shall be glad with a father: but the foolish man shall despise his mother." For this is the same in reality with that: "A wise servant shall rule over foolish" less wise ones, and therefore imprudent ones, "shall serve." Seneca gives the reason, lib. III De Benefic.: "If anyone thinks, he says, that slavery descends wholly into a man, he is deceived; the better part of him is excepted: bodies are subject and bound to masters: but the mind indeed is its own master." Again, he who serves well is worthy to rule; and therefore to serve well is an excellent disposition for ruling well. Whence Plato, and from him Plutarch in the precepts of governing the state: "Those who have not served before, he says, cannot rule rightly;" and Aristotle, lib. VII Politic.: "It is necessary, he says, that the future prince should have been subject." For, as St. Augustine says, lib. XIX De Civitate, cap. XV: "As humility profits those serving, so pride harms those ruling." Whence for the faithful and holy, servitude is free, indeed liberty: for, as he himself says in Psalm XCIX: "Free servitude is with the Lord, where not necessity but charity serves. Let charity make you a servant, because truth has made you free." Thus also Ambrosiaster in that passage I Cor. VII, 22: "He that in the Lord is called a servant, is the freeman of the Lord;" for freed from sins, he says, which truly prove slaves, he becomes free. For he is altogether a servant who acts imprudently; just as it pleased the ancients, who called all wise men free, imprudent ones slaves. Whence Solomon: "A wise servant, he says, shall rule over foolish children." Wherefore Diogenes, as Laertius testifies lib. VI, captured in war and sold into slavery, when he heard from his master: "See that you obey my commands;" answered, ἄνω ποταμῶν, that is, upstream. If you had bought a physician when sick, would you not obey him? much more it befits a man sick in soul to listen to a servant skilled in philosophy," as if to say: For a wise man, such as I am, to serve a foolish man, such as you are, is a preposterous thing, and against nature, just as if someone were to contend against the course of a river. The same Diogenes, when asked by the auctioneer under what title he wished to be sold, answered: "I know how to rule over free men;" because, as Sirach says, "a wise servant shall rule over foolish children." For τὸ free here does not signify sons, but those enjoying liberty: for these in Greek are called ἐλεύθεροι. Thus Joseph, sold into servitude by his brothers on account of his wisdom and foreknowledge of future things, served free Egypt. Hence also the ancients, if they had obtained a slave abounding in wisdom and prudence, would place him over their sons and the whole household, and indeed, if sons were lacking, they would adopt him and institute him as heir. Which the Turks still do, as I said above, according to that of Prov. XVII, verse 2: "A wise servant shall rule over foolish sons, and shall divide the inheritance among brothers." Thus Daniel, on account of his wisdom, although a captive and servant, together with three companions, Hananiah, Azariah and Mishael, was appointed by Darius and Nebuchadnezzar over all the provinces of Babylon, Daniel II, 49. Here that saying of Horace, lib. I, epist. 1, is true: In short, a wise man is but one degree below Jupiter: rich, free, honored, handsome, in short a king of kings. Thus Servius Tullius, born of a slave mother, namely Ocrisia, the handmaid of Tanaquil the queen, wife of Tarquinius Priscus, was made king of the Romans and succeeded Tarquinius in the kingdom, as Pliny testifies, lib. XXXV, cap. XVII, who recounts many Romans who were slaves and were granted freedom, who rose to rule and great dignities, such as Chrysogonus of Sulla, Amphio of Q. Catulus, Hero of L. Lucullus, Demetrius of Pompey, Hipparchus of M. Antonius. Such also was Pallas under the Emperor Claudius, and his brother Felix, created from slavery prefect of Syria, before whom St. Paul, accused by the Jews, pleaded his case, Acts XXIV, 3. In these matters the proverb has place: "From the oar to the kingdom, from the hair (for slaves wore their hair long) to the crown, from the fork to the scepter;" for slaves wore a fork on their neck, whence they were called fork-bearers. Diogenes, as Laertius testifies, lib. VI, when bought by Xeniades and served him, and his friends were concerned about freeing him: "By no means," said he; "do you not know that lions do not serve those who feed them, but rather those who feed them serve the lions? for a lion, wherever he is, is always a lion." Most excellently St. Augustine, lib. IV De Civit. cap. III: "A good man," he says, "even if he serves, is free: but a bad man, even if he reigns, is a slave, not of one man, but, what is more serious, of as many masters as he has vices." See the same in Psal. LXXXIV and LXXXIX, and St. Ambrose, lib. III, epist. 7 to Simplicius: "Joseph," he says, "was sold into servitude and was chosen for power, so that he might rule over those who bought him. Whence the Psalmist beautifully says, Psal. CIV: Joseph was sold as a slave, they humbled his feet in fetters, not his soul. For how was his soul humbled, of which it is said: Iron passed through his soul? For while the sin of others passes through their souls (for iron is sin, which is penetrating), the soul of the saint did not yield to sin, so that rather sin itself penetrated it. He was sold as a slave, not made a slave. How is he a slave here, who instructed the princes of the people in that distribution of grain? or how a slave, who acquired the whole land and reduced the entire people of the Egyptians into servitude? Finally, many free men, as it is written, serve a wise servant; and there is a wise servant who rules foolish masters. Wisdom alone is free, which places the poor over the rich, and by which slaves lend to their own masters. The reason therefore a priori why "free men serve a sensible slave" is that it is the part of the sensible and wise to rule, and of the senseless and foolish to be ruled. If therefore a slave be sensible, a master senseless, it is surely altogether fitting and just that he rule, that he be ruled. Secondly, this member signifies that it is the part of a wise man to admit readily and willingly those who admonish him, and admonition, instruction, correction. For he knows that no one is so wise as to be wise in all things, to err nowhere, to know all things; and especially he knows that each man in his own affairs is easily deceived and blinded by self-love, and therefore outsiders judge better of us than we do of ourselves. Whence Palacius: If you are justly reproved, he says, give thanks; if unjustly, praise the good intention of the reprover; the bad, either laugh at or endure. Thus St. Peter, although superior, when corrected by St. Paul, did not murmur, but modestly acquiesced, as I have shown on Galatians II, 11. The same, reproved by Christ and called Satan, and charged with being of little faith, he humbly bore, Matthew XVI, 23 and XIV, 31. He alludes to Proverbs IX, 8: "Rebuke not a scorner, lest he hate thee; rebuke a wise man, and he will love thee;" because, as Hugo says there, "in this is anyone wise, if he acknowledges his own foolishness." Whence St. Bernard says: "Lord, thou knowest my foolishness, namely because I myself know it too." The saying of Proverbs XV, 32 is to be noted: "He that rejecteth discipline, despiseth his own soul; but he that yieldeth to reproof, possesseth understanding;" and chapter XXIX, 1: "A man that is often reproved, and hardeneth his neck, shall suddenly be destroyed without remedy;" and verse 15: "The rod and reproof give wisdom." Wherefore St. Augustine writes thus in epistle 19 to St. Jerome: "I repeatedly beg that you correct me confidently, wherever you perceive this to be necessary for me. For although the episcopate is greater than the priesthood (for St. Augustine was a Bishop, but St. Jerome a priest), yet in many things Augustine is inferior to Jerome; and indeed correction is not to be refused or disdained even from any inferior." In this matter St. Charles Borromaeus gave a memorable example, who marvellously desired that anyone should admonish and correct him of his defects, saying that this was among his wishes and that he received a great benefit from the admonisher. For this reason he maintained in his household two grave priests, to whom he had given this office, that they should watch over all his actions, and wherever he erred, should admonish him freely and faithfully. Thus it is in his Life, book VIII, chapter XVI. That saying of Hesiod is famous: He who foresees all things by himself is best; Next to him is he who obeys one who counsels rightly; But he who neither is wise himself, nor heeds one counseling rightly, Him envious nature hath denied a mind, wretched one. And that of Philo, that the young and inexperienced ought to imitate the heavens. For just as these, because they are devoid of reason, are ruled by an attending intelligence, and move in most orderly fashion: so likewise ought they to be ruled and guided by the old and experienced. He makes, to lend not money, but understanding.
10:29
29. DO NOT EXALT YOURSELF IN DOING YOUR WORK, AND DO NOT DELAY IN TIME OF DISTRESS. In Greek, μὴ σοφίζου ποιῆσαι τὸ ἔργον σου, καὶ μὴ δοξάζου ἐν καιρῷ στενοχωρίας σου. Which is variously translated by various interpreters. First, the Complutensian Interpreter thus: do not wish to appear wise in doing your work, and do not exalt yourself in time of your distress; others, but display the art of the work which you do, and do not boast in time of your distress, or be glorious. Second, Vatable: do not craftily or fraudulently do your work, nor in time of difficulty seek glory. Third, and more genuinely Roman: do not delay by making excuses in doing your work, and do not exalt yourself in time of your distress; the Syriac: do not be sluggish in doing your work, and do not become troublesome in time of your want, that is to say, be diligent in working, lest, if you are sluggish, you fall into want, and are forced to beg and be troublesome to others. The Zurich version clearly and properly: Do not make excuses so that you do not do your work, nor be ashamed of it through pride in time of difficulty. Our Interpreter meant the same thing, who nevertheless read δοξάζου in the first place, whence he translated exalt; σοφίζου in the second place, whence he translated delay: for σοφίζομαι signifies three things. First, to be wise, and to wish to appear wise, and to display one's wisdom or art; which the Complutensian followed. Second, to act sophistically, that is craftily or fraudulently: which the Roman, Syriac and Zurich versions follow. The sense therefore is, as if to say, Do not exalt yourself and glory in your nobility, lineage, dignity, status, as if it were unworthy to labor with your hands, nor put forward these sophistical excuses for your idleness, so that in the day of distress and want you delay and are slow to labor and to provide for your own and your family's necessity: because your glorying is vain, and will not satisfy your belly, but will fill your mind with vanity and pride. Whence follows: "For it is better," etc., as the Greek texts have it. Cyril represents this maxim with an apt allegory of a reed contending with a sugar cane, in book II of his Apologies, chapter XIV, which has the title, Against those who, having quickly attained ill-gotten height, glory while despising the humble: "A reed, he says, arising beside a honey cane, soon surpassing it in height, swelling with altitude: O honey cane, how much time do you have? To which that one replied: Two years of life. Then the reed itself, rejoicing that it had more quickly seized great height, and despising the humble one, soon said with great arrogance: Well done to nature, which made me surpass you in a year. To this the honey cane, showing the confusion of the foolish one, said: You are rightly a reed, dry in sense, and agitated by every blast of emptiness. Do you not notice that, in order to grow more quickly, you gave everything to height and nothing to depth? From which it appears that you are empty within and swollen without, unfruitful: indeed, sublime trees are for the most part seen to be unfruitful; and those which germinate in greatness quickly dry up." Then he proves the same thing by examples of a hen, honey, dust, mountains and valleys: "A small hen lays eggs every day, but a great ostrich only once a year. The firmness of my humility protects me from the tempest of winds, but your height is to you a tempest; for everything the more sublime it is, the more changeable it is. Why therefore do you glory in height that is stormy and empty? and foolishly do you confound me, full of honey and founded in stable brevity? For dust, the more it is raised up, the more it is scattered; and smoke, the more it is lifted up, the more it is annulled; vapor also, when high, is consumed by heat, and when condensed into dew becomes most sweet. Mountains in the air are often wrapped in the mist of clouds, and earthly valleys are enriched by inundating streams. Therefore incomparably better is the smallness of one full of humility than swift sublimity emptied of all good. Having heard these things, the reed blushed." Then he proves the same thing by examples of a hen, honey, dust, mountains and valleys: "A small hen lays eggs every day, but a great ostrich only once a year. The firmness of my humility protects me from the tempest of winds, but your height is to you a tempest; for everything the more sublime it is, the more changeable it is. Why therefore do you glory in height that is stormy and empty? and foolishly do you confound me, full of honey and founded in stable brevity? For dust, the more it is raised up, the more it is scattered; and smoke, the more it is lifted up, the more it is annulled; vapor also, when high, is consumed by heat, and when condensed into dew becomes most sweet. Mountains in the air are often wrapped in the mist of clouds, and earthly valleys are enriched by inundating streams. Therefore incomparably better is the smallness of one full of humility than swift sublimity emptied of all good. Having heard these things, the reed blushed." Otherwise Rabanus: "He forbids, he says, that anyone boast on account of good works, because all arrogance is an abomination before God; and that no one cease from good works in adversities, because tribulation works patience, and patience works proof, and proof works hope: and hope does not confound." So also Lyra: "Do not, he says, exalt yourself, because whatever good you have is entirely from God."
10:30
30. BETTER IS HE WHO WORKS AND ABOUNDS IN ALL THINGS, THAN HE WHO GLORIES AND LACKS BREAD. The Greek texts add "for," giving the reason for the preceding verse. Some Greek texts express it more significantly: "than the glorious one walking about and lacking bread." For these glorious ones are accustomed to walk about splendidly and magnificently in idleness, so as to display their splendor, or rather their pride, while meanwhile their belly growls with hunger. "Better," that is, more excellent, wiser, richer, fuller in belly, happier in mind. The Syriac: Better is the man who works and abounds in riches, than he who makes himself important and lacks food. This is related to that saying of the Comic poet: "It is better to be rich and popular, than noble and a beggar." He alludes to, indeed cites, Proverbs XII, 9: "Better is the poor man and self-sufficient, than the glorious one and lacking bread," because the poor man through humility and labor procures for himself food and clothing; but the glorious one through sloth and pride defrauds himself of both, and permits himself to be consumed by hunger, sorrow and shame. Man was born to labor, as Job says in chapter V, 7: let him not therefore flee from labor congenital to him. Blessed are they who shall eat the labors of their hands, Psalm CXXVII, 2, not those who sit idle. Hence conclude that better is the farmer and mechanic, who by his labor makes it so that he does not lack, than the noble and splendid man, whose splendor is obscured by pallid hunger. Thus Palacius. Tropologically, better and wiser is he who in this life labors in good works: whence a certain hope of reward remains for him, than he who consumes his days in vanity, and becomes deprived of that bread which
10:31
31. SON, IN MEEKNESS PRESERVE (The Greek is, δόξασον, that is, honor, glorify) YOUR SOUL, AND GIVE IT HONOR ACCORDING TO ITS MERIT. — That is to say, Give it the honor which it deserves, Greek, κατά τὴν ἀξίαν αὐτῆς, that is, according to its dignity, or for its dignity; Vatable: Son, through meekness secure the glory of your soul, and affect it with the honor which it deserves; Syriac: My son, in piety honor your soul, and give it gentleness, according to what is necessary for it, that is to say, Treat your soul gently and mildly, thus both with yourself and with others you will profit more. Whence wise and pious men teach that a man ought not to be angry with his own soul when it falls into some defects; but rather to correct and instruct it gently and mildly, and to direct it rather than to reprove it: for this gentle correction will penetrate it more than sharp reproof and move it to amendment. Now this sentence of Sirach can first be taken plainly and simply, as it sounds, that is to say, Strive for meekness; for this secures honor for you, this is the ornament and glory of your soul, because in it consists the peace and rest of the soul, as much as holiness. Palacius divides this meaning into three parts: The first, he says, agrees with the preceding and following verses, that is to say, Son, if you are poor, keep yourself meek, not angry or blasphemous. For anger casts a man down from the rank of man: do not therefore cast yourself down, but you will preserve yourself in the dignity of man. But if you work something from anger, you will sin against your soul by defrauding it of necessities. If you have brought this evil upon yourself, who will avert it? If you thus affect yourself with dishonor, who will honor you? The second meaning: "Keep yourself, son, tranquil and undisturbed. For since your soul is more exalted than other things, it is unworthy for you to be disturbed or defiled by them. But if you disturb or defile yourself, who will consider you just?" The third is: "In your patience you shall possess your souls. Therefore the impatient one loses himself. He therefore does not give honor to his soul. But if you bring insult upon yourself, taking yourself away from yourself, from whom do you wish to be honored?" Thus Palacius. Again, honor due to the soul is that it should rule the body and senses as a queen rules subjects and handmaids. For, as Aristotle says in Politics I: "The soul naturally rules the body, as a master rules a slave; when this rule stands firm, all things go well." And Plato in Stobaeus, discourse 21: "Those things which rule," he says, "are always to be honored before those things which serve. Wherefore rightly after the ruling gods, and those who follow them, I command that our soul be cultivated, and held in the second place. But no one rightly honors his own soul unless he, having put to flight vices, cultivates piety and justice." For he who serves vices dishonors it, and makes it like to brutes, or rather to demons. Moreover St. Fabian, epistle 2, reads thus: "Son, in meekness preserve your soul, and give it honor, to whom honor is due." And from this he proves that superiors are to be honored, but not reproved by subjects: for, as St. Bernard says in sermon 85 on the Canticles: "Modesty of mind proves a man wise, constancy shows a man of virtue." Secondly Rabanus: "In meekness," he says, "he preserves his soul, who through humility exercises works of piety; and he gives it honor according to its merit, who consoles himself with the hope of future reward for the study of just labor: because God will render to each according to his works." And Lyran: "Preserve," he says, "in meekness, that is, in moderation and security of virtues, your soul," subjecting to it the flesh and the sensitive appetite. Thirdly, Jansenius shrewdly and aptly grasps these words, so that he may connect them with the preceding and following passages, and he restricts and tightens them to the study of laboring, so that by this labor one may prepare sustenance for himself, as if he were cutting down by contrary humility the root of idleness, namely pride, and the impatience born from it, and the gentleness born from humility; as if to say: Do not become impatient in laboring on account of the trouble and difficulty of labor, and therefore lazy and slow; but humbly and gently undertake and embrace all labor, because through it you will glorify your soul, giving it honor, that is, sustenance and nourishment, which is owed to it according to its dignity. For honor in Scripture often signifies nourishment, as when it is said: "Honor thy father and mother," honor, that is, cherish, obey, and nourish, if they are in need. And: "Let the priests that rule well be counted worthy of double honor (that is, double stipend)," I Timothy v, 17. For many are unwilling to labor, because they think labor unworthy of themselves and their dignity. This Sirach refutes, saying that labor is the honor and glory of the soul, and fitting, indeed owed to its dignity; because through labor the life of the soul in the body is sustained, so that it may live, be clothed and conduct itself decently: all which things are cut down by idleness, which makes a man lack all things, and waste away with hunger, so that the soul in the body perishes and dies, which is the utmost indignity of the soul, equally an injury and calamity. 32. HE THAT SINNETH AGAINST HIS OWN SOUL, WHO SHALL JUSTIFY HIM? AND WHO SHALL HONOR HIM THAT DISHONORETH HIS OWN LIFE? — In Greek ζωήν αὐτοῦ, that is, his life. First, according to the first sense given in the preceding verse, the sense is, as if to say: Keep your soul in gentleness, so that with anger and other passions of the mind now calmed you may rule, in which, as I have said, the honor and beauty of your soul consists. For if through pride, anger, envy, impatience, etc., you sin against your soul, who will be able to justify you, that is, pronounce you just, or justly excuse you from fault? Again, who will deem you worthy of honor, when you thus dishonor and defile your soul through vices? Whence the Zurich version translates: "Keep your soul in gentleness, and give it honor according to its merit." COMMENTARY ON ECCLESIASTICUS, CHAPTER X. he who sins against his own soul? or who honors him whose life is infamous? For as many sins as he commits, so many disgraces he casts upon his soul and life. The Syriac: My son, him who condemns his own soul, who shall justify? or who honors him who makes his soul contemptible? Whence Rabanus: "He dishonors," he says, "his soul, who pollutes it with sins; and who gives him the merit of justice, whom it is clear has neglect of his own salvation? For we all must stand before the tribunal of Christ, that each may report his own deeds of the body, as he has done, whether good or evil." Secondly, according to the second sense given in the preceding verse, as if to say: The lazy and idle man, who by laboring is unwilling to prepare sustenance for himself, sins against his soul, because he exposes it to the danger of hunger and death: who therefore will be able to justify or excuse him? Again, the same man dishonors his soul through sloth, idleness and pride; who therefore will deem him worthy of honor? as if to say: The proud and vainglorious man through proud idleness, by which he rejects the labor of his hands as unworthy of himself, seeks honor and glory. But he errs; for since he himself through pride and idleness dishonors his soul, indeed allows it to waste away with hunger, who can justly honor him, or deem him worthy of honor?
10:33
33. THE POOR MAN GLORIETH BY HIS DISCIPLINE AND HIS FEAR, AND THERE IS A MAN WHO IS HONORED FOR HIS SUBSTANCE. — For "glorieth" and "is honored," the Greek is the same verb δοξάζεται, that is, is honored, is affected with honor and glory, as if to say: The poor man is honored on account of the discipline of his morals and the fear of God, but the rich man is honored on account of his riches and substance. Therefore the honor of the poor man is superior to that of the rich man, and by so much the more as the fear of God is superior to all the riches of the world. Let not therefore the poor man be sad because, lacking riches, he likewise lacks worldly honor, since he possesses greater honor and of a higher order, namely divine honor arising from the fear of God; conversely, let not the rich man be proud because he is honored on account of riches, since this honor is meager if compared to the honor which the fear of God produces. Whence the Zurich version: The poor man through his knowledge (practical, which consists in acting well and living justly) and piety obtains glory, and the rich man is in honor on account of riches; the Syriac: There is a poor man who is honored on account of his wisdom, and there is a rich man who is held in honor on account of his riches. Excellently Gregory of Nazianzus in the Tetrastichs: Nothing is more secure for a man lacking riches: He holds his hopes wholly fixed in God. Poverty honestly borne is better than goods wickedly gained. Scarcely ever did harsh hunger overcome anyone, But certain death is the lot of wicked men. The same, in the poem On Beatitude: Blessed is he who buys Christ with all his fortunes; Blessed is he who has given his whole heart to God. The same, in the tract On the Paths of Life: But nothing here is firm, Christ foresaw, so that there might be, Whereby my steadfast heart might be touched by thy love. Contrary is the judgment of the world and of worldly men, who place happiness in the abundance of things, unhappiness in want; whence they esteem each man by how many riches he has, according to the saying which St. Augustine cites in the book On Christian Doctrine: "As much as thou shalt have, so much shalt thou be." And that of Juvenal, Satires 3: As much as each man keeps of money in his chest, So much credit and faith he has. And that once celebrated: χρήματα ἀνήρ, money is the man. Whence also Horace, book III Satires, satire 2: For all things obey riches; he who shall have built them up, He shall be renowned, strong, just, wise, even a king. And Menander: Epicharmus indeed says the gods are winds, sun, earth, water, fire, stars: But I think the useful gods are Our silver and gold. For if thou shalt place them in a house, Ask whatever thou wishest, thou shalt obtain all things. But the Philosophers have judged more wisely, who equated poverty with riches, nay even preferred it, as an instrument of wisdom and virtue. Whence Crates cast away gold, that he might philosophize more securely; Arcesilaus said that poverty was the mother of frugality, continence, modesty, and thus the gymnasium of all virtue. Diogenes used to say that it teaches all things, and that virtue is that which is discerned through itself, since the wealthy lack many precepts in order to live temperately, to maintain modesty, to exercise the body, etc. Thus Stobaeus, sermon 95. 34. BUT HE THAT GLORIETH IN POVERTY, HOW MUCH MORE IN SUBSTANCE? AND HE THAT GLORIETH IN SUBSTANCE, LET HIM FEAR POVERTY. — This verse again serves to console the depression of mind of the poor, and to check the arrogance of the rich, as if to say: The honor of the poor man is solid, because it is situated in solid fear of God, and therefore it can easily grow and increase when riches are added to him. For God often enriches those who fear Him; wherefore then honor will accrue to him by a double title, namely, by the title of fear of God, and by the title of wealth. For just as a beautiful image becomes more beautiful if it is surrounded by a golden border: so also virtue, beautiful in itself, becomes more beautiful if it is honored by riches: wherefore then a twofold grace and honor accrue to the man, as it happened to Daniel, when he was set over Babylon on account of his virtue and wisdom, honored by the king and all the princes, Dan. II, 48. But the rich man lacking fear of God, nay, devoted to arrogance and luxury, lacks true honor, and possesses only vain honor, which is situated in abundance of riches; for it is plain that it is vain, from the fact that a rich man can easily become poor, as we see happening daily; wherefore then he will be deprived of all honor, even the vain honor which was situated in riches. COMMENTARY ON ECCLESIASTICUS, CAP. X. He alludes to that passage in Ecclesiastes VII, 12: "Wisdom is more profitable than riches, and is more useful to those who see the sun. For as wisdom protects, so also does money protect. But learning and wisdom have this advantage over it, that they give life to their possessor." This sense is required by the Greek, which reads thus: He who is honored while poor, how much more honored would he be if he were rich? and he who is disgraced in riches, how much more would he be in poverty? Thus the Zurich edition. The Syriac: He who is honored in poverty, in his riches how much more? and he who is contemptible (or given to pleasure and luxury) in his poverty, in his riches how much more? Which words suggest another sense, as if to say: The poor man, if he fear God, is honored in his poverty: the same man, if he become rich, will be honored more. But the poor man who does not fear God, nay, squanders his substance in serving lust and the belly, is dishonored in his poverty, and will be much more dishonored if he become rich; because through riches he will become more intemperate, more insolent, more proud, and thus will bring upon himself greater hatred and reproach. The Complutensian edition has only: He who is honored, or glorified, in poverty, how much more in substance? The poor are therefore consoled by these words, by which Tobias consoled himself and his son, saying in cap. IV, vers. 23: "Fear not, my son; we lead a poor life indeed, but we shall have many good things, if we fear God, and depart from all sin, and do well." And by those of St. James cap. II, 5: "Hath not God chosen the poor in this world, rich in faith, and heirs of the kingdom which God hath promised to them that love Him?" And by those of Christ: "The poor have the gospel preached to them." And: "Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven," Matt. v, 3. And by those of David concerning Christ: "I am poor and in labors from my youth," Psal. LXXXVII, 16. "For the foxes have holes, and the birds of the air have nests; but the Son of Man hath not where to lay His head," Matt. cap. VIII, 20. Most excellently St. Leo, serm. 4 in Quadrages.: "Christian poverty," he says, "is always rich, because it has more than it lacks; nor does it fear to labor in want in this world, to which it has been given to possess all things in the Lord of all things." And Salvian of Marseilles: "Concerning those," he says, "who, freed from all burdens, follow the way of the Savior, and imitate the Lord Jesus Christ, not only in holiness but also in poverty, there is nothing that can be said, except only that which the Prophet also said: But to me Thy friends are become exceedingly honorable, O God. But you I honor in no other way than as imitators of Christ, I revere in no other way than as images of God, I receive in no other way than as members of Christ." And these, though they are rich in possession, are poor in will, can glory both in substance and in poverty; nay, this is the highest glory, to rule over riches through contempt, as did Alethius the son-in-law of St. Paula, as I said in vers. 26; likewise Pammachius his son-in-law— ner, whose glory therefore St. Jerome celebrates thus in epistle 26 to Pammachius: "It is no small thing for a man noble, eloquent, wealthy, powerful in the streets to avoid a retinue, to mingle with crowds, to cleave to the poor, to associate with rustics, to become common among the people; but the more humble, the more sublime he is: a pearl shines in filth, and the splendor of the purest gem radiates even in mud." And soon after: "Before Pammachius served Christ with his whole mind, he was known in the senate; but many others had proconsular islands, the whole world is full of such honors. He was first, but among the first he surpassed others in dignity, yet he also followed others: although bright honor grows cheap in a crowd; and among good men the dignity itself becomes more unworthy, which many unworthy possess: but now all the Church of Christ speak of Pammachius, marvel at him; the world marvels at the poor man, whom it hitherto knew as rich." For when Paulina his wife, daughter of St. Paula, died, he made himself a monk from a Roman Consul, just as St. Paulinus, Alethius and others of that age, whose mother and standard-bearer was St. Paula, disciple of St. Jerome. Whence concerning the same a little before: "In our times," he says, "Rome possesses what the world before did not know. Then wise men, nobles, powerful Christians; now many monks wise, powerful, noble, than all of whom my Pammachius is wiser, more powerful, more noble, great among the great, first among the first, ἀρχιστράτηγος of monks." And after some things: "For who would believe that the great-grandson of consuls, and the glory of the Furian stock, among the purple of senators, clothed in dark tunic would walk, and would not blush before the eyes of his companions, so that deriding themselves they would deride him?" Anagogically Rabanus: "Poor," he says, "is he who in the fear of the Lord, and in the observance of true religion places his whole glory; of whom Paul says: He that glorieth, let him glory in the Lord. But he who glories in his poverty, how much more in substance? But he who rejoices in tribulations, in necessities, in anguishes now for Christ, how much more will he rejoice when he shall have come to the future retribution, and to the true riches which are kept for the elect of God in the heavenly kingdom? But he who glories in substance, let him fear poverty. That is, he who places all his confidence in the abundance of earthly things, let him fear future poverty, and let him always remember that evangelical parable of the rich man clothed in purple and poor Lazarus: how he from temporal glory was cast into eternal torments; but he from the misery of the present life ascended to eternal joys. Concerning which also it is said through James: But let the brother of low condition glory in his exaltation, and the rich in his humility; because all who suffer adversity humbly for the Lord will receive the rewards of the kingdom from him sublimely. On the contrary, let the rich glory in his humility: which is said by irony; when his glory, which from riches Mystically, since this whole chapter impels and exaggerates the proud and pride, these can be understood of the poor, but humble; and the rich, but proud on account of his virtues, good works and merits, as if to say: Better is a penitent sinner who is poor in merits, but rich in humility, than a just man rich in merits, but proud in them. This is what is commonly said: "Better is a humble sinner than a proud just man." For he will grow in merits through humility, this one will decrease through pride, indeed abandoned by God he will fall into mortal sin, by which he will lose all merits, and will become very poor. This is so clear in the parable of the humble Publican and the Pharisee proud in merits, which Christ recounts in Luke XVIII, 10 and seq. For the Publican confessing, and saying: "God, be merciful to me a sinner," merited to hear from Christ: "I say to you: This man went down to his house justified from him: because every one that exalteth himself shall be humbled; and he that humbleth himself shall be exalted." Concerning which St. Gregory, book XIX of the Morals, chapter XVII: "The Pharisee," he says, "gave thanks rightly, but perversely exalted himself above the Publican; by exalting the city of his heart, he revealed what he had preserved by abstaining and giving." And a little later: "Whence it is greatly necessary both always to do good works, and to guard ourselves carefully in thought from these very good works, lest, if they lift up the mind, the good works be not good, which do not serve the author, but pride. For Eleazar, striking an elephant in battle, laid it low, but under the very one whom he destroyed, he himself fell. Whom therefore does he signify whom his own victory oppressed, except those who overcome vices, but under the very vices which they subject, succumb through pride? For he dies, as it were, under the enemy whom he prostrates, who is lifted up by the fault which he overcomes." Wherefore the same St. Gregory, book XXI of the Morals, chapter XXVI, wisely teaches that those going to heaven ought to imitate travelers, who always consider not how much of the way they have covered, but how much remains to be covered, and keep it before their eyes. Hence Christ thunders against the Angel of Laodicea: "Thou sayest, I am rich, and increased with goods, and have need of nothing; and knowest not that thou art wretched, and miserable, and poor, and blind, and naked," Apocalypse III, 16. Hear St. Chrysostom, homily 5 On the Incomprehensible Nature of God: "And that you may understand more fully how good it is to think nothing great of yourself, imagine in your mind a double chariot, under one of which virtue is joined with pride, under the other sin with humility. You will see that chariot of sin easily outrun virtue, and obtain the palm of swifter course, not by the destructiveness of sin, but by the power of joined humility; on the other hand, that other chariot of virtue is retarded and overcome, not by the weakness of virtue, but by the weight and burden of pride. For just as humility by its supreme excellence overcomes the weight of sin, and reaches to heaven: so pride by its excessive weight, and the unbearable burden of its mass, prevails, so much so that it even overcomes that lightest and highest virtue, and easily drags it downward." Optatus of Milevis, book II Against Parmenian, not far from the end: "The Publican," he says, "humble, knowing himself to be a man, thus prayed saying: Be merciful to me a sinner; thus he merited to be justified. Thus pride in the Pharisee your teacher descended condemned from the temple. Better things have been found—sins with humility, than innocence with pride." Wherefore prudently St. Bernard, sermon 13 on the Canticles: "Great," he says, "and rare indeed is the virtue, that though doing great things, you know not yourself to be great, and your holiness manifest to all is hidden from yourself alone. To appear wonderful to yourself, and to esteem yourself contemptible, this I judge more wonderful than the virtues themselves."
Machine translation from the Latin, not reviewed.
10:15
… Some foundation for a logical classification may have been provided by the following texts: Sir. 10:15; 1 Tim. 6:9-10; 1 John 2:16. In fact, the first writers who attempt a classification place pride as the first universal source, on the basis of Sirach (10:15). …
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · original Douay-Rheims (Douay 1609-10), transcription by EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Public domain.