All wisdom is from God, and is given to them that fear and love God.
ECCLESIASTICVS. CHAP. I. Wisdom procedeth from God, appeareth in his creatures. 10. and is geuen in competent measure to al that feare God, 16. it bringeth al vertues, 27. excludeth al vices, 33. and is to be sought in simplicitie of hart.
1All wisdom is from the Lord God, and hath been always with him, and is before all time.Ogni sapienza è da Dio Signore, e fu mai sempre con lui, ed ella è prima de' secoli.AL wisdom is of our Lord God, & hath bene alwayes with him, & is before al time.Prologus. Multorum nobis et magnorum per legem, et prophetas, aliosque qui secuti sunt illos, sapientia demonstrata est, in quibus oportet laudare Israël doctrinæ et sapientiæ causa, quia non solum ipsos loquentes necesse est esse peritos, sed etiam extraneos posse et dicentes et scribentes doctissimos fieri. Avus meus Jesus, postquam se amplius dedit ad diligentiam lectionis legis, et prophetarum, et aliorum librorum qui nobis a parentibus nostris traditi sunt, voluit et ipse scribere aliquid horum quæ ad doctrinam et sapientiam pertinent, ut desiderantes discere, et illorum periti facti, magis magisque attendant animo, et confirmentur ad legitimam vitam. Hortor itaque venire vos cum benevolentia, et attentiori studio lectionem facere, et veniam habere in illis, in quibus videmur, sequentes imaginem sapientiæ, deficere in verborum compositione. Nam deficiunt verba hebraica, quando fuerint translata ad alteram linguam: non autem solum hæc, sed et ipsa lex, et prophetæ, ceteraque aliorum librorum non parvam habent differentiam quando inter se dicuntur. Nam in octavo et trigesimo anno temporibus Ptolemæi Evergetis regis, postquam perveni in Ægyptum, et cum multum temporis ibi fuissem, inveni ibi libros relictos, non parvæ neque contemnendæ doctrinæ. Itaque bonum et necessarium putavi et ipse aliquam addere diligentiam et laborem interpretandi librum istum: et multa vigilia attuli doctrinam in spatio temporis, ad illa quæ ad finem ducunt, librum istum dare, et illis qui volunt animum intendere, et discere quemadmodum oporteat instituere mores, qui secundum legem Domini proposuerint vitam agere. Omnis sapientia a Domino Deo est: / et cum illo fuit semper, et est ante ævum. 2Who hath numbered the sand of the sea, and the drops of rain, and the days of the world? Who hath measured the height of heaven, and the breadth of the earth, and the depth of the abyss?Chi ha contata l'arena del mare, e le gocce della pioggia, e i giorni del secolo? Chi ha misurata l'altezza del cielo, e l'ampiezza della terra, e la profondità dell'abisso?The sand of the sea, & the droppes of rayne, & the dayes of the world who hath numbred? The height of heauen, and breadth of the earth, & profunditie of the depth who hath measured?Arenam maris, et pluviæ guttas, / et dies sæculi, quis dinumeravit ? / altitudinem cæli, et latitudinem terræ, / et profundum abyssi, quis dimensus est ? 3Who hath searched out the wisdom of God that goeth before all things?E chi è, dir abbia compresa la sapienza di Dio, la quale a tutte le cose va avanti?The wisdom of God that goeth before al thinges who hath searched out?sapientiam Dei præcedentem omnia, quis investigavit ? 4Wisdom hath been created before all things, and the understanding of prudence from everlasting.La sapienza fa creata la prima di tutte le cose, e ab eterno la prudente intelligenza.Wisdom was created before al thinges, & the vnderstanding of prudence from euerlasting.Prior omnium creata est sapientia, / et intellectus prudentiæ ab ævo. 5The word of God on high is the fountain of wisdom, and her ways are everlasting commandments.Fonte della sapienza il verbo di Dio lassù nell'alto, e le sue vie (sono) gli eterni comandamenti.A fountayne of wisdom the word of God on high, and the entrance therof euerlasting commandments.Fons sapientiæ verbum Dei in excelsis, / et ingressus illius mandata æterna. 6To whom hath the root of wisdom been revealed, and who hath known her wise counsels?La radice della sapienza a chi fu mai rivelata? e chi conobbe le sue finezze.The roote of wisdomRadix sapientiæ cui revelata est ? / et astutias illius quis agnovit ? 7To whom hath the discipline of wisdom been revealed and made manifest? and who hath understood the multiplicity of her steps?La disciplina della sapienza a chi fu ella mai rivelata, e manifestata? E chi fu delle molte vie di lei comprendesse?to whom hath it bene reueled, & the subtilties therof who hath knowen? The discipline of wisdom to whom hath it bene reueled, and made manifest, and the multiplication of her entrance who hath vnderstood?disciplina sapientiæ cui revelata est et manifestata ? / et multiplicationem ingressus illius quis intellexit ?
8There is one most high Creator Almighty, and a powerful king, and greatly to be feared, who sitteth upon his throne, and is the God of dominion.Il solo Altissimo Creatore onnipotente, e Re grande, e sommamente terribile, che siede sopra il suo Trono, ed è Dio Signore;There is one most high Creatour omnipotent, and mightie King, and to be feared excedingly, sitting vpon his throne and the God of dominion.Unus est altissimus, Creator omnipotens, / et rex potens et metuendus nimis, / sedens super thronum illius, et dominans Deus. 9He created her in the Holy Ghost, and saw her, and numbered her, and measured her.Egli la creò per Ispirito santo, e la conobbe, e la calcolò, e la misurò.He created her in the Holie Ghost, and hath sene, and nummbred, and measured her.Ipse creavit illam in Spiritu Sancto, / et vidit, et dinumeravit, et mensus est: 10And he poured her out upon all his works, and upon all flesh according to his gift, and hath given her to them that love him.E la sparse sopra tutte le opere sue, e sopra tutti gli animali secondo la misura da lui stabilita, e la diede a quelli, che lo amano.And he hath powred her out vpon al his workes, and vpon al flesh according to his gift, and hath geuen her to them that feare him.et effudit illam super omnia opera sua, / et super omnem carnem, secundum datum suum, / et præbuit illam diligentibus se. 11The fear of the Lord is honour, and glory, and gladness, and a crown of joy.Il timore del Signore è gloria, e vanto, e letizia, e corona trionfale.The feare of our Lord is glorie, and gloriation, and ioy, and a crowne of exultation.Timor Domini gloria, et gloriatio, / et lætitia, et corona exsultationis. 12The fear of the Lord shall delight the heart, and shall give joy, and gladness, and length of days.Il timor del Signore sarà la dilettazione del cuore, e apporterà allegrezza, e gaudio, e lunghezza di giorni.The feare of our Lord shal delight the hart, and shal geue ioy, gladnes in length of dayes.Timor Domini delectabit cor, / et dabit lætitiam, et gaudium, et longitudinem dierum. 13With him that feareth the Lord, it shall go well in the latter end, and in the day of his death he shall be blessed.Chi teme il Signore sarà beato nel fine, e nel giorno di sua morte avrà benedizione.With him that feareth our Lord it shal be wel in the later end, and in the day of his death he shal be blessed.Timenti Dominum bene erit in extremis, / et in die defunctionis suæ benedicetur. 14The love of God is honourable wisdom.La dilezione di Dio ell'è gloriosa sapienza.The loue of God is honorable wisdom.Dilectio Dei honorabilis sapientia:
15And they to whom she shall shew herself love her by the sight, and by the knowledge of her great works.E quelli, a' quali ella si da a vedere, la amano tosto chè l'hanno veduta, e inconsiderando le sue grandi opere.But they to whom she shal appeare in vision, they loue her in the vision, and in the agnising of her great workes.quibus autem apparuerit in visu diligunt eam in visione, / et in agnitione magnalium suorum. 16The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom, and was created with the faithful in the womb, it walketh with chosen women, and is known with the just and faithful.Principio della sapienza egli è il timor del Signore, e questo co' fedeli è creato insieme nel seno della lor madre, e le elette donne accompagna, e ne' giusti, e fedeli si fa conoscere.The feare of our Lord, is the begynning of wisdom, and was created with the faythful in the wombe, and goeth with the elect wemen, and is knowen with the iust and faythful.Initium sapientiæ timor Domini: / et cum fidelibus in vulva concreatus est: / cum electis feminis graditur, / et cum justis et fidelibus agnoscitur. 17The fear of the Lord is the religiousness of knowledge.Il timor del Signore è scienza religiosa.The feare of our Lord is religiositie of knowlege.Timor Domini scientiæ religiositas: 18Religiousness shall keep and justify the heart, it shall give joy and gladness.La religione custodisce, e giustifica il cuore, ella o apportatrice di letizia, e di gaudio.Religiositie shal keepe and iustifie the hart, shal geue ioy and gladnes.religiositas custodiet et justificabit cor; / jucunditatem atque gaudium dabit. 19It shall go well with him that feareth the Lord, and in the days of his end he shall be blessed.Chi teme il Signore sarà felice, e nel giorno di sua morte sarà benedetto.With him that feareth our Lord it shal be wel, and in the dayes of his consummation he shal be blessed. The fulnesse of wisdomTimenti Dominum bene erit, / et in diebus consummationis illius benedicetur. 20To fear God is the fulness of wisdom, and fulness is from the fruits thereof.La pienezza della sapienza sta nel temere Dio, ed ella ricolma l'uomo de' frutti suoi.is to feare God, and fulnesse is of the fruites therof.Plenitudo sapientiæ est timere Deum, / et plenitudo a fructibus illius. 21She shall fill all her house with her increase, and the storehouses with her treasures.Ella riempie tutta la casa di lui de' suoi effetti, e tutte le sue celle de' suoi tesori.Al her house she shal fil with her generations, and the storehouses with her treasures.Omnem domum illius implebit a generationibus, / et receptacula a thesauris illius.
22The fear of the Lord is a crown of wisdom, filling up peace and the fruit of salvation:Il timor del Signore ha corona di sapienza, e da piena pace, e frutti di salute:A crowne of wisdom, the feare of our Lord, replenishing place, and the fruite of saluation:Corona sapientiæ timor Domini, / replens pacem et salutis fructum: 23And it hath seen, and numbered her: but both are the gifts of God.Egli conosce la sapienza, e la calcola, e l'uno, e l'altra sono doni di Dio.and he hath sene, and numbred her: but both are the giftes of God.et vidit, et dinumeravit eam: / utraque autem sunt dona Dei. 24Wisdom shall distribute knowledge, and understanding of prudence: and exalteth the glory of them that hold her.La sapienza compartisce la scienza, e l'intelligenza prudente, e innalza in gloria quelli, che la posseggono.Wisdom shal distribute knowlege, and vnderstanding of prudence: and exalteth the glorie of them that hold it.Scientiam et intellectum prudentiæ sapientia compartietur, / et gloriam tenentium se exaltat. 25The root of wisdom is to fear the Lord: and the branches thereof are long-lived.Radice della sapienza è il timor del Signore, e i rami di lui sono di lunga vita.The roote of wisdom is to feare our Lord: for the boughes therof are of long time.Radix sapientiæ est timere Dominum, / et rami illius longævi. 26In the treasures of wisdom is understanding, and religiousness of knowledge: but to sinners wisdom is an abomination.Ne' tesori della sapienza sta la intelligenza, e in scienza religiosa: ma presso de' peccatori è in esecrazione la sapienza.In the treasures of wisdom is vnderstanding, & religiositie of knowlege, but to sinners wisdom is abomination.In thesauris sapientiæ intellectus et scientiæ religiositas: / execratio autem peccatoribus sapientia. 27The fear of the Lord driveth out sin:Il timor del Signore scaccia il peccato:The feare of our Lord expelleth sinne:Timor Domini expellit peccatum: 28For he that is without fear, cannot be justified: for the wrath of his high spirits is his ruin.Conciossiachè colui, che è senza timore non potrà esser giusto; perocché la furiosa sua iracondia è sua mina.for he that is without feare, can not be iustified: for the anger of his animositie, is his subuersion.nam qui sine timore est non poterit justificari: / iracundia enim animositatis illius subversio illius est. 29A patient man shall bear for a time, and afterwards joy shall be restored to him.Per un tempo avrà da soffrire il paziente, e di poi gli sarà renduta la consolazione.Vntil a time the patient shal susteyne, and after shal be rewarded of ioyfulnes.Usque in tempus sustinebit patiens, / et postea redditio jucunditatis.
30A good understanding will hide his words for a time, and the lips of many shall declare his wisdom.L'uomo sensato per un certo tempo terrà chiuse in seno le sue parole; e le labbra di molti loderanno la sua prudenza.A good vnderstanding wil hide his wordes vntil a time, and the lippes of manie shal shew forth his vnderstanding.Bonus sensus usque in tempus abscondet verba illius, / et labia multorum enarrabunt sensum illius. 31In the treasures of wisdom is the signification of discipline:Ne' tesori della sapienza sono le massime di disciplina.In the treasures of wisdom is signification of discipline:In thesauris sapientiæ significatio disciplinæ: 32But the worship of God is an abomination to a sinner.Ma il peccatore ha in avversione la pietà.but the worshipe of God, is abomination to a sinner.execratio autem peccatori cultura Dei. 33Son, if thou desire wisdom, keep justice, and God will give her to thee.Figliuolo, se tu desideri la sapienza, osserva i comandamenti, e Dio te la darà;Sonne, coueting wisdom, keepe iustice, and God wil geue her to thee.Fili, concupiscens sapientiam, conserva justitiam, / et Deus præbebit illam tibi. 34For the fear of the Lord is wisdom and discipline: and that which is agreeable to him,Imperocché dal timor del Signore viene la scienza, e la disciplina, e quella, che a lui è accetta,For the feare of our Lord is wisdom and discipline: and that which wel pleaseth him,Sapientia enim et disciplina timor Domini: / et quod beneplacitum est illi, 35Is faith, and meekness: and he will fill up his treasures.La fede, e la mansuetudine; e chi le ha, sarà ricolmo da lui di tesori.is fayth, and meeknes, and he wil fil his treasures.fides et mansuetudo, / et adimplebit thesauros illius. 36Be not incredulous to the fear of the Lord: and come not to him with a double heart.Guardati dall'essere ribelle al timor del Signore, e non appressarti a lui con cuor doppio.Be not incredulous to the feare of our Lord: and come not to him with a duble hart.Ne sis incredibilis timori Domini, / et ne accesseris ad illum duplici corde. 37Be not a hypocrite in the sight of men, and let not thy lips be a stumblingblock to thee.Non essere ipocrita nel cospetto degli uomini, e non esser cagion di rovina a te stesso colle tue labbra;Be not an hypocrite in the sight of men, and be not scandalized in thy lippes.Ne fueris hypocrita in conspectu hominum, / et non scandalizeris in labiis tuis. 38Watch over them, lest thou fall, and bring dishonour upon thy soul,Ma custodiscile per non cadere, per non tirarti addosso l'infamia.Attend to them, lest perhaps thou fal, and bring dishonour to thy soule,Attende in illis, ne forte cadas, / et adducas animæ tuæ inhonorationem: 39And God discover thy secrets, and cast thee down in the midst of the congregation.E perché Dio non manifesti li tuoi segreti, e ti conquida in mezzo alla Chiesa.and God reuele thy secretes, and in the middes of the synagogue cast thee downe:et revelet Deus absconsa tua, / et in medio synagogæ elidat te:
40Because thou camest to the Lord wickedly, and thy heart is full of guile and deceit.Per esserti appressato al Signore con malignità, mentre il tuo cuore è pieno d'inganno, e di fraude.because thou camest to our Lord wickedly, & thy hart is ful of guile and deceite.quoniam accessisti maligne ad Dominum, / et cor tuum plenum est dolo et fallacia.
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Calmet
Wisdom. In this book, Wisdom is taken for the Deity, the Son, or the gift communicated to men, Proverbs 3:19., and Wisdom 7:25. (Calmet)
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Haydock
God. This is eternal and unsearchable, more than the sand of the sea, etc., Isaias 40:12. (Haydock)
Worthington
Man cannot comprehend God's works. (Worthington)
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Bos.[Bossuet?]
Created. Or "generated," if it be understood of the Son. (St. Athanasius) (Bos.[Bossuet?])
Calmet
The wisdom which is given to man, was in God before the creation, Proverbs 8:22. (Calmet)
Menochius
The decree regarding the incarnation was from eternity. (Menochius)
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Commandments. The wise will observe the law (Deuteronomy 4:6.; Haydock) and the Scriptures. This verse is not in the Greek of Rome, etc., but it is in the edition of Complutensian and Camerarius.
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Calmet
In the Holy Ghost, or from himself. See Wisdom 1:5., and 7:22. Greek omits these words. (Calmet)
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Worthington
Joy. Eternal glory is the fruit of the fear of the Lord; not that this virtue sufficeth, but it is the beginning, grounded on true faith, and bringeth forth other virtues, and fruits of the Holy Ghost, and a joyful crown in the end. (Worthington)
Calmet
The virtuous enjoy or deserve honour. (Calmet)
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Haydock
Womb. Grace has prevented them. (Haydock)
They are free from evil dispositions, Wisdom 8:19., and Job 31:18.
Calmet
Women; feminis, or rather seminis. (Calmet)
Haydock
Greek, "it shall be intrusted to their seed." (Haydock)
Menochius
"His mercy is fixed with their seed." (Syriac) (Menochius)
This includes both men and women.
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Haydock
Religiousness, or proper application of knowledge. (Haydock)
A learned impious man is most dangerous. This and the two next verses are not in Greek.
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Sin, by vigilance or by repentance.
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To him, as may be seen in the lives of the patriarchs.
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Worthington
Sinner. Such imagine that God's service is insupportable. (Worthington)
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Menochius
Faith, or fidelity. (Menochius)
Calmet
The meek shall possess the land, Matthew 5:4. (Calmet)
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Calmet
Down. Pride is usually thus treated, Matthew 23:12. (Calmet)
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Mans vvisdom is not able to comprehend the vvorkes of God.
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Eternal glorie is the fruicte of the feare of our Lord: not that this one vertue sufficeth, but it is the beginning, grounded in true faith, and bringeth forth other vertues, diuine giftes vvith the fruites of the Holie Ghost, & a ioyful crowne in the end.
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Concordance Prou. 1. & 9.
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Men drowned in sinne thincke the seruice of God a most tedious & loathsome thing.
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St John Chrysostom † AD 407 Homily on the Paralytic Let Down Through the Roof 2
On this account a certain wise man admonishes us saying “My Son, if thou come to serve the Lord prepare thy soul for temptation, set thy heart aright and constantly endure and make not haste in time of trouble;”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 The Enchiridion 1
… the wise is the welfare of the world,” and such as the apostles wishes those to become, whom he tells,” I would have you wise unto that which is good, and simple concerning evil.” Now, just as no one can exist of himself, so no one can be wise of himself, but only by the enlightening influence of Him of whom it is written,” All wisdom cometh from the Lord.”
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St Methodius † AD 311 Fragments 2
… before which God, because he had as yet created nothing according to their folly, is stripped of His name of Father and Almighty. But if there are thirteen days in the sight of God from the creation of the world, how can Wisdom say, in the Book of the Son of Sirach: “Who can number the sand of the sea, and the drops of rain, and the days of eternity?”
St Alexander of Alexandria † AD 326 Epistles on the Arian Heresy and the Deposition of Arius 1.5
… to this, are hidden from human comprehension, such as in the apostle Paul, “Eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither have entered into the heart of man, the things which God hath prepared for them that love Him.” As also God said to Abraham, that “he could not number the stars;” and that passage, “Who can number the sand of the sea, and the drops of rain.”
St Gregory of Nazianzus † AD 389 Select Orations of Saint Gregory Nazianzen 32
… What then is Procession? Do you tell me what is the Unbegottenness of the Father, and I will explain to you the physiology of the Generation of the Son and the Procession of the Spirit, and we shall both of us be frenzy-stricken for prying into the mystery of God.
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St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 The Confessions 12.15
20. For although we find no time before it, for wisdom was created before all things,
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St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 On the Holy Trinity 15.11
… that is delivered is not human, but divine);—but we are now seeking to see, in whatsoever way we can, by means of this likeness, that Word of God of which it is said, “The Word was God;” of which it is said, “All things were made by Him;” of which it is said, “The Word became flesh;” of which it is said “The Word of God on high is the fountain of wisdom.”
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St Athanasius of Alexandria † AD 373 Against the Arians. (Orationes contra Arianos IV.) 2.22
… for thou dost not inquire in wisdom concerning this .’ But if, as the Son of Sirach says, ‘He poured her out upon all His works; she is with all flesh according to His gift, and He hath given her to them that love Him
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St Methodius † AD 311 Oration Concerning Simeon and Anna On the Day that They Met in the Temple 1
… the leper, when he touches this, is restored whole without pain. It repulses none; it shrinks from none; it imparts the gifts of healing, without itself contracting any disease; for the Lord, who loves and cares for man, in it makes His resting-place. These are the gifts of this new grace. This is that new and strange thing that has happened under the sun
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St Cyprian of Carthage † AD 258 Three Books of Testimonies Against the Jews 3.21
In the cxth Psalm: “The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom.” Of the same thing in the Wisdom of Solomon: “The beginning of wisdom is to fear God.”
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St Jerome † AD 420 Against the Pelagians 2
Ecclus. i. 18 . “In much wisdom is much grief,” shows the wise man’s sense of imperfection. So
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St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom 83
… Set him free as he is wrought upon by a grievous demon, and going quickly to ruin. For so great is this disease as not to need even time for the destruction of him that is seized with it. Wherefore also one said, “The sway of his fury shall be his fall;”
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 A Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles 29
… and, if not from us, at any rate from the Scriptures, ye have the remedies suitable for each. For instance, is any passionate? Let him attend to the Scripture-readings, and he will of a surety find such either in history or exhortation. In exhortation, when it is said, “The sway of his fury is his destruction” (
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Gospel of St. John 4
… and so we need much haste to prevent the flame, and not allow it to blaze up high, for so this disease becomes a cause of many evils. It has overturned whole houses, it has dissolved old companionships, and has worked tragedies not to be remedied in a short moment of time. “For,” saith one, “the sway of his fury shall be his destruction.” (
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Gospel of St. John 48
… lest in defending ourselves we destroy ourselves. For wrath is a wild beast, a wild beast keen and angry. Let us then repeat to ourselves soothing charms drawn from the holy Scripture, and say, “Thou art earth and ashes.” “Why is earth and ashes proud?” ( Ecclus. x. 9 ), and, “The sway of his fury shall be his destruction” (
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Epistle to the Hebrews 2
… because thou hast many masters? because thou hast ten thousand cares? because many will flatter thee? [Surely not.] For thou art even their slave. And to prove that to thee, hear plainly. The other affections which are within us, are in some cases useful. For instance, Anger is often useful. For (saith he) “unjust wrath shall not be innocent” (
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Epistle to the Hebrews 5
… “Having your loins,” he says, “girt about with truth”; that is, with true pleasure, with temperance, with orderly behavior. For this cause he gives this advice, knowing the unreasonableness of sin, and wishing that all our members should be hedged round; for “unjust anger” it is said, “shall not be guiltless.” (
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St Athanasius of Alexandria † AD 373 Life of Antony. (Vita Antoni.) 16
… Behold now we are gathered together and speak against them, and they know when we advance they grow weak. If therefore they had power they would permit none of us Christians to live, for godliness is an abomination to a sinner
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St Hippolytus † AD 235 On the Psalms 1.7
… and a “song of psalmody,” when, while good action takes the lead, according to the word, “If thou desire wisdom, keep the commandments, and the Lord shall give her unto thee,”
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St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Ten Homilies on the First Epistle of John 9.4
… let the cicatrice succeed to the leech’s knife. He is such an Healer, that the cicatrices do not even appear: only do thou put thyself under His hand. For if thou be without fear, thou canst not be justified. It is a sentence pronounced by the Scriptures; “For he that is without fear, cannot be justified.”
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St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Reply to Faustus the Manichæan 22.53
53. To this purpose it is written: "Thou hast desired wisdom; keep the commandments, and the Lord shall give it thee."
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He alludes to what Solomon says concerning wisdom in Wisdom VIII, 3: "Having the companionship of God," that is to say, Wisdom is familiar, indeed a companion of God; and cap. VII, vers. 25: "It is a vapor of the power of God, and a certain emanation of the brightness of the almighty God pure," that is to say, Wisdom is something subtle and fragrant, which is breathed forth from God, and refreshes man with a certain divine vapor and odor, so that he may smell God, and his life and speech may breathe forth something divine. Whence the Wise man adds concerning the same: "For she is the brightness of eternal light, and the mirror without spot of God's majesty, and the image of his goodness," that is to say, Wisdom is a ray of the divine Godhead, as it were of the uncreated Sun. Wisdom here is set down indefinitely and generally, so that under it you may comprehend any wisdom whatsoever, and receive all its species. First therefore understand uncreated Wisdom, then essential, which is common to the Father, Son and Holy Spirit; for this flows forth from the essence of the Godhead: whence it was always with God triune and one, and is before the age from all eternity. I say flows forth, anthropopathically, and in our manner of conceiving divine things, according to what we see in created things, in which attributes and properties, such as intellect, wisdom, goodness, flow forth from the very essence of the thing; whereas in God properly they do not flow forth or emanate from it, but are one and the same with it, as St. Thomas teaches I p., q. 28. By this wisdom God wisely brought forth all things, created, conserves, knows, disposes and governs them. Again, by wisdom here understand notional, or personal and begotten, which is proper to the Word, or the Son of God: for he properly flowed forth by generation from God the Father, and was always with him, and is from eternity: for the proper character and notion of the Son of God is that he himself is Wisdom, Word, Mental Conception, Knowledge, Understanding; because, namely, the Son is the Word produced by the knowledge of the Father. Thus Rabanus and Paul of Palacio. First properly that of vers. 6 applies to him: "A fountain of wisdom, the Word of God in the highest." Whence St. John seems to have alluded to this at the beginning of his Gospel, saying: "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and God was the Word." For that tripartite sentence of St. John corresponds to this tripartite sentence of Ecclesiasticus, and the Zurich version signifies it more clearly, which has it thus: "All wisdom flows forth from God, it was always with him, and is perpetually joined to him." For the Wisdom of the Father is the Word, namely the Son. This was in the beginning: because from eternity it emanated from God the Father, and was begotten by him. This also was always with God, as a person distinct from him, coeternal with him, intimate, equal and comparable to him: for all these things are signified by the word "with." This finally is perpetually most closely joined to God the Father; because it has the same essence and divinity with him numerically, which St. John says: "And God was the Word." In this threefold sentence, therefore, St. John concerning the Word, and Ecclesiasticus concerning Wisdom, enunciates three predicates according to three predicaments, by which he comprehends the whole nature and power of it. For in the first member: "In the beginning was the Word," or "All wisdom is from God," he notes the eternity of the Word; so that if you ask: When was the Word begotten by God the Father? he may answer: "From the beginning," namely, from eternity; from the very origin, or rather from the origin of Divinity, if it be permitted to speak thus: for Divinity properly has no origin; but origin is here called its antiquity and eternity by catachresis. In the second member he notes the place of the Word and its distinction from the Father; so that if you ask: Where was the Word, when the world had not yet been created? he may answer: "The Word was with God," was in the bosom of the Father. In the third member he signifies the essence of the Word and the identity of that essence with the Father: so that if you ask: What is the Word? of what essence is it? he may answer: "God was the Word," that is, the Word was God; namely, having the divine essence, and the very Godhead of the Father: for the word God, although it precedes, nevertheless has the force of a predicate, not of a subject. Thus Rabanus: "The beginning," he says, "of this book concerning the eternal Wisdom of God (which is Christ) declares that it is always with the Father before the ages; and it agrees with the Gospel of John, which thus begins: In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and God was the Word: this was in the beginning with God. All wisdom therefore is from the Lord God: because Christ, who is the fountain of life, and the true light, which enlighteneth every man that cometh into this world, was born of God the Father, and all things were made by him, and without him was made nothing. But whosoever lacketh the light of this wisdom, walketh in darkness, and knoweth not whither he goeth: because darkness hath blinded his eyes. And whatsoever is opposed to this wisdom is to be called folly rather than prudence. Whence Paul saith: For the wisdom of this world is foolishness with God. And again: For the wisdom of the flesh is death; but the wisdom of the spirit is life and peace. Because the wisdom of the flesh is an enemy to God: for it is not subject to the law of God, neither indeed can it be." Furthermore, this notional wisdom, namely the Word of God, St. Hierotheus celebrates with these eulogies and aphorisms in St. Dionysius, On the Divine Names, chapter II, toward the end: "Jesus," he says, "the Divinity, which is the cause of all things, and filleth all things, and preserveth the parts consonant to the universe, is neither a part nor a whole; and again is both a part and a whole: inasmuch as it comprehendeth in itself every part and every whole, and eminently hath and pre-hath it: perfect indeed in imperfect things, as being the prince of perfection; but in perfect things imperfect: since it precedeth perfection in excellence and origin." And after some things: "The Essence also, dwelling far from all contagion in essences; and standing above essence, absolutely freed from all essence: determining all principles and orders; and placed above every principle and order, is the measure of beings and of ages: and above age and before age; full indeed in needy things; but in full things overflowing: ineffable, not to be pronounced; above intellect; above life; above essence; having the supernatural gift supernaturally, the superessential in a superessential manner also. Wherefore when it came down even to nature on account of supreme benignity, and truly accepted the substance of our flesh, and that supreme God was called man, then also in these things the supernatural and superessential gift shone forth." Secondly, this sentence can be understood of created wisdom, which is manifold. The first place in it is held by incarnate Wisdom, namely Christ man, and his economy in the flesh. For this was the most wise work of God, and so Christ man showed admirable wisdom in the incarnation, passion, resurrection, mission of the Holy Spirit, legation of the Apostles, foundation of the Church, institution of the Sacraments, conversion of the world, distribution of gifts and graces, and so in all his words and deeds he displayed heavenly wisdom, and offered himself to all the faithful as a mirror and exemplar of wisdom to be beheld and imitated. The second kind of wisdom holds that it is purely created, such as that of all Angels and men. For in these, wisdom is a habit or an act of knowing and being wise. The habit is created and infused by God; the act is elicited from the habit and power, with God cooperating through His concurrence: although this wisdom in itself formally is not older than created things, namely Angels and men, in whom it inheres originally; yet the same wisdom was causally in God from eternity, because God's uncreated Wisdom, which is the efficient and exemplary cause of created wisdom, was in God from eternity. For just as from the immense essence of God, as from a fountain, origin, and efficient and exemplary cause, flow forth all the natures and essences of created things; and from God's eternity flows forth all age, all time, all duration; and from God's immensity flows forth all place and position; from God's omnipotence flows forth all force and power; from His most sacred holiness flows forth all virtue and sanctity: so likewise from His omniscience and wisdom flows forth all created knowledge and wisdom, as St. Dionysius teaches in the Divine Names and throughout the theologians. By wisdom here, understand both speculative wisdom, such as Daniel meritoriously received from God infused with his companions on account of abstinence, chapter 1; and rather practical wisdom, which is the principle of things to be done, and which wisely directs the conduct of each person, or family, or commonwealth, and forms and arranges it according to the norm of divine law, honesty and virtue, as I said in canon V. By this wisdom therefore man thinks and is wise rightly concerning God and creatures, and knows how to dispose his actions wisely, so that he may arrive at the blessed end to which he was created by God. Origens in homily 24 on Numbers extends this wisdom also to mechanical arts, such as architecture, smithcraft, navigation, etc. For these also have their origin from God, and flow from the uncreated art which is in the mind of God. Arts therefore are from God; but the corruptions of arts are from demons and men, says Origen. Thus Beseleel is said to have received from God "wisdom," that is, "art to devise whatever can be made by craft from gold, and silver, and brass," for fabricating the tabernacle, Exodus XXXI, 3. The same Origen in homily 18 on Numbers says, "All wisdom, that is," he says, "all art, such as Music, Geometry, Medicine, Physics, etc., is from God and flows from Him." Whence also Ecclesiasticus, chapter XXXII, 5, discourses on music; chapter XXXVIII, verse 26, on agriculture, the art of smithcraft, pottery, and similar things. Finally, this practical wisdom in God is twofold, namely physical, by which He wisely created, preserves, changes, produces, and governs all created things, as Ecclesiasticus teaches in chapter XXVIII, verse 6, and chapter XXXIX, verse 21; and moral, by which He does all things honestly, justly and holily, and ordains, decrees and effects that Angels and men do the same. Thirdly, very appropriately, understand wisdom here not so much as a habit or act, but as the object and dictate of wisdom. For wisdom dictates that God is to be feared; that parents are to be honored; that one is to live soberly, justly, chastely; that one is not to lie; that friendship, patience, charity, etc., are to be cultivated. These dictates are of eternal truth, and therefore were in the mind of God from eternity, in which live the eternal reasons of all things, as St. Augustine says. For they flow from the eternal and immense perfection, equity and wisdom of God; and from it they have flowed forth to men and Angels. For just as all law of men and Angels flows from the eternal law, which is in the mind of God: so likewise these truths and dictates of wisdom flow from the first truth and wisdom of God; so much so that if by impossibility that first truth and wisdom of God were not, there would be no truth, no dictate of wisdom would be in men and Angels; just as, if there were no divinity, there would be no entity of creatures: for all created entity essentially flows and depends in its being and preservation on the infinite and uncreated entity of God, as a ray flows and depends on the sun, light on light, heat on fire. In God, therefore, as our Lessius rightly teaches in book VI of *On Divine Attributes*, chapter 1, there is wisdom, which knows all things through the supreme causes; namely, through knowledge of His essence, which is the supreme efficient, final, exemplary and foundational cause of all things. For by comprehending His own essence, by that very force of that comprehension He knows most distinctly and most clearly all possible things (under which are also contained the complexions of all possible things), which indeed He Himself can make by His own power; and by comprehending those, He knows further all things in particular, which each of them can do or suffer, and in which they can fall short. Nor does it stop at this alone, but also He clearly beholds what each single thing would do in any occasion, if such or such an occasion were given. Nor does He stop at these things; but also He clearly perceives what will really happen throughout all eternity, in which moments, in which places, in which occasions and other circumstances. The reason is, because in God the abstractive knowledge of possible things, since it is of infinite perfection and efficacy in attaining the object, by the very fact that those objects will really be, becomes an intuition of existing things; nor is any other power or effort needed. Whence it is clear that all intuition of future things is from the force of comprehension of the essence, nor is anything else required except the positing of objects. For then the knowledge which previously, or in the prior sign of reason, was abstractive, passes into intuitive knowledge from the force of its perfection. St. Dionysius teaches this openly in *On the Divine Names*, chapter VII: "For the divine mind," he says, "does not learn things from the things themselves and know them; but from itself, and in itself, according to the cause, it possesses beforehand the knowledge, and notion, and essence of all things, and comprehends them before; not attending to individual things according to the species of each, but knowing and containing all things according to the single complexion of the cause; just as light also anticipates in itself the notion of darkness according to the cause, knowing darkness from no other source than from light." Here he manifestly teaches that God from the force of knowledge of the essence, as the cause of all things, knows other things; which is confirmed by the following words: "Therefore the divine Wisdom knowing itself, will know all things; material things without matter; and divisible things indivisibly, and many things uniquely, knowing all things by the one and producing all things. For if according to one cause God imparts being to all things; according to that same single cause He will know all things, as existing from Himself, and in Himself pre-existing before." Whence he concludes: "Therefore God knowing things in this way, knows them not by knowledge of things, but by knowledge of Himself." And St. Augustine in book XI of *The City of God*, chapter X: "For it is not many, but one wisdom, in which are certain immense and infinite treasures of intelligible things; in which are all the invisible and unchangeable reasons of things, even of visible and changeable things, which were made through it; because God made nothing unknowingly." From which Augustine infers, "that this world could not be known to us unless it existed: but to God, unless it were known, it could not exist;" because God through His wisdom is the author of the world, which by its species imparts to us external knowledge of itself. By this doctrine therefore at the beginning of his sapiential book Sirach teaches that the origin, antiquity, idea and cause of wisdom is God, essentially wise and eternal, which indeed is the first and supreme praise and dignity of wisdom, so that through it He might invite and impel all to admiration, love and study of wisdom; as if to say: All wisdom, that is, all habit, all act, all object, all dictate, all truth of wisdom, which is in men and Angels, flows from God, and was with Him from eternity, either formally or causally; wherefore acknowledge its divine origin, antiquity and excellence, and humbly seek and beseech it from God. For all wisdom is from God, with God, and with God from eternity: for although it flows from God to creatures; yet it flows in such a way that it does not depart from God, but remains in Him as in its root and source, and is fixed and abides there; just as light flowing from the sun and scattered in the world, remains in the sun itself; and heat flowing and scattered from fire, remains and abides in the fire itself. This is what St. James says in chapter I, 5: "If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, who giveth to all men abundantly, and upbraideth not; and it shall be given him." For, as he adds in verse 17: "Every best gift, and every perfect gift is from above, coming down from the Father of lights, with whom there is no change, nor shadow of alteration. For of his own will hath he begotten us by the word of truth, that we might be some beginning of his creature." See the sayings there. The same origin of Wisdom, namely God, is assigned by the Wise Man in Proverbs VIII, 22: "The Lord, he says, possessed me in the beginning of his ways, before he made any thing from the beginning." And Job in chapter XXVIII, 12, laboriously tracing the place and origin of wisdom, finally resolves and answers in verse 23: "The Lord, he says, understandeth her way, and he knoweth her place." And Baruch, chapter III, 44, after a long investigation of it, concludes in verse 32: "He that knoweth all things, knoweth her, and hath found her out by his prudence." The Gentiles saw the same thing through a shadow. Whence the Poets, says Servius, feigned that Prometheus, after he had made men, ascended to heaven with the aid of Minerva, and having applied a torch to the wheel of the sun, stole fire, which he communicated to men. This fire represents wisdom, which our most prudent Prometheus, Jesus Christ, brought from the heavens. Whence also Prometheus is called ἀπὸ τῆς προμηθείας, that is, from providence. For concerning Christ St. John says in chapter I, 16: "And of his fulness we all received, and grace for grace. For the law was given by Moses, grace and truth came to be by Jesus Christ. No one hath seen God at any time: the only begotten Son, who is in the bosom of the Father, he hath declared him." In a similar manner they feigned Minerva, or Pallas, the goddess of wisdom, to be the daughter of Jupiter, and a virgin, and thus born from the brain, that is, the mind and intellect, of Jupiter without a mother. Whence Lucan, book IX: Hanc et Pallas amat, patrio quæ vertice nata est. And Ovid in III Fasti: An, quia de capitis fertur sine matre paterni Vertice, cum clypeo prosiluisse suo? They followed, to be sure, but did not attain that which is in Ecclesiasticus XXIV, 5: "I came out of the mouth of the Most High, the firstborn before all creatures." You will say: Even love, fear, hope, and charity flow from God, and are his gifts; why therefore is it said of wisdom alone here that it is from God? I answer, first, because Ecclesiasticus treats of wisdom and its virtues, and will treat of them throughout the whole book; whence he sets forth its origin and antiquity, so that from this he may gain it praise and value. Second, because the first and greatest thing that proceeded from God is wisdom; for the first thing which the Father produced and begot was the Word, which is the very conception and notional intellection of the Father, and therefore begotten Wisdom. Thus Palacius. Finally, from the fact that wisdom is in God, from God, and toward God, Lactantius in book III, chapter IX, refutes Anaxagoras the wise man, who, when asked "for what reason he was born," answered: "For seeing the sun and the sky." For "we are not born, says Lactantius, in order that we might see those things which are made; but that we might contemplate the very maker of all things, that is, perceive him with the mind. Wherefore, if anyone should ask a man who truly is wise for what reason he was born, he will answer fearlessly and readily that he was born for the sake of worshipping God, who generated us in order that we might serve him." And soon after: "For what is humanity itself, if not justice, if not piety? But piety is nothing else than the acknowledgment of God as parent." And in chapter XII: "Therefore, he says, we alone of all living things are raised upright to the sight of heaven, so that we might believe that our highest good is in the highest place. Therefore we alone receive religion, so that from this we might know that the human spirit is not mortal, in that it both desires and acknowledges God, who is immortal." Again, from the fact that wisdom is the daughter of God, it follows that the wise have kinship with God, and are sons of God. Hence Gregory of Nyssa writes concerning his brother St. Basil in a funeral oration: "The lineage of Basil, he says, was familiarity and kinship with God; but his country was virtue, etc., sobriety was his dwelling place; wisdom in place of an estate; justice, truth and purity for splendid buildings." Finally, St. Bernard in sermon 13 on the Canticles: "To the place, he says, from which they go forth, the rivers of graces return, so that they may flow again; let the heavenly outflow, by which the earth is more abundantly watered, be sent back to its principle. How, you ask? As the Apostle says: Giving thanks in all things; whatever wisdom, whatever virtue you trust yourself to have, ascribe to the virtue of God and the wisdom of God, to Christ." And it is before the age,—before the world, that is to say, Wisdom is before all time, and, as St. Paul says to Titus I, 2: "Before the times of the world." For αἰών, from which the Latin ævum is derived, signifies any duration whatsoever: although Theologians appropriate eternity to God, ævum to angels, time to men and bodies, so that, just as time is the measure of bodies, so ævum is the measure of spirits. Otherwise therefore is ævum taken in verse 4, where it is said that Wisdom was "from the age," that is, from all eternity. Whence also the Greek in this verse 1 have εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα, that is to say, Wisdom is with God, and endures "into the age," that is, into eternity.
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He alludes to Isaiah XL, 12: "Who hath measured the waters in the hollow of his hand, and weighed the heavens with his palm? who hath poised the earth with three fingers? who hath weighed the mountains in scales, and the hills in a balance? Who hath helped the spirit of the Lord? or who hath been his counsellor, and taught him?" and cap. XLVIII, verse 13: "My hand also hath laid the foundation of the earth, and my right hand hath measured the heavens;" and Jerem. XXXIII, 22: "As the stars of heaven cannot be numbered, and the sand of the sea cannot be measured; so will I multiply the seed of David;" and Job, cap. XXXVIII, 4: "Where wast thou when I laid the foundations of the earth? tell me if thou hast understanding. Who hath laid the measures thereof, if thou knowest? or who hath stretched the line upon it?" and verse 37: "Who shall tell the harmony of the heavens?" He praises wisdom from its excellence, which is so great as to be incomprehensible; and it is an argument from comparison: wherefore these three verses are to be connected; for the first two are comparisons of the third, in which therefore that they may be connected and explained, the note of comparison is to be understood, thus, similarly, equally; whence the Arabic version expressing it translates: "As the sea and the sand of the sea, etc." Therefore the conjunction and, which is in the Greek, according to canon XII, compares wisdom to three things which cannot be numbered, namely, the sand of the sea, the drops of rain, and the days of the world; and to three things which cannot be measured, namely, the height of heaven, the breadth of the earth, and the depth of the abyss, that is, of the waters and the sea: because in these six things the wisdom of God especially shines forth, equally as his power. For, to omit other things in which this is evident, who would not marvel at the wisdom of God in such a multitude of grains of sand (so much so that some have thought them to be truly infinite, as Archimedes relates and refutes in his book On the Number of Grains of Sand) and their smallness, such integrity of nature in each, perfection, likeness, order, union, succession, force and power, by which it resists the most violent waves of the sea and absorbs them, so that the vile and slender sand of the vast and untamed sea appears to be its limit and bridle? Truly In the smallest things the greatest God himself shines forth. The sense therefore is, as if to say, Just as these six things, namely sand, drops, days, heaven, earth and sea cannot be numbered or measured by man, but only by God; so likewise (or rather much less) no one can comprehend the wisdom of God, which precedes all things, the Zurich edition: which is the first of all things, except God alone, both because the wisdom of God in itself is immense and infinite in every direction; and because it extends to infinite things made, to be made and possible, and in these it shows, or can show, infinite modes and reasons of its wisdom, which man or Angel does not see of himself, nor conceives, unless God reveals them to him. Whence Rabanus: "If, he says, those things, which nevertheless are all created by their Creator with a certain number, measure and weight, no one can number and measure; how can anyone investigate the wisdom of God, which consists without end and beginning, and always remains ineffable and inestimable?" Wherefore Psalm XVII, verse 10 and 12, and elsewhere God is said to dwell in a cloud and darkness, to which St. Dionysius teaches that we ought to ascend with Moses, and thus describes it in Epistle 5 to Hierotheus: "The divine darkness, he says, is inaccessible light, in which God is said to dwell, and invisible by reason of exceeding brightness, and inaccessible likewise by reason of the excess of the outpouring of supersubstantial light. In this is made every one who is worthy to know and see God, through not seeing and not knowing him, in him who is truly beyond vision and knowledge, made knowing this very thing, that after all sensible and intelligible things, and prophetically saying: Thy knowledge is become wonderful to me, it is high, and I cannot reach to it." He confirms the same thing from holy Paul, when he adds: "So that even the divine Paul is said to have known God, knowing him beyond all existing intellect and knowledge. For which reason he says his ways are unsearchable, and his judgments inscrutable, and his gifts ineffable; and his peace exceeding all understanding, as one who has found him who exists beyond all things; and he knew this one beyond understanding, because he is beyond all things, being the cause of all things." The same author, in On the Divine Names, chapter 1, speaking of God: "The superessential immensity itself," he says, "surpasses all essences. That very unity also, superior to intellect, surpasses all intellects; and that very one, more excellent than thought, cannot be conceived by any thoughts; and goodness would be the dictate of wisdom in men and Angels; just as, if there were no divinity, there would be no entity of creatures: for all created entity essentially flows forth and depends in its being and preservation upon the infinite and uncreated entity of God, just as a ray flows forth and depends upon the sun, light upon light, heat upon fire. From what has been said it is evident that God perceives all things which are in the world, down to the tiniest parts, figures, colors, qualities, conditions, positions, little motions, moments, and all modes and relations most distinctly and most perfectly, and holds them in enumeration; namely, all worms, all flies, all animals and the individual parts of each, all grasses, all herbs and plants, all leaves of forests, all hairs of animals, all grains of sand of shore and desert, all drops of the sea, all drops of rains, all ripples of waves, all motions of leaves, all their measures, distances, congruities, discrepancies, positions, modes, times; all thoughts of men and Angels, all affections, all intentions, present, past, and future, and the individual moments of each. All these things he always perceives, penetrates, and comprehends most distinctly and most clearly; and that so clearly and perfectly, as if the whole force of his mind were directed to that one thing alone. Which indeed ought to be carefully considered; lest anyone think that anything can be hidden from him; or be known less perfectly, In so immense a multitude of things, as impious men are accustomed to suppose, in whose person it is said in Job 22: "What doth God know? and can he judge through the darkness? Clouds are his covert, and he doth not consider our things, and he walketh about the poles of heaven." The Wise man admonishes these in Ecclesiasticus 16: "Say not: I shall be hidden from God, and who shall remember me from on high? In a great multitude I shall not be known; for what is my soul in such an immense creation? Behold heaven, and the heaven of heavens, the abyss, and all the earth, and the things that are in them, shall be moved at his sight, mountains together and hills, and the foundations of the earth, when God shall look upon them, shall be shaken with trembling." The a priori reason is, because, just as his essence and power in each point of place and space is whole, and as perfectly, as if the whole immensity were contracted to a point; so also the force of his understanding and wisdom is engaged around individual things as perfectly and efficaciously, as if it were directed to one thing alone. For the light of his wisdom is not only infinite extensively, namely, because it extends to infinite objects; but also intensively, so that concerning each individual object it has an act of infinite perfection and clarity. You will say first: The days of the age can easily be enumerated from the years of the age which have passed from the beginning of the world: for multiply the years of the world by 365 (which are the days in a year), you will have the number of days of the world. I respond first: Just as the number of years of the world is uncertain; for concerning these almost all Chronologists disagree among themselves: for some think that from the origin of the world there have elapsed 4500 years, others 5000, others more or fewer; so likewise uncertain, and consequently not certainly enumerable is the number of days of the past age. Add: even if the years could be numbered certainly and precisely, nevertheless the days cannot be numbered precisely, because some years were complete, others incomplete. For when, for example, Adam is said to have lived 930 years, David to have reigned 40 years, etc., it is true that they lived and reigned so many years, even if some days were lacking or superfluous; for few days in a year are not counted; wherefore the days of so many Patriarchs, princes and kings, who have been from the beginning of the world until now, and have succeeded one another in order, to enumerate precisely is impossible. I respond secondly, that the days of the future age are innumerable, because we do not know how many years until the end of the age will remain and flow. Moreover the days of the age, which we imagine, so that the age, that is the world, will remain in eternity, are truly infinite, and therefore innumerable. Whence for "days of the age," some translate: "Who shall enumerate the days of eternity?" For in Greek it is αἰῶνος; but our translator rendered it more correctly, "days of the age." You will say secondly: Mathematicians, and among them our Christopher Clavius in the Sphere, book I, count not only the sands of the sea, but also of the whole world; they also measure the height of heaven and the breadth of the earth; for all these things are finite, and therefore numerable and measurable. For mathematicians divide the orb or circumference of the earth, equally as of heaven, into 360 degrees, and they have ascertained that to one degree in the orb of the earth there correspond 700 stadia, which multiplied by 360 degrees make 252,000 stadia, which is the number and magnitude of the whole circumference of the earth. These stadia make Italian miles of a thousand paces, thirty-one thousand and five hundred; for a stadium contains 125 paces, and is the eighth part of a mile. The same men teach by means of the astrolabe and other instruments that the concave surface of the eighth heaven, or firmament, is distant from the earth eighty million miles: but the convex surface is distant from the earth 160 million, as I said on Genesis I, 16. Again Clavius in the same place, p. 120, from Archimedes and others shows that the number of sands which could be contained in the whole world up to the concave firmament would be 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000, that is, 1 with 52 ciphers; and he demonstrates this from proportion: for one grain of poppy does not contain more than ten thousand grains of sand; but a grain of poppy is the fortieth part of a finger: but one hundred thousand fingers make up about one mile: and the world contains as many miles as suffice, taking the number of grains of sand already recounted, according to the proportion already stated. I answer first: These things are said only conjecturally; hence in these matters there is nothing certain and definite. A sure sign of which is that mathematicians vary and disagree among themselves. For, as Clavius teaches in the same place, p. 115, Aristotle thinks the circumference of the earth contains fifty thousand miles; Hipparchus, 34,625; Ptolemy, 22,500; Alfraganus, 20,400; Fernelius, 24,514; the more recent, 19,080. Again some deny that to one degree out of 360 there correspond in the earth 700 stadia; but some assign more, others fewer. Furthermore, concerning the number of grains of sand which the world could contain, it is mere conjecture; nor is this number adequate and precise, but less than it should be, as Clavius himself admits; and this Holy Scripture sufficiently insinuates here and elsewhere, which everywhere professes that the sands of the sea cannot be numbered absolutely and definitely. Add: even if sands could be numbered confusedly by arithmetical progression in the manner just stated, yet they cannot be numbered distinctly and individually, as is evident to one observing them: for who has hitherto numbered the sands of the sea? Finally, the number of sands of the world already stated is so great that it cannot be clearly and distinctly conceived, numbered and comprehended by any human mind (perhaps not even by an Angel), much less can it be clearly and distinctly expressed and enumerated by the tongue. Add: the sands are so many and so minute that the lifetime of man (say, seventy years) would not suffice for separating each one, and inspecting and numbering them individually.
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Wisdom is taken here in the broadest sense, as it is common to both created and uncreated; and therefore certain things are said which more properly belong to uncreated wisdom, such as that it existed from eternity; certain things which more properly belong to created wisdom, such as that it was created first. The first is concerning uncreated Wisdom; both essential, which is common to the most holy Trinity; and notional, which is proper to the Son: for both were prior to all things created from eternity, that is, from everlasting; prior, I say, both in origin and time, and consequently in dignity and sovereignty, and in causality and efficiency: for by wisdom God created all things. Both are here said to be created. The essential indeed, because conceived and elicited by God. For just as our mind creates intellection, while it elicits and conceives the act of understanding; so also God is said to have created wisdom, while He elicited and conceived the act of understanding and knowing in our manner of understanding. For every act of wisdom in us and in Angels is elicited, and God had a similar act from eternity, by which He understood Himself and all things, conceived and ordered them most wisely: although this act in God is not properly elicited, but substantial, because inherent in the Godhead; and therefore with it in reality one thing and the same; yet anthropopathically, and in our manner of conceiving, as I have said, it is called elicited, as if flowing from the very substance and perfection of the Godhead, just as light flows from the sun. For the Hebrew word for creating is taken in the broadest sense to mean making, eliciting, conceiving; as when Isaiah says, chapter XLV, 6: "I am the Lord forming light, and creating darkness, making peace, and creating evil," that is, making, eliciting evil and darkness; for these, since they are mere privation, cannot properly be created. And Psalm L, 12: "Create a clean heart," that is, make, elicit "in me, O God." For a heart already created cannot properly be created; nor its cleanness, since it is an accident. Furthermore, this uncreated Wisdom, created, that is, conceived, was prior in God, not only to creatures, but also to the other attributes, because God is pure spirit and mind. Just as therefore from the mind first flows intellect, then will and power; for these can will or do nothing unless the intellect has first understood and judged what is to be willed or done; so likewise from the Godhead, and from the Divine mind, in our manner of conceiving, first proceeded intellect and wisdom, then will and love: for which reason the generation of the Word in God the Father, which is the work and conception of intellect, was prior in origin to the spiration of the Holy Spirit, which is the work of will and love. Again, these things can be expounded concerning generated wisdom, which is altogether the same as the Word and the Son, and therefore relative and notional, as St. Augustine teaches in book VII of On the Trinity, chapter 11; the Master in I, distinction XXVIII, letter F, and there Bonaventure and St. Thomas in I, distinction XXXII, article 2. Hence from this place, and from chapter XXIV, 14, the Arians inferred that Wisdom generated is truly created, and therefore the Son of God is not God, but a creature. But St. Athanasius responds in sermon 3 against the Arians, and St. Cyril in book V of the Treasury, chapter VI, that Wisdom is said to be created, that is, generated. For to create in Scripture often means the same as to generate, or indeed to make in any manner; and therefore Scripture often uses these three terms promiscuously for the same thing, as St. Athanasius and Cyril show by examples. St. Hilary adds in the book On the Synods, anathematism 5, that the production of the Son of God is now called generation, because it is production in the same substance; now creation, so that it may signify production without change in the one creating; for the word created signifies the generation of the Father made without passion, eternal, created, that is, it was decreed to be created; for its creation was predestined by God from eternity: for God understood this, as derived from His first and uncreated Wisdom, and to be applied in its time to creation and to be communicated to creatures from eternity, and He set it before His intellect and will, willing to create it according to the reasons and modes proposed to Him by His intellect. Thus St. Thomas I part, Question XLI, article 3. For thus the Hebrews often use real words for mental or verbal ones: as when the Apostle, I Timothy I, verse 9, says the grace of Christ was given to us before the times of the ages, that is, was decreed and predestined to be given. And Jeremiah, chapter I, verse 10, says he was appointed over kingdoms to pluck them up, destroy and scatter them, that is, to announce them as to be plucked up, destroyed and scattered, and as it were to decree them in the place of God. The Syriac translator appears to understand created wisdom, when he translates: "Beyond all these things (namely, beyond the sand of the sea, the drops of rain, the days of the age, the height of heaven, the breadth of the earth, and the abyss, of which the discourse went before) wisdom is multiplied, and faith is strengthened (or prevailed) from before," or from the beginning. Where he appears to interpret wisdom as faith, just as our author interprets it as the understanding of prudence; because faith teaches and suggests the dictates of wisdom and prudence. The Arabic translator agrees with the Syriac, and translates: "More than all these things wisdom is multiplied, faith is confirmed." But especially created, that is, predestined to be created, is the incarnate Wisdom, namely, Christ man. For it properly belongs to Him to be created in time according to His humanity, and to be begotten from eternity according to His divinity. Thus Rabanus here, and St. Athanasius sermon 3 Against the Arians; Nazianzen oration 4 On Theology; Cyril book V of the Treasury, chapter IV, and St. Augustine book V On the Trinity, chapter XII. Again, Christ was created before all things, and, as the Wise Man says in Proverbs VIII, 22, He was the beginning; in Hebrew rescit; in Greek, ἀρχὴν, that is, principle and principality, "of the ways of the Lord;" because the Lord appointed to Christ the primacy of His works, and made Him the head of all His predefinitions, predestinations and the predestined, effects, creatures, gifts, graces and virtues, which He derives from Him and through Him to the other Saints, as it were through the influence of the head into the members. Whence St. Ambrose in the book On the Intercession of Job: "To Christ alone," he says, "was reserved the prerogative of great virtues, because He Himself is the principle of virtues, as He said: The Lord created me the beginning of His ways." And St. Basil in the Apology to the Caesareans: "Christ," he says, "is named the principle of the evangelical ways, which lead us to the kingdom," so that through us the ruin of Angels, as well as of men, may be restored and repaired. Thirdly, wisdom, that is, the objects and dictates of wisdom were created from eternity, that is, elicited and dictated from the mind of God; and decreed, so that in time they would be created and communicated to Angels, men, and other creatures. Again, some explain it thus: Created wisdom was prior to all things, that is, wisdom made was prior to all things; wisdom was set over all things; wisdom was given this dignity, that it would be prior and prince of all things; so that, namely, it itself would be the idea, exemplar, and architect of all things to be created; for the word creo, then, is the same as to set over, as when we say: The King creates princes, leaders, magistrates. Whence the Syriac translator renders: Beyond all these things wisdom is multiplied, and prevailed. Thus that passage in Proverbs VIII, 22: "The Lord created me the beginning of His ways;" according to the Septuagint, St. Athanasius thus explains it to the decrees of the Nicene Synod: "The Lord set me over the beginning of His works and things to be begun." And our Salazar thinks this is especially the genuine sense of that passage. But it does not fit this place so well. For explaining it, Sirach adds: "And the understanding of prudence from eternity." He speaks therefore of the priority of age and time, not of eminence and preeminence. The sense therefore already given is rather aetiological and causal, than proper and formal. For the cause and end, why wisdom was created prior, was, that it itself would be the idea, exemplar, cause and architect of all other things to be created and done. AND THE UNDERSTANDING OF PRUDENCE. — Vatablus: "And prudent understanding." I have already said in canon V that wisdom is now called understanding, now prudence, now knowledge, etc. For wisdom is called so inasmuch as it tastes true and heavenly things, and truly makes one wise. The same is called understanding or intelligence inasmuch as it is sublime, and is perceived only by intellect by Angels and intelligent men. The same is called prudence inasmuch as it prudently directs the actions of man and Angel to the good, the honest and the due end. Whence the Platonists, whom St. Augustine follows, said that our reason, when it contemplates the highest things, is called reason and wisdom; but when it has care of the lowest things, is called prudence. The sense therefore is, as it were, that the wisdom of God not only beholds divine things, as wisdom; but also lowers itself to human misery and ignorance, that it may teach it to act prudently, and by that reason takes on the reason and name of prudence. Again Palacius: Understanding, he says, is the same as acuteness; as it were, Wisdom is the acuteness of prudence which was from eternity; for wisdom is the sublimity and immensity of prudence. Thus it is said, verse 24: "Wisdom shall distribute knowledge and the understanding of prudence," that is, wisdom gives knowledge and the acuteness of prudence. FROM ETERNITY. — That is, from all eternity, or from all imaginary time, which we fashion in mind to have coexisted with eternity, that is, as the Apostle speaks, from the eternal times, Rom. XVI, 25. For from eternity uncreated wisdom existed in God formally; but created wisdom was in Him eminently, objectively, exemplarily and efficiently, or as in an exemplary and efficient cause, as I have already said. This is the fourth praise of wisdom, namely, that it is eternal. and existing truth: concerning which, as pure and never erring, the knowledge of all things, divine faith consists, the stable firmament of believers; which indeed places these in truth and places truth in themselves by a certain identity never to be shaken." This is the fifth praise of wisdom, that it itself is the intellection and word of the divine mind, by which the Father, knowing Himself and all things, spoke Himself and all things. For the Father uttered a good word, Psalm XLIV, 1. Secondly, a created word could be taken here, namely, the law decreed for all creatures, and given by God; the law, I say, both natural, as is the law of the heavens, water, fire, that is, their state, course and order fixed and given to them by God, according to that: "By Thy ordinance the day continueth," Psalm CXVIII, 91. And: "He hath established them for ever, and for ever and ever," Psalm CXLVIII, 6. And moral, as is the natural and positive law given to men and Angels: for this leads them to the fountain of wisdom, nay, is to them the fountain and source of wisdom. Thus Pineda lib. III On the Things of Solomon cap. XXVI, n. 6. "The fountain," he says, "of wisdom is the Word of God on high: and the entrances (ways, accesses, paths) of it, are eternal commandments" (which the supreme legislator God commands to be perpetually observed): for just as the same way is, the same path, and the same impulse of the human mind through the keeping of commandments to merit wisdom, and to see that first and most high fountain of divine light: so the same outflow and course of the same wisdom communicated by God to men is, through the same paths of commandments spreading and running, and never wandering from God, that is, from its source; as it is written John VI: "Every one that hath heard of the Father, and hath learned, cometh to me." But if the whole stream of wisdom be consumed, either in seeking earthly riches, or in pursuing the pleasures of animal life, or in seeking the most vain honors, and seeks nothing divine: "this is not wisdom that cometh down from above, but earthly, sensual, devilish. But the wisdom that is from above, full of good fruits," etc. James cap. III, 15. Finally Palacius explains, as it were, that the Word of God is the fountain, well, sea and ocean of wisdom: For, as St. Augustine says serm. On the Samaritan Woman, "Every well is a fountain: therefore the Word of God, which is the sea of wisdom, will surely also be the fountain of wisdom:" but St. Gregory Nazianzen in orat. On Theology "These three things," he says, "are distinguished, river, fountain, eye of the fountain. The river flows from the fountain; the fountain is made from the eye; from the eye water bubbles forth, which makes the fountain; from the fountain water goes forth, which makes the river." Aptly therefore the Word is called fountain from the eye, that is, emanating from the mind of the Father: for the mind of the Father is as it were an eye always open to behold itself, and to understand all things. From this fountain, namely the Word, flow forth rivers, that is, all creatures.
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Yet you should more properly understand the Word notionally, or the Son with St. Augustine, book XV of On the Trinity, chapter XI, because the Word is properly called this, and is the fountain of wisdom flowing from the Father. He mentions it, however, so as to signify the wisdom to be sought by man from Christ, who is the Word of God heavenly, alien from all earthly impurity, upright, holy and perfect, from whom therefore flow forth eternal commandments, which are namely firm and constant in themselves, and endure forever, and lead their observer to blessed eternity. The Word therefore essential is the very conception and command of God, by which namely He said all things in wisdom, and commanded them to be made, saying: Let there be light, sun, stars, men, living creatures, etc. Genesis I, and immediately they were made. The Word notional is similar: both are uncreated. Divine St. Dionysius, On Divine Names, chapter VII: "The Word," he says, "is called God with praise by the divine Scriptures, not only because it supplies word, or reason, and mind, and wisdom; but also because it has in itself all the causes equally anticipated beforehand, and because it goes through all things, reaching, as it is written (Wisdom VIII), even to the end of all things." And after a few things he adds: "This word is truly simple— The ancients searched through many centuries of years for the source or origin of the Nile, and were unable to find it. Whence Lucan, book X: Nature has not revealed her secret head to anyone, nor was it permitted to peoples to see you small, O Nile, and she removed the bays, and preferred nations to marvel at your origins rather than to know them. In our age at last it has been known that the Nile arises among the Ethiopians, namely, in a certain lake of Africa in the kingdom of Congo, as the Portuguese observed, who explored those places. The Philosophers searched much more for the fountain of wisdom, but in vain. Therefore Sirach here designates it, and indicates it to be the Word of God on high; so as to signify that it is sought in vain on earth, whose source is in the heavens: in Ethiopia, I say, that is, in the splendor and ardor of the divine Holy Trinity, according to that Psalm CIX, verse 3: "With thee is the principality in the day of thy strength, in the brightness of the saints: from the womb before the day-star I begot thee." He says therefore: "The fountain of wisdom, the Word of God on high," as if to say, The eternal Word of God the Father is the fountain of all wisdom, from which all creatures, all Angels and men draw and borrow their rivulets of wisdom. Moreover this fountain of divine wisdom has in God and the Word an order of objects, according to our manner of understanding. For in the first aspect of reason, it is directed toward the divine essence and divine persons: in the second, toward all possible things: in the third, toward all possible works of possible things: in the fourth, toward all future things by hypothesis: in the fifth, toward all future things absolutely. Whence it was rightly said by the Prophet: "Of his wisdom there is no number." Wherefore all created things, or to be created and possible, are in the divine essence, as in the primordial foundation and ground of things; in power, as in the efficient cause from nothing; in wisdom formally and objectively, and as it were in the exemplary cause. Wisdom first, turned toward the essence, comprehends it entirely, equaling itself to it, and measuring itself completely against it. From the force of this comprehension follows immediately the conception of all possible things, or their production: from this the distinct knowledge of all works and effects, which from a creature, both possible and existing, can be made: hence the clear intuition of all those things which by any hypothesis would be future: finally the eternal vision of all things either present, or past, or future in reality. In this manner and order the wisdom of God proceeds into five as it were spheres of objects and intelligibles; and whatever else it touches, it touches from the force of the comprehension of the essence, which is the first reason and foundation of all possible things. Therefore in God there is not only the universality of wisdom and intelligence, but also the universality of objects and intelligibles. Morally, St. Augustine in Psalm XXXV, verse 10: "For with thee is the fountain of life: and in thy light we shall see light." Who, says he, is the fountain of life, but Christ? He came to thee in the flesh, that he might water thy thirsting throat. He shall satisfy the one who hopes, who watered the one who thirsted. "For with thee is the fountain of life: and in thy light we shall see light." Here one thing is the fountain, another is the light: there it is not so. For what is the fountain, this is also the light. It is a fountain, because it satisfies the thirsty: a light, because it illuminates the blind: there thou shalt not be wearied, because it is a fountain: thou shalt not be darkened, because it is a light." The same in Psalm XLI, 1: "As the hart panteth after the fountains of water, so my soul panteth after thee, O God. Come now, brethren, says he, seize upon my eagerness, share this desire of mine, let us love together, let us burn together in this thirst, let us run together to the fountain of understanding. Let us therefore desire like the hart the fountain." And further on: "Run to the fountains: desire the fountains of waters. With God is the fountain of life, and an inexhaustible fountain: in his light an undarkened light. Desire this light; a certain fountain, a certain light, such as thy eyes know not: for which light the inner eye is prepared by seeing, for which fountain the inner thirst is kindled by drinking. Run to the fountain, desire the fountain: but not in any way; do not run like any animal whatsoever: run like the hart. What is it to run like the hart? Let there be no slowness in running, run eagerly, desire the fountain eagerly. For we shall find a remarkable swiftness in the hart." And after some things; he suggests an obstacle to this running toward wisdom to be removed, namely, desires: "How, says he, dost thou desire the fountain of wisdom, when thou still laborest in the poison of malice? Kill in thyself whatever is contrary to truth: and when thou seest thyself as it were free from perverse desires, do not remain as if there were nothing thou dost desire: for there is something by which thou mayest lift thyself up, if thou hast already acted in thyself so that there be no hindrance against thee." IN THE HIGHEST. — This can be taken as an epithet of God, as if to say, "The Word of God who is most high," thus the Zurich Bible; or as an epithet of wisdom, indicating its seat and place, as if to say, The fountain of wisdom does not arise in the low valleys of the earth, but in the high mountains of the heavens, and from thence flows down to the earth: because this fountain is not earthly, but heavenly and divine, namely, the Word of God. AND HIS GOINGS (πορεῖαι αὐτῆς, that is, the ways of her, namely, of wisdom, by which she herself proceeds and goes forth, are) EVERLASTING COMMANDMENTS. — He persists in the metaphor of water and fountain, as if to say, Just as a fountain flows and is carried by certain ways, paths, channels and conduits into neighboring fields and vineyards; so the fountain of wisdom, namely, the Word of God, by certain ways and channels pours forth and derives wisdom into men, Angels, and all creatures: these ways, or channels, are the commandments of God eternal, namely, the eternal ordinances and constitutions of God; and, as St. Augustine says in book IX of the City of God, chapter XXII, they are the eternal laws of God, which live in his wisdom and Word, in which Angels learn and discern the course and order of the world, their own and men's And Origen, homily 3 in Joshua: "The Incarnation, says he, of the Savior did not bring us a mere and complete vision of divinity; but as through a window he made us through his incarnation behold the light of divinity." Hugo adds, who reviews in detail these manifold goings of incarnate Wisdom, namely, of Christ. The first, says he, is into the womb of the Virgin Mother of God through incarnation; the second is into the world, through nativity; the third is into the Jordan, through manifestation: for when baptized by John in the Jordan, with him pointing it out, and the Father thundering from heaven: "This is my beloved Son;" he was recognized to be the Son of God, and the Messiah; the fourth is into hell, for the liberation of the fathers; the fifth is into heaven, through ascension. learn and teach, what is needful for themselves, what for men, that they may live wisely according to God's law, that they may pass through life holily, and attain to a blessed life and heavenly eternity. For just as the preceding verse showed the origin and state of wisdom; so this shows its progress and outflow to creatures. This is the sixth praise of wisdom. Secondly, Jansenius thus explains it, as if to say, Goings, or ways, that is, the modes and reasons, according to which wisdom proceeds in governing creatures, are fixed and perpetual like eternal commandments; because they themselves are perpetual ordinances of God, commandments and decrees, which God has established and prescribed to man, to Angel, and to each creature as a law of living and acting, according to which wisdom requires that one proceed and live. This sense agrees in part with the first. Third, others, that is to say, the entrances, that is, the ways which lead to wisdom, are the commandments of God enduring forever. Do you wish therefore to attain wisdom? Do you wish to know and to undertake the way to it? Keep the commandments of God: these will lead you straight to it. For just as the way of life is called the way to life, so the way of wisdom is called the way to wisdom. Whence the Zurich Bible translated it not so much word for word as paraphrastically: "The fountain of wisdom is the most excellent word of God; and the entrance is his eternal precepts." So also Palacius. Fourth, Lyra: The fountain, he says, of all created wisdom is the Word of God, which entering into Mount Sinai gave to the Jews the commandments of the Decalogue, which are eternal; because they are of natural law, and therefore always bind and endure. Allegorically Rabanus, and St. Bernard in his sermon on the Nativity of the Blessed Mary, on the Aqueduct: The fountain of evangelical wisdom is the Word incarnate. Whence, when the Word through the flesh assumed entered into the world, he gave to it eternal commandments, namely, the precepts of the Gospel. For the law of the Gospel after the law of nature and of Moses is the third and last; nor shall any other succeed it, but it shall endure forever, and shall translate its followers to heaven and to blessed eternity. Whence St. Fulgentius in his book Against the Objections of the Arians, in the second response: "That," he says, "the beginning of the ways of the Lord was created the Son, what is this other than that he himself was made the way for us, so that with him as guide and ruler through the grace of adoption which we have received, an entrance might be opened to us for our progress in virtues." For which reason St. Justin the philosopher and martyr about the year of Christ 130, when, seeking wisdom, he had wandered through various sects of philosophers, and had found it nowhere, heard from a certain old man appearing to him: "That which you seek so anxiously cannot be found except in the school of Christ. But you should first of all desire that the gates of light be opened to you through your vows and prayers: for they are not perceived or understood by any, except if God and Christ grant them understanding." Believing and obeying this, Justin became both a Christian and a philosopher and a martyr. Thus he himself relates it in his Dialogue with Trypho. Tropologically, the entrances of God into the soul are manifold, various and incomprehensible, by which he draws it to himself, illuminates it, transforms it, exalts it, inflames it. Thus he called St. Paul visibly by himself, striking him down with lightning and prostrating him, Acts IX, 3. He called Cornelius through an Angel, Acts X, 3. He called the eunuch of Candace the queen through Philip, Acts VIII, 29. He calls others through scourges, others through benefits: these through teachers and preachers; those through books and the examples of Saints, as he called St. Augustine. Saints and contemplatives feel the marvelous entrances of God, instincts, elevations, raptures, by which he teaches them the practices of all virtues, the modes of praying, contemplating, etc., and they cannot comprehend them.
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"Astutias," or, as Vatablus says, cunning, in Greek πανουργεύματα, Sirach takes in a good sense, as also the Septuagint in Proverbs: for he follows these. Thus St. Thomas I II, Question XIX, article 7, to 2: "It must be said," he says, "that the fear of God is compared to the whole human life regulated by the wisdom of God, as a root to a tree. Whence it is said in Ecclesiasticus I: The root of wisdom is to fear the Lord. And its branches are long-lived. And therefore, just as a root is said by virtue to be the whole tree: so the fear of God is said to be wisdom." "Astutias," therefore, he calls wise reasons, cautions, circumspections, which God employs everywhere in doing and governing his works: for no one can fully investigate and comprehend these. Whence the Syrian translates, "who knows the secrets of intelligence?" The Egyptians represented the same thing hieroglyphically by Isis, or Minerva of Sais, in whose temple this inscription was: "I am all that was, is, and shall be; and no mortal has yet unfolded my robe: the fruit which I bore is the sun," as our Nicholas Causinus reports from Plutarch and Proclus in book I of Parabolical History, chapter LVI: for this Isis, or Minerva, was a symbol of heavenly wisdom. This is what Baruch sings of wisdom in chapter III, 15: "Who hath found out her place, and who hath known the treasures thereof? Where are the princes of the nations, and they that rule over the beasts that are upon the earth? They that had their pastime with the birds of the air? Who hoard up silver and gold, etc. But they have not known the way of discipline. She hath not been heard of in Chanaan, neither hath she been seen in Theman. The children also of Agar, that seek after the wisdom that is of the earth, etc.; but they have not known the way of wisdom." Wherefore Lactantius in book III On False Wisdom attacks the Philosophers, who boasted that they had found wisdom; and among other things in chapter XVI: "When," he says, "did Philosophers begin? Thales (as I think) first: this age is indeed recent. Where then was this love of investigating truth hidden among the ancients?" And soon after: "Seneca, it is not yet," he says, "a thousand years since the beginnings of wisdom became known. For many centuries therefore the human race lived without reason. Which Persius mocks: After," he says, "wisdom came to the city with pepper and palms: as if wisdom had been brought in with the merchandise of flavors; which according to human nature, it was necessary should begin with man himself: but if it is not, neither could human nature even receive it. But, because it did receive it; therefore it was necessary that wisdom should have existed from the beginning. Therefore Philosophy, because it did not exist from the beginning, is not the same true wisdom: but, namely, the Greeks, who had not touched the sacred letters of truth, did not know how wisdom had been corrupted. And therefore, since they thought human life to be empty of wisdom, they invented Philosophy, that is, they wished by discussion to draw out the hidden and unknown truth to themselves, which study, through ignorance of the true, they thought to be wisdom." This is the seventh praise of wisdom, namely, that it itself is incomprehensible to men and Angels. Allegorically, the root of wisdom is the Blessed Virgin Mother of God: for she is the mother of incarnate Wisdom, namely, Christ. Whence she is called by the Fathers, and is invoked in the Litanies as the root of wisdom, which God created in the Holy Spirit, as I shall say in verse 9. For no one comprehends her admirable conception, nativity, presentation, and angelic life in the temple, the annunciation, the birth of the Word, etc., the virtues, gifts, prerogatives, excellencies, prudence and wisdom; especially, because she alone knew through ocular, auricular, sensible, and much more mental experience, namely, through illumination of the intellect and ardors of the will infused into her by the Word conceived within her and constantly present to her, the incarnation, nativity, infancy, wisdom, life and deeds of the Word, and revealed these things to St. Luke, so that he might write them in the Gospel, and to the Apostles and the faithful. Whence St. Thomas I part., Question XXV, article 6, to 4, asking whether God could create creatures more perfect than he has created, and to them again others and others more perfect in infinitum, answers that he could; but he excepts three things, namely, the incarnation of the Word, the maternity of the Virgin Mother of God, and our beatitude, which consists in the vision and fruition of God: for these three things, since they involve God, nay, have him as their object, hence nothing can be made better than them by God; otherwise indeed something would be more excellent than God. Wherefore just as there cannot be a more perfect man than Christ, inasmuch as he is man and God; nor a more perfect happiness than the vision and possession of God: so neither can a more perfect mother be made by God than the mother of the Word, inasmuch as she is the mother of God. "Wherefore these three," he says, "have a certain infinite dignity from the infinite good, which is God: from this aspect nothing can be made better than them, just as nothing can be better than God." Finally, she herself is the root of wisdom: because that supereminent wisdom infused into her by God, she communicated to the Apostles and other faithful, and daily communicates to those who invoke her, as she communicated to St. Gregory Thaumaturgus, commanding St. John to deliver to him the Symbol and formula of faith, which he might oppose to Origen, Arius and heretics. Likewise to Albert the Great, to Rupert Abbot of Tuitium, to St. Thomas Aquinas, and to many others. Of this more in chapter XXIV, verse 6 and following.
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not of wisdom; for in Greek it is masculine, αὐτοῦ, but of God most high: "his" therefore, that is, his own. For the Hebrews have the same absolute and reflexive pronoun. Whence the Latin interpreter often exchanges one with the other, as I said in the preface. Now understand, he acknowledged, he understood, for to the question proposed: Who hath known the root, the discipline, the entrances and the ways of wisdom? he answers, God alone most high. He adds a reason a posteriori, and as it were a proof from the effect, namely that he himself is first, "creator of all things:" for by wisdom he created all things wisely; secondly, that he is "almighty:" for wisdom is the guide of omnipotence; because whatever wisdom dictates can wisely be done, this God's omnipotence can effect; thirdly, that he is "a mighty king:" for a king in order to rule has need of wisdom, and the greater the more his rule and power is great; fourthly, that he is "to be feared exceedingly," namely, terrible, venerable and to be worshipped with latria, whom the Dominations adore, and the Powers tremble before as a Godhead, which sees all things most wisely and most justly, provides for all, rewards, and punishes also with hell and eternal fires: whence as it were a judge and avenger he sits upon the throne of his majesty and glory, which Daniel describes cap. VII, 9, and St. John Apoc. IV, 2, and Ezechiel cap. I, 26: see what I have noted in those places; fifthly, that he is "God ruling," everywhere and always, namely, in heaven and on earth through all ages. For to this immense dominion immense wisdom and providence is required, that he combine all things, make them equal, dispose them according to the good of each and of the whole Universe. The Greek here are concise as is their custom, and thus they have: "There is one wise (in himself and by essence) to be feared exceedingly, sitting upon his throne." So also the Syriac: "There is one and terrible alone God, because he himself is ruler over all his treasures," namely of wisdom. And the Arabic: "There is one to be feared alone himself, God ruling all his treasures." This therefore is the seventh praise of wisdom, namely that it is so great, so sublime, so broad and so vast, that by no one, except by God alone omniscient and almighty, can it be comprehended. "For God," says St. Anselm in the Monologion, cap. XV, "is the supreme essence, and supreme life, supreme reason, supreme salvation, supreme justice, supreme wisdom, supreme truth, supreme goodness, supreme greatness, supreme beauty, supreme immortality, supreme incorruptibility, supreme immutability, supreme blessedness, supreme eternity, supreme power, supreme unity." And St. Cyprian, lib. That Idols Are Not: "The world has one ruler, who all things that are commands by his word, disposes by reason, accomplishes by virtue. He neither can be seen, being clearer than sight; nor comprehended, being purer than touch; nor estimated, being greater than sense: and therefore we esteem him thus worthily, while we call him inestimable." And St. Bernard, lib. V On Consideration: "What is God? An almighty will, a most benevolent virtue, an eternal light, an unchangeable reason, an eternal blessedness." And below: "He loves as charity, knows as truth, judges as equity, rules as majesty, governs as principle, works as virtue, protects as salvation, reveals as light, assists as piety, etc."
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CREATED. — That is, drew forth, begot, brought forth, as I said verse 4. But how in the Holy Spirit? For God the Father did not beget Wisdom, namely the Word, in the Holy Spirit; but rather through the Word (as St. Cyril says in book XII on John, chapter LVI), and with the Word brought forth and breathed out the Holy Spirit. I answer first, that created wisdom, of which Sirach seems to speak more here, was created in the Holy Spirit: because God the Father through the Spirit, and through the love by which He willed to communicate Himself and His goods to creatures, created them in wisdom, and with the wisdom which He imparted to them. For He established this as it were as the architect of creation, "and poured it out upon all His works," as he adds verse 11. Again, this wisdom God "created" from eternity, that is, He decreed to create and predestined it, conceiving, namely, the idea of the world to be created, and the number and measure of things to be created, their order and law, especially that which He was about to prescribe to Angels and men, and this "in the Holy Spirit," that is, from the love and affection for creatures, Angels and men, which love is attributed to the Holy Spirit; because the Holy Spirit through the will, and the notional act of love of the Father and the Son is breathed forth and produced. Whence St. Athanasius, Disputation against Arius, proves from this passage that the Holy Spirit is God. This sense, as it is easy, obvious and fitting; so it is very apt and genuine: for Sirach, equally as Solomon, speaks of wisdom confusedly and generally. Whence he says certain things of it which more properly belong to the uncreated, certain things which more properly belong to the created; and such is this. For he wishes to teach that God from eternity decreed to create creatures in wisdom from love, which is appropriated to the Holy Spirit, not however for any proper advantage of His own; and therefore this love of God was pure and holy; and consequently the work of this love, namely, the world, Angels, men, and the laws and precepts established and fixed for them by God are pure, holy and altogether irreproachable. Wherefore the Syrian and Arabic, for "created it," translate "manifested it." Secondly, uncreated Wisdom, both essentially and notionally, created, that is, produced and begotten, is from the Father in the Holy Spirit, that is, first, from the spiritual and holy divinity, and as it were proceeded and emanated from the fecundity of the divine nature: for properly essential Wisdom is not produced or begotten by God, since it is one and the same with God; but in our manner of conceiving is said to be produced in that sense which I have already assigned. For we conceive and measure divine things which we do not see, from human and created things which we do see. In these, however, we see created wisdom proceed and be produced from spiritual nature, and the excellence of angelic and human intellect. Therefore in a similar way we conceive uncreated Wisdom as it were to proceed from the immense excellence of divinity, thus Jansenius, for the Holy Spirit is taken in two ways: first, notionally, as the proper attribute of the third person of the most holy Trinity; secondly, essentially, in which way God the Father is the Holy Spirit: for if He is Himself Spirit, He is also holy. Whence certain codices write τὸ Spiritu Sancto with a small s. The Romans, however, the Plantin editions, and others write with a capital letter, as if it were the proper name of the Holy Spirit. Wherefore secondly, uncreated Wisdom (namely, the Word) created, that is, produced, is in the Holy Spirit, "not principally, because the Holy Spirit is not the principle of the Son, but concomitantly," says Lyra. Thus in the Holy Spirit, that is, with the Holy Spirit, for He is produced and proceeds from the Father and the Son, so that we understand the Holy Spirit to have been from eternity together with the Father and the Son: for the Hebrew בְּ, that is, in, is taken for עִם, that is, with, at, near, and other prepositions. Or in the Holy Spirit, as it were in the end and term, as if to say, Creation, that is, the production of Wisdom, that is, of the Word, did not stop there, but proceeded further, and was finished and terminated in the production of the Holy Spirit; for the Father in begetting the Word, at the same time gave Him the fecundity of spiration, so that He might with Him breathe forth and produce the Holy Spirit; and this power is included in the notion of the Word, so that it is not fully and in all respects perfect, until it breathes forth the Holy Spirit: for in the Holy Spirit is terminated all activity, all internal production of divinity, namely, of the Father and the Son. Thus St. Augustine in book VI of On the Trinity says that the Father and the Son love each other in the Holy Spirit, namely, in love, not essential and formal; but notional and produced, which is the end and terminus of essential love: "For the Holy Spirit," he says, "is the highest charity, joining both together, and subjecting us to them." And in book V: "The Holy Spirit is a certain consubstantial communion of the Father and the Son." Thus the same Augustine in book LXXXIII of Questions says that the Father is wise by begotten wisdom, not formally: for thus he is wise, and is wise and understands by essential and unbegotten wisdom, but effectively and terminatively; because, namely, his intellection notionally produces begotten wisdom, or the Word, and terminates in it. Whence the same Augustine in book XV of On the Trinity and book I of Retractions, chapter XXVI, teaches that it should be said properly that the Father is not wise by begotten wisdom (because the Father did not receive wisdom from the Word, but rather the Word receives it from the Father), but by his own and unbegotten wisdom. Thirdly, Palacius thus expounds it, as if to say: The Father created, that is, possessed the Son, who is in the Holy Spirit, namely, with whom he has one nature: for just as the Father is in the Son, so the Son is in the Holy Spirit, so that the circuminsession of the three divine persons, or mutual indwelling, may be signified, concerning which I have spoken elsewhere from Damascene. For since there is one essence of the three persons, it comes to pass that the Father is in the Son and the Spirit, and the Son is in the Father and the Spirit, and the Holy Spirit is in the Father and the Son, and this not only as regards the one and the same essence, which is common to the three persons, as Durandus wished in I, distinction 19, and some others; but also as regards the very person itself. Because the very same and individual essence is in the three persons, it comes to pass that not only the essence, but also through it each person inheres in another, as St. Bonaventure, Marsilius, Scotus, and others teach throughout in I, distinction 19; concerning which matter I have said more elsewhere. Fourthly, many theologians thus expound it: The Father created, that is, begot Wisdom, namely, the Word, from the knowledge of the Holy Spirit; because he begot it from the knowledge and comprehension of his essence, and of all things that are in it: but in it is the fecundity of spirating the Holy Spirit, and the possibility of creating every possible thing: wherefore from the knowledge of the Holy Spirit, and of possible creatures, equally as of the divine essence, the Word is produced and proceeds, as Francis Suarez probably teaches in book IX of On the Triune God, chapters IV, V, VI and others, although Gabriel Vasquez with some others denies this. Allegorically, Incarnate Wisdom was created in the Holy Spirit: because the Incarnation was the work, not only of the Father and the Son, but of the Holy Spirit. Whence in the Creed we say: "Who was conceived by the Holy Ghost, born of the Virgin Mary." Wherefore the Angel announcing the conception, when the Virgin asked: "How shall this be done, because I know not man?" answered: "The Holy Ghost shall come upon thee, and the power of the Most High shall overshadow thee; and therefore also the Holy One that shall be born of thee shall be called the Son of God." Luke I, 35. Thus Rabanus. Again, Wisdom, or rather the mother of Eternal Wisdom, is the Blessed Virgin: God created her in the Holy Spirit, because she was at once created and filled with the Holy Spirit, as was fitting for her who was soon to be the mother of God, and therefore she surpassed all men and Angels in grace: wherefore her grace alone God "numbered and measured," according to that in the last chapter of Proverbs: "Many daughters have gathered together riches, thou hast surpassed them all." Thus St. Bernardine, tome II, sermon 1, article 3, chapter 1. This is the eighth praise of Wisdom, namely, that God created her in the Holy Spirit. From what has been said, it is clear that this passage does not favor the Greeks, who say and teach that the Holy Spirit does not proceed from the Son, but from the Father alone: on account of which error, on the very feast of the Holy Spirit, namely, Pentecost, Constantinople was captured by Mahomet, the Emperor of the Turks, and the empire of the Greeks was overthrown in the year of the Lord 1453. The Greeks preferred to dispute with the Latins about the Holy Spirit in idle and false words, rather than to decide seriously against the barbarians with arms. And so by the just judgment of God, the same Holy Spirit Just as therefore an artisan pours forth his art into the work which he produces from art: for a painter, for example, by painting an image similar to his art and to the idea which he has conceived in his mind, transfers and conveys the idea as it were into the painting: so God, as it were the artisan and painter of the universe, poured forth and transferred his wisdom and idea into it, when he created it according to that idea and similar to it. Whence the Syrian translator rendered it: "He manifested it, and divided it among all his works: he gave it with flesh according to his will, and multiplied it in all those who fear him;" the Arabic: "He laid it open, and revealed it, then comprehended it, and bestowed it: he distributed it among all his creation, upon every man of mankind according to his will, and multiplied it in all those who fear him." Contemplated here, marvel at and revere divine wisdom as the primeval fountain and primeval seal of all things, which penetrates all things by its purity and subtlety, forms all things intrinsically and disposes all things in all things. Consider therefore divine wisdom to be full of notions and concepts of things, as it were certain seals, suitable for forming creatures according to the species of each. For created things are as it were certain impressions and seal-marks of divine wisdom: for which reason it is said: "And he poured it forth (his wisdom) upon all his works." And just as a seal impressed upon water, or upon another fluid thing, if it be removed, the form immediately perishes: so unless the seal of divine wisdom continually forms and seals the creature, the whole species and substance of the thing would vanish. Therefore to each created thing this seal of divine wisdom, by which its essence is continually formed and preserved from within, is always intimately present. Note here the condescension of God the Creator, who has exalted all creatures, but especially men, particularly the saints, to such dignity as is the likeness of God: for all creatures are similar to the wisdom of God; because they are similar to their ideas and exemplars, which live in the mind of God, and are God himself. If all creatures, therefore much more the just and the holy, concerning whom he therefore says: "And he bestowed," namely, himself, and as it were himself wholly, "upon those who love him." For, as Ecclesiasticus says in chapter 51, verse 1: "The children of wisdom, the church of the just," that is, the just and the holy are children of wisdom, and therefore the just are participatively as it were wisdom itself; just as the son of man ought to be man. This is what St. John marvels at in chapter 1, verse 12: "But as many as received him, he gave them power to be made the sons of God, who are born not of blood, etc., but of God." Now on the occasion of these who fear and love God, whose wisdom is as it were their own, Sirach passes on to the fear of God, following the great wisdom of God implanted in the heavens, elements, trees, plants, birds, fishes, etc.; hence that diligence of birds in constructing nests, they received wounds in that battle, which were the final death of their masters: so that, just as Constantine the first, born a thousand years ago of St. Helena, distinguished by Catholic religion and remarkable in reverence toward the Roman Pontiff, founder of Constantinople, called the new Rome, was exceedingly renowned; so Drogates, Constantine the second, also born of Helena, but a deserter of the Catholic religion and an enemy of the Roman Pontiff, having lost Constantinople, was the last, inglorious and infamous for all ages. AND HE SAW, AND NUMBERED, AND MEASURED IT.—These three are antistrophic, and respond alternately to the three things asked in verse 2, for there he asked: "Who hath searched out wisdom, numbered it, and measured it?" here he answers, God "saw it, and numbered it, and measured it," that is to say, God fully and completely from eternity knew the nature and quantity of wisdom, both discrete, namely, number; and continuous, namely, bulk and measure; God perceived what and how great wisdom was; God from eternity had all the reasons and modes of wisdom numbered and measured, according to which in time he was about to create and make all things, according to that passage in Wisdom 16: "Thou hast ordered all things in measure, and number, and weight." For he speaks of the architectonic wisdom of God, which God the architect conceived and formed in his mind as it were an idea from eternity, so that according to it in time he might create all things in measure, number and weight. Although therefore the wisdom of God in itself is infinite, and to man innumerable and immeasurable; yet by God, and by the mind of God, which is likewise infinite, and which is the fountain and origin of wisdom, it is numbered, measured and comprehended. Note saw, that is, intimately, thoroughly and fundamentally he inspected and surveyed its nature, properties and attributes, as it were captivated by its beauty and splendor: τὸ measured it, is not in the Greek.
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Solomon saying: "The fear of the Lord, the beginning of wisdom," so as to teach the way and manner of obtaining wisdom, thus far praised,
Second Part of the Chapter to be fear, or love of God: for filial fear is the same as love, or certainly an act of love and charity.
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He is likewise destined to be king in heaven through glory; which kingdom on earth he begins through grace; for through this he becomes a son of God, and therefore an heir of His heavenly kingdom; and consequently he acquires a greater and more certain right to the kingdom of heaven through grace than a firstborn son of an earthly king has to his father's kingdom. For the latter has his right from men, the former from God. Whence St. Peter says in his first epistle, chapter II, 9: "You are a chosen generation, a kingly priesthood, a holy nation, a purchased people." Finally, he who fears God is a conqueror, and therefore crowned: for he triumphs over sin, the world, the flesh, and the devil. Whence Rabbi Simeon used to say, "There are three crowns, the crown of the law, the crown of the priesthood, and the crown of empire: but the crown of good fame (from wisdom and honest living) is far more illustrious and precious than all these." Wherefore St. Chrysostom in homily 69 to the People says: "If we have the fear of God," he says, "we need nothing else: but if we do not have this, even if we possess a kingdom, we are the poorest of all. Nothing equals one who fears God: for the fear of the Lord surpasses all things; let us therefore possess this: let us do all things for the sake of this, that we may attain this fear." Moreover, in homily 15 to the People he wrote much to the same effect: "Unless fear were good," he says, "Christ would not have spent so many and such long discourses speaking of punishment and torment. Fear is nothing other than a wall, and a fortification, and an impregnable tower. For indeed we have need of much fortification, because there are many snares on all sides." Finally, St. Isidore in book II of the Sentences, chapter I: "All," he says, "who are wise according to God, are blessed. Blessed life is the knowledge of divinity. Knowledge of divinity is the virtue of good works. Virtue of good works is the fruit of eternity." The fear of God here is understood to mean not merely fear of God, but also reverence, observance and worship, or θεοσέβεια, and religion, as Vatablus translates it, which is the beginning of wisdom, and is born from love. For it is filial, not servile: because the faithful, as it were sons, greatly love God as a father, and hence they fear and revere Him; they observe all His laws, indeed His very wishes; in all things they strive to please Him, and take the greatest care lest they commit anything by which they might offend Him even in the least. Wherefore this fear is the cause of glory, joy, and a crown. For this reason Lactantius, throughout books III and IV, teaches that all philosophers did not have true but false wisdom, because they lacked true knowledge, worship, and religion of God, in which true wisdom is situated; and among other things in chapter II: "God," he says, "willed that human nature should be such as to desire and seek two things, religion and wisdom: but men are deceived because they either embrace religion while omitting wisdom, or devote themselves to wisdom alone while omitting religion, when one cannot be true without the other. They fall therefore into manifold religions, but false ones for this reason, because they abandoned wisdom, which could have led them to know that there cannot be many gods: or they pursue wisdom, but false wisdom for this reason, because they omitted the religion of the supreme God, who could have instructed them in true knowledge. Thus men, who embrace one or the other, follow a devious path, full of the greatest errors: because in these two inseparably connected are included both the duty of man and all truth." Whence, concluding in book III, he says: "Whoever wishes to be wise and blessed, let him hear the voice of God, let him learn justice, let him know the mystery of his birth, let him despise human things, let him embrace divine things, that he may be able to attain that supreme good for which he was born. All religions being dissolved and all things whatsoever that were wont to be said or could be said in their defense being refuted; then, the disciplines of Philosophy being convicted, we must come to true religion and wisdom; because both are (as I shall teach) joined together." Hence the fear of God by the Septuagint in Proverbs I, 7, is called εὐσέβεια, that is, piety and religion, as Clement of Alexandria translates it in book II of the Stromata, concerning which more in verse 16. Thus Abraham says in Genesis XX, 11: "Perhaps there is not the fear of God in this place," that is, perhaps in this place there is not the worship and religion of God. Thus that passage in Deuteronomy VI, 13: "Thou shalt fear the Lord thy God," Christ explains in Matthew IV, 10: "Thou shalt adore the Lord thy God." For, as the Poet says, Fear first made gods in the world. Thus Job, chapter I, 1, is called "a man simple and upright, and fearing," that is, worshipping, "God." Similar passages are in Psalm XXI, verses 24, 25, 26, and elsewhere throughout. Moreover, Sirach here wonderfully commends the fear of God, and enumerates fourteen praises and gifts of it. The first is in this verse, that the fear of God is glory, joy, and a crown of exultation.
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Note the length of days: for, as St. Augustine most excellently says in Psalm XCIII: "What I have is for sale, says the Lord: buy it from me. What does he have for sale? Rest, the kingdom. What is its worth? Its price is labor. How much labor? Eternal rest is rightly purchased with eternal labor: certainly it ought to be so much. Likewise eternal labor for eternal rest. What are ten hundred thousand years of labor worth? They have an end. What I shall give you, says the Lord, has no end. What mercy of God! Nor does he say, Labor for ten hundred thousand years: he does not say, Or labor for a thousand years: he does not say, Labor for five hundred: but, While you live, labor for a few years. From then on there will be rest, and it will have no end. Behold how great the price: we give, in a manner, one small coin, to receive eternal treasures: a coin of labor, for eternal rest." How well and happily does the die of salvation fall for us in those final moments! For in this point of time we cast the die of all eternity, and it is either most happy or most miserable. How then shall he who fears God rejoice in his final moments, when he sees the die of blessed eternity fall for him! O what great happiness to possess it! O how great is the kingdom of heaven, or rather to possess God forever! Most excellently St. Gregory in the Morals, chapter XII: "The light of the sinner, he says, in the day is darkness in the evening; because he is lifted up in the happiness of the present life, but is devoured by the darkness of adversity in the end: but for the just the midday brightness rises toward evening; because he recognizes what clarity awaits him, when he has already begun to fall; hence it is written: It shall be well with him that feareth God in his last days." Thus in his final moments the soul of Lazarus rejoiced, when it was borne up by Angels into heaven, while the rich man Dives was plunged into the depths, Luke XVI: concerning which St. Chrysostom most beautifully speaks in his homily on the Rich Man and Lazarus: "It came to pass, he says, that he was carried by Angels, and brought, lest at least walking he should labor. He was carried after so many labors, because he had grown weak: and he was carried by Angels; one Angel was not sufficient to carry the poor man; but for this reason many come, that they might make a choir of joy. And he was carried by Angels: each of the Angels rejoices to touch such a burden: they willingly are weighed down with such burdens, that they might bring men to the kingdoms of heaven." Thus in his final moments it was well with St. Ambrose, when dying he said confidently: "I have not lived so that I should be ashamed to live among you; but neither do I fear to die, because we have a good Lord," as Possidius relates in the Life of St. Augustine, chapter XXVII; and with St. Gerard, the brother of St. Bernard, who, as he himself relates in sermon 26 on the Canticles, at death was jubilant: "Praise the Lord from the heavens, praise him in the high places;" and the Venerable Bede, who singing "Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost," gave up his soul to God, as his Life records. St. Francis, dying, though burning with the most severe pains of his whole body, sang nothing but divine praises, and heard others singing; and when Brother Elias rebuked him, saying that time should be given to tears and penance, he answered, "it was not permitted for him to act otherwise, since he knew he would soon be with God." Thus St. Bonaventure in his Life. St. Bernard, the first companion of St. Francis, dying: "Now, he said, I feel what it is to have lived in the fear of God. Now indeed for the whole world I would not have instituted another life for myself. Now I rejoice and exult, that I have despised the world, that I have served God in humility and poverty." Thus his acts have it in the Chronicle of St. Francis. St. Eligius, Bishop of Noyon, giving up his soul, bidding farewell to his disciples with a kiss: "Now no longer, he said, shall I speak with you, farewell in peace. Let earth return to earth." And raising his eyes to heaven: "Now lettest thou thy servant depart, O Lord, according to
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Thy word in peace. Remember me, O Christ my Redeemer, save me in Thy heavenly kingdom. Thou hast always been my protector. Into Thy hands I commend my spirit: let Thy hand lead me to the dwelling which Thou hast prepared for those who fear Thee." Thus reports Blessed Audoenus, Bishop of Rouen, in his Life. St. Antoninus, Archbishop of Florence, in the final breath of his life sang: "Mine eyes are ever towards the Lord, for He shall pluck my feet out of the snare;" as Mainardus reports in his Life. St. Anthony of Padua, rejoicing to the Blessed Virgin: "O glorious Lady, exalted above the stars," etc.; and with eyes fixed upon heaven: "I see my Lord," he resigned his soul in the year of the Lord 1231. Thus his Life has it, chapter XXXVII. St. Nicholas of Tolentino, six months before his death, heard nightly the concert of Angels, so that he would say: "I desire to be dissolved and to be with Christ." But when dying he exulted; and being asked the reason, he said: "My Lord Jesus Christ, leaning upon His mother and our Father Augustine, says to me: Well done, good and faithful servant, enter into the joy of thy Lord." Thus his Life has it. So in this age Blessed Peter of Alcantara of the Order of St. Francis, a man of wondrous prayer and austerity, dying on bended knees, exulting said: "I was made glad for the things that were said to me; we shall go into the house of the Lord." And our Edmund Campion, condemned to death, sang: "We praise Thee, O God." AND IN THE DAY OF HIS DEATH (of death and departure, by which he shall depart from this life to pass to a better and blessed one; whence the Syriac renders it, "in the last day"; the Arabic, "in the extremity of his life") HE SHALL BE BLESSED,—both by men and by God, when he shall hear from Christ the Judge: "Come, ye blessed of my Father, possess you the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world," Matt. XXV, 34. He shall therefore be blessed both vocally and really; that is, it shall benefit him: because he shall receive the good of happiness and eternal kingdom, which is the greatest. Whence the Zurich version renders it: "In the day of his death he shall be made blessed." Certain Greek codices read: εὐρήσει χάριν, that is, he shall find grace, namely, before God, and through it he shall find eternal glory. Wherefore in Scripture he is called blessed, nay "blessed is the man that feareth the Lord," Ps. CXI, 1. Hear St. Chrysostom in Psalm LXII: "If thou shouldst say to me from the Psalms that word: Blessed is he that feareth the Lord, and couldst know what it is that is said; thou wouldst not call blessed the rich man, nor the prince, nor the handsome man, nor him who is strong in might, nor him who possesses magnificent buildings, nor him who bears magistracies, nor him who obtains a kingdom; in short, no other one, except him who is pious and religious, who is devoted to the study of wisdom, who fears God, thou wouldst call blessed, not only on account of future things, but also on account of present things: for even in this life he too is more powerful than that man." Therefore Prosper, book II On the Calling of the Gentiles, chapter IX: "Concerning the fear (he says) of God and wisdom it is read in Ecclesiasticus: The crown of wisdom is the fear of the Lord: and both are gifts of God." And after a few words inserted: "Blessed (he says) is he to whom it has been given to have the fear of the Lord."
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You see here how he establishes wisdom now in love, now in filial fear; because this fear arises from love, indeed it is love. Thus Rabanus. This love, this wisdom makes us children of God, so that just as uncreated Wisdom is the Son of God by nature; so those wise and loving God are his children by grace, indeed are "partakers of the divine nature," and as it were certain earthly gods, as St. Peter says in Epistle II, chapter 1, verse 4. Note again the metonymy, by which wisdom is said to be love and fear of God, not formally, but causally; for wisdom is in the intellect; love and fear are habits and acts in the will: but these involve and presuppose wisdom, as it were their origin and cause. For from this dictate of wisdom: God is supreme beauty, supreme honor, supreme wealth, supreme pleasure, supreme glory, supreme good; therefore God is supremely lovable; from this arises his love and fear. Hence he is called, and truly is, practical wisdom, of which more in verse 16. Wherefore truly and elegantly St. Augustine in his tract On the Praises of Charity, volume IX: "Hold," he says, "charity, and in it you will find all knowledge;" and below: "Charity securely possesses the whole magnitude of divine utterances and their breadth;" and soon: "In what you understand in the scriptures, charity is manifest; in what you do not understand, charity is hidden. He therefore holds both what is manifest and what is hidden in divine utterances, who holds charity in his conduct." Then describing charity: "Charity," he says, "is right will, turned away entirely from all earthly things, joined inseparably to God and united, inflamed by a certain fire of the Holy Spirit, from which it is, and to which it is referred, foreign to defilement, ignorant of corruption, subject to no changeability, exalted above all things that are carnally loved, most powerful of all affections, eager for divine contemplation, always unconquered in all things, the supreme of good actions, the health of morals, the end of heavenly precepts, the death of crimes, the life of virtues, the virtue of those fighting, the palm of the victorious, the arms of holy minds, the cause of merits, the reward of the perfect, without which no one has pleased God; fruitful in the penitent, joyful in those making progress, glorious in those persevering, victorious in martyrs, active in all the faithful altogether, from which whatever is of good work, lives." Moreover the Syrian and Arabic versions for "love of God, honorable wisdom," have: "The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom;" which sentence they then repeat a second and third time in this chapter, as it were the basis and center of all things said and to be said. Finally this wise love shines forth most brightly in martyrs, and the like, who for God and wisdom undergo grave labors, or endure atrocious pains. Whence the holy Savinus and Cyprianus, martyrs of Brescia, when they were beaten atrociously, cast into a burning furnace, stretched upon wheels and torn apart, giving thanks to God and exulting said: "How sweet is your love, O Lord!" Thus Ferrarius in the Catalogue of Saints of Italy on the 2nd of July. St. Vitus, a boy, with Modestus and Crescentia, meeting a glorious agony of martyrdom, when Diocletian promised him great riches and honors if he would worship the gods, answered courageously: "I esteem kingdom, honors and riches as nothing, and I depend wholly on Christ alone, the one God and immortal." St. Felicula, virgin and Roman martyr, foster-sister of St. Petronilla, when she was tortured on the rack, exulted saying: "I see Christ my spouse, who endured such suffering for me." St. Marcus and Marcellianus, fixed with nails to a stake, when the judge said: "Come to your senses, wretches, and free yourselves from these torments," answered cheerfully: "Never have we feasted so pleasantly as we willingly endure these things for Christ's sake, in whose love we have now begun to be fixed. Would that he allow us to suffer these things as long as we are clothed in this corruptible body!" Thus their Life has it, and the Acts of St. Sebastian. Thus charity and love of Christ sweeten all crosses for the Saints, so that they repay love with love, and death with death. How sweet therefore will it be for them to enjoy Christ and his glory in heaven! Then truly they will say with the Bride: "My beloved is mine, and I am his."
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of love and wisdom), AND IN THE KNOWLEDGE OF HIS GREAT WORKS,—that is, through knowledge of his magnificent works, which they learn and hear have been performed by him in a wonderful manner, as if to say: So beautiful, so lovable is the love of God, which is true wisdom, that by its mere manifestation, by its mere aspect alone, it snatches all into love and admiration of itself; and therefore no one hates it, no one despises it, except he who does not know it. An ancient codex cited in the Greek Roman edition has it thus: Ἀγάπησις Κυρίου, ἔνδοξος σοφία, οἷς δ᾽ ἂν ὀπτάνηται, μερίζει αὐτὴν εἰς ὅρασιν αὐτοῦ, that is: "The love of God, honorable wisdom; but to those to whom it has appeared (wisdom), it distributes it (love) unto the vision of him," as if to say: Wisdom, when it shows itself and its author, namely God, to anyone, straightway snatches him into the love of God. This is the third praise of fear. Thus Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses and the Prophets saw God, and God's Word assumed in body, and heard his great works, and straightway were snatched into his love. For in those visions the Son of God appeared and showed himself, as the Council of Sirmium says; so that he might prefigure and signify that he would one day assume a true body, so that in it he might preach and communicate wisdom to us by word of mouth. Thus David, seeing the works of God's wisdom, for example the heavens, exclaims: "O Lord our Lord, how admirable is thy name in the whole earth!" Ps. VIII. Thus beholding this machine of the world he rejoices: "Thou hast delighted me, O Lord, in the work of thy hands," Ps. XCI. Thus Wisdom appeared to St. Gregory of Nazianzus as a beautiful maiden, and beside her stood Chastity in like form. And when he, being chaste, shunned the form of women, he heard from her: "Marvel not, O youth, we are companions and sisters, and familiar to thee, because thou hast prepared for us a pleasant dwelling in thy heart; one of us is called Wisdom, the other Chastity." Having seen this, Nazianzenus was inflamed with love of both, as Rufinus, Baronius, and others relate in his Life. Thus likewise Wisdom appeared to Blessed Henry Suso, who, a Doctor of Theology in the year of our Lord 1350, flourished with great praise of wisdom and holiness, and wrote many things in which breathes love of eternal Wisdom, and so he composed Hours of eternal Wisdom: whence he is called its minister. Hear the author of his Life, cap. IV: "While," he says, "he burned with desire to see and speak with Wisdom, she presented herself to him in such a form. Far above him she was borne in a column of cloud, sitting on an ivory throne, shining like the morning star, and as the sun shining in its strength. Her crown was eternity, her garment happiness, her speech sweetness, her embrace the fullness of all good. She was near and far away, sublime and humble, present and hidden; she showed herself familiar, yet could not be grasped. She was higher than the highest peaks of heaven, and deeper than the abyss: she reached from end to end mightily, and disposed all things sweetly. While she appeared in the form of an elegant maiden, soon she bore the image of the most beautiful youth. Sometimes she presented herself as most skilled in all arts, a friend lovable to all. And so, turning most sweetly to him, and courteously, yet not without a certain divine majesty, smiling upon him, she addressed him kindly with these words: Give me, my son, thy heart. Then indeed, prostrate at her feet, he gave her thanks most humbly and from the depths of his heart. Wisdom then sometimes communicated herself to that soul, as the fountain and outflow of all good, and the abyss of all desirable things, in which he found at once whatever was beautiful, lovable, or desirable; for all of this existed in her in an ineffable manner. And further on: "Nor indeed could it be said how many times he embraced that most pleasing friend with weeping eyes and with his heart expanded immeasurably, and held her sweetly to his breast. It was then often for him, just as is wont for an infant hanging at the breasts of its mother embracing it in her arms, and nestling in her lap. For just as such a little child applies his head and the motion of his whole body to his mother's breast, and declares the joy of his heart by affectionate and tender gestures of this kind: so his heart, with a certain sensible inundation, was borne toward the most joyful presence of eternal Wisdom, and he thought: If thou wert espoused to me, O Lord Jesus, O mighty Queen, it would be joy to me. Now therefore, O eternal Wisdom, thou art the Empress of my heart, and the mother of all grace. In thee thou suppliest me abundantly with riches, honor, power. I desire nothing further, whatever this world has. Under these meditations, with face made cheerful, with eyes shining, with heart lifted up in jubilation, and all his inner senses exulting, he broke forth into these words: I loved wisdom more than health and beauty, and I chose to have her for the light, and all good things came to me together with her."
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Wherefore St. Basil in chapter I of Isaiah: "Attention, he says, to mysteries, and fear of things terrible to us, is a pedagogue for exercising piety, etc. As it were a certain doorkeeper, fear is necessarily admitted for learning piety." Where he interprets wisdom as piety. Secondly, the fear of the Lord holds the principality, that is to say, in moral wisdom, namely in virtues and an honest life, religion holds the first place; the fear and worship of God is the head of virtues; religion claims for itself the citadel and principality of honesty, probity and sanctity. Whence Vatablus translates the fear of the Lord as head; Palacius, the sum of wisdom is religion, because, as St. Cyril teaches in book II On Right Faith in God, if you compose a mystical body from all virtues, religion will hold the place of the head: for just as the head pours vital and animal spirits into the other members, and through them sensation and motion, so religion pours its spirit of piety, life and motion into the other virtues. Wherefore rightly St. Ambrose on Leviticus: "Religion, he says, is to be preferred to kinship, piety to relationship. For that is true religion which prefers divine things to human, eternal things to temporal." Thus beginning is taken for supremacy and principality in chapter XI, 3: "Small among flying things is the bee, and her fruit hath the beginning of sweetness," that is to say, the fruit of the small bee is honey, which has supreme sweetness, which obtains the principality in sweetness. Thirdly, the fear of the Lord holds the firstfruits, that is to say, the fear of God holds the firstfruits of honesty and piety, which are to be offered to God; for just as the firstfruits of trees and crops, so also the firstfruits of virtues are owed to God; religion offers and renders these to God. For this entire thing looks to God and the worship of God; the other virtues tend toward the neighbor, or are directed and reflected upon the one acting. Therefore one endowed with virtue, from good actions as it were fruits, which as a fruitful tree he continually brings forth, gives firstfruits to God, when he begins them from religion, offering them to God as victims and holocausts. Fourthly, St. Thomas II, II, Question 19, article 7: "Beginning, he says, that is, the first effect of wisdom, is the fear of the Lord. For since it pertains to wisdom that human life be regulated according to divine reasons; hence it is necessary to take the principle that man revere God and subject himself to Him; thus he will consequently be regulated in all things according to God." Fifthly, our Benedictus Fernandius in Genesis chapter III, section 20, number 3, understands by wisdom penance, for this is repentance. Whence Clement of Alexandria: "Penance, he says, is great understanding." For the beginning and stimulus of penance is usually the fear of God. You will say: If fear is the beginning of wisdom, how is it said elsewhere to be the end and consummation of wisdom? as here verse 18: "The fullness of wisdom is to fear God;" and verse 21: "The crown of wisdom, the fear of the Lord;" and Job, chapter XXVIII, 28: "Behold the fear of the Lord, that itself is wisdom." Responds first, St. Augustine, to be cited presently, and from him Bede in Proverbs chapter VIII, 7, that servile or initial fear is the beginning of wisdom, that is of charity, of which he spoke verse 14: "The love of God, honorable wisdom." But filial fear and that perfected by love is the consummation of wisdom, that is of charity; because this fear is an act of perfect charity: for servile fear is the beginning, the beginning, the key, the bristle of charity, and, as St. Basil says in chapter I of Isaiah, "a pedagogue;" or, as Origen in chapter VIII on Romans verse 15: "A tutor and guardian of little ones, leading them to charity." Hear St. Augustine, tract. on that passage I John IV, 18: "Perfect charity casts out fear." "When something is sewn, the bristle enters first; but unless it goes out, the thread does not follow: so fear first occupies the mind, yet does not remain there; because it entered there in order to introduce charity." And a little before: "The beginning of wisdom, the fear of the Lord, he says, because fear prepares a place for charity; but when charity begins to dwell, fear is driven out, which prepared a place for it; for as much as that grows, this decreases, and as much as that becomes interior, fear is driven out. Greater charity, lesser fear; lesser charity, greater fear. But if there is no fear, there is no way for charity to enter." The same doctrine is taught by St. Thomas, II-II, Question 19, article 10, where he asserts that as charity increases, filial fear increases in equal measure; but servile fear decreases: "Because," he says, "the more anyone loves God, the less he fears punishment. First indeed, because he pays less attention to his own good, which is opposed by punishment; secondly, because adhering more firmly to God, he trusts more in the reward, and consequently fears punishment less." Thus speaks the divine Thomas. Fear of God therefore causes those whom the beauty of virtue does not yet delight to be restrained from sins by fear of divine sorrows and punishments. This opinion is true; but it does not satisfy this passage. For the fear here is understood rather as filial than servile; for it is called by the Septuagint εὐσέβεια, that is, piety, indeed in verse 14, it is called "love of God;" and in verse 17, "religiousness of knowledge;" and in verse 21, "crown of wisdom:" for everywhere it deals with the same fear; for Sirach strives most to inculcate in us filial fear, and calls it everywhere "fear of the Lord;" for servile fear is rather fear of hell than of the Lord. For the response, note that it is customary for ethicists and philosophers to begin their science and discipline from the principles of science, according to Aristotle, I Posterior Analytics, chapters I and II. Whence just as Aristotle in I Ethics requires of the hearer of his ethics that he be of calm affections, and therefore places the mastery of passions as the beginning and principle of his ethics, and thence consequently the dictate of right reason undisturbed: so Solomon, Proverbs 1; and Sirach following him here, establish the fear of the Lord as the principle of their sentences and of their wisdom and of sacred ethics, and require it in the disciple, so that he may be capable of their discipline: because the foolish, who do not have the fear of God, despise wisdom, Prov. I, 7. I say therefore first: Wisdom here is understood as divine and practical, or sacred ethics, as I said in verse 1, and since it is twofold: formal, that is the habit or act of wisdom; and objective, or the object of this habit or act; either can be taken here, but the objective is better. I say secondly, that by fear here is taken generally all fear and reverence of divine majesty, inclining the soul to this, that it obey it in all things and take the greatest care lest it offend it anywhere, both because it itself is the most severe judge and avenger of evils; and because it is the sweetest friend, father, end and our highest good. Whence the Septuagint call fear "piety," Prov. I, 7. I say thirdly, that this fear is the beginning of wisdom properly and formally; because, just as a principle is related to a conclusion in science and demonstration; so fear of God is related to these practical sentences in this wisdom: for fear of God as the ultimate end and our highest good, is the principle of all practical conclusions, both to be learned and to be done, which Solomon and Sirach explain in Proverbs and in this book, as it were in their wisdom, and which are means to attaining God the ultimate end: for the end in ethics and human actions is a principle, because it is first in intention, from which means are inferred as conclusions. I say fourthly, that this fear is also complete wisdom, not properly and formally, but metonymically and causally, both because just as every conclusion is contained in its principle; so perfect wisdom lies hidden in the fear of God, as it were in its seed, cause and principle; for true and perfect, and truly blessing the whole and entire man is wisdom, not speculative, but practical this, which flows from the fear of God, and thus in itself and its essence this wisdom is perfect; and because this fear, since it is a matter of such importance, sharpens and increases itself and the more this fear grows, the greater wisdom it produces; and so perfect fear produces perfect wisdom; just as perfect knowledge of principles produces perfect science of the conclusion; and perfect intention of the end, which is a principle in moral matters, commands and produces perfect and efficacious volition of the means: and thus in intention, manner and accident perfect is this wisdom, which perfect fear and love of God produces. Finally, Sirach does not speak philosophically and precisely, but ethically and broadly. Whence by wisdom he understands not only the very act of the intellect by which he is wise, or the dictate of prudence already mentioned, but also the act of the will obedient to it; for this wisdom consists more in action than in speculation; whence fear and love, or charity of God, verse 14, is called wisdom. Fear therefore here includes love and charity; but charity is the perfection of wisdom, that is of all honesty and virtue, as if to say: Fear and love of God in those beginning are the beginning of wisdom, that is inchoate virtue and charity; but in those making progress and in the perfect they are progressing and perfect charity; for in charity consists the perfection of this way and of life. Fear of God therefore here is broadly taken for all knowledge of God, fear, observance and worship: wherefore it includes faith, hope, charity and religion; for by these four virtues we tend toward God, and fear Him, that is we believe, hope, love, revere and worship Him. Here therefore fear and reverence toward God, on account of which we abhor sin, as it is the foundation and beginning, so also it is the end and summit of the Christian life: for it is born from knowledge and love of God; therefore we revere God, because we recognize and love His majesty, which we fear to offend. And this is the fourth praise of fear. And this is what Job says in chapter XXVIII, 28: "Behold the fear of the Lord, that itself is wisdom." In similar phrase and sense our Thomas Theodidactus says in the Imitation of Christ, book I, chapter 1: "This is the highest wisdom, through contempt of the world to tend toward the heavenly kingdoms." Mystically and symbolically Galatinus from R. Isaac Ben Hola in Psalm CX, thinks that here is shadowed forth the mystery of the Most Holy Trinity; for by beginning is signified God the Father, who is the origin and principle of divinity, namely of the two other persons; by wisdom is noted the Son; for He is the begotten Wisdom; by fear is noted the Holy Spirit, who is the author of holy fear and love. Tropologically, following Solomon and Sirach, St. Thomas Aquinas, through fear of God and piety acquired all his wisdom and knowledge. Whence when asked by a friend concerning the manner of acquiring any knowledge whatsoever, thus he responds in an epistle to the same: "Because you have asked of me, in Christ to me, dearest, in what manner you ought to study in acquiring the treasure of knowledge; such counsel is delivered to you by me on this matter, that through streams you should not immediately choose to enter into the sea, because through easier things it is necessary to come to more difficult things. This therefore is my admonition, and your instruction. I command you to be slow of speech, and slowly ascending to the parlor; embrace purity of conscience; do not cease to be vacant to prayer; love to frequent your cell, if you wish to be introduced into the cellar of wine. Show yourself lovable to all; seek nothing whatsoever concerning the deeds of others; show yourself not very familiar to anyone, because excessive familiarity begets contempt, and furnishes matter for withdrawal from study. In no way involve yourself in the words and deeds of secular persons. Avoid discourse above all things. Do not omit to imitate the footsteps of saints and good men. Do not regard from whom you hear; but whatever good is said, commit to memory. What you do and hear, make it so that you understand it; concerning doubtful matters assure yourself, and whatever you can strive to store away in the armory of your mind, as one desiring to fill a vessel. Do not seek higher things for yourself. He following the footsteps will produce and bring forth useful leaves and fruits in the vineyard of the Lord of Hosts, as long as he shall live. If you shall have followed these things, you will be able to attain to that which you desire." Wherefore St. Bernard excellently in his treatise On the Gifts of the Holy Spirit, chapter 1: "The first," he says, "grace is the fear of the Lord. Whoever has this grace hates all iniquity, according to that of the Psalmist: I have hated iniquity, and abhorred it. And in another place: I have hated all the ways of iniquity. For it is written: The fear of the Lord hateth evil. And again: Fear God, and depart from evil. And of Job it is said: A man fearing God, and departing from evil. Without this grace, the first of graces, which is the beginning of all religion, no good can spring forth or flow." But how necessary this fear is, St. Cyprian taught most clearly, sermon on the Lapsed, when he says: "God, inasmuch as He is always indulgent and good with the mercy of a father, is so much to be feared with the majesty of a judge." And St. Augustine, sermon 17 on the Saints: "Who can," he says, "unless he fear God, keep justice? For Scripture says in another place: For he that is without fear shall not be justified." Finally St. Bernard in the place cited above: "For as security, or sloth, is the cause and mother of all sins; so the fear of the Lord is the root and guardian of all goods. Whence it is written: If thou dost not hold thyself diligently in the fear of the Lord, thy house shall quickly be overthrown. For every building of virtues immediately tends toward a precipice, if it has lost the protection of this grace." For this reason St. Ambrose in psalm 118: "The beginning of wisdom," he says, "the Prophet calls the fear of the Lord. But what is the beginning of wisdom, except to renounce the world? For to be wise in worldly things is folly. Finally the Apostle says that the wisdom of this world is folly before the Lord." For this reason Tertullian in his book On the Dress of Women, at the beginning, calls fear the "foundation of salvation." And St. Cyprian, book III, To Quirinus, chapter 20, calls fear the "foundation and firmament of hope." AND WITH THE FAITHFUL IN THE WOMB IT WAS CREATED,—namely, the fear of the Lord: for although in Greek it is the verb φοβεῖσθαι, that is, to fear the Lord...; nevertheless this infinitive is put here for the noun φόβος, that is, the fear of the Lord, as I said at the beginning of this verse. Others translate from the Greek, "it was created," namely wisdom; or, "it was created," namely the beginning of wisdom. Thus the Romans. But these three come to the same thing; because wisdom itself here is the fear of the Lord, and the beginning of wisdom here likewise is the fear of the Lord, as has been said. The sense therefore is, as if to say: The fear of the Lord is created with the faithful; because God gives to the faithful, already from the womb of the mother, indeed from the creation of the soul, the fear of the Lord implanted and as it were natural, at least in root and seed, inasmuch as He gives them reason and mind, which naturally dictates that God is the supreme being, highest and almighty, and therefore supremely to be feared and revered; and accordingly natural law dictates that God is to be supremely worshipped. Whence the fear of God is by natural right, indeed connatural. Hence Job, chapter 28, verse 28, God said to Adam newly created: "Behold, the fear of the Lord, that is wisdom, and to depart from evil, that is understanding." And he adds that by grace it is created with the faithful, because the children of the faithful through baptism, indeed through conception in the womb of the mother, become Christians, and faithful in the Church. Whence there is hope that they will conceive and have the filial fear of God, that is, love. Secondly, St. Augustine, to be cited presently, and from him Bede in Proverbs, chapter 8, as I recited above, teach that this fear of the Lord is created with the holy faithful: because God in baptism creates in them faith, hope, charity, and other virtues; with these the filial fear of God is created with the faithful; for this is the act and effect of the same. For charity is "created," that is, created together with these virtues. Thirdly, others understand these things of the faithful, that is, the saints of the Old Testament. For Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses and all the Prophets were created with the fear and love of God, that is, they had it from infancy itself. Fourthly, mystically by the womb, Palacius and Lorinus understand the Church and baptism: for the fear and love of God is created with the faithful in the Church through baptism, by which the faithful are as it were born, and created children of God. It is clear therefore, first: Wisdom, of which the fear of God is the beginning, is sacred Ethics, as I said verses 1 and 2. Second, the fear of God here is taken broadly for all fear of God, reverence, observance and worship of God, as I have shown. I say therefore that this fear is the beginning of wisdom both properly and formally; because, as a principle is related to a conclusion in science and demonstration, so is the fear of God related to these practical judgments: for the fear of God, as the end ultimate and highest good of ours, is the principle of all practical conclusions, both to be learned and to be done. Next, this is also complete wisdom, not properly and formally, but metonymically and causally: both because every conclusion is contained in its principle, so perfect wisdom in the fear of God, as in its seed, cause and principle lies hidden; and because this fear, since it is a matter of such great moment, sharpens and increases itself; and the more this fear grows, the greater wisdom it produces, and so perfect fear produces perfect wisdom. God moves more through His grace, who is the remunerator of all the faithful, and gives to each according to his merit. This therefore is the true wisdom, which Sirach here commends: to fear, to revere and to worship God. Hence it follows that all wisdom is from God, for fear, reverence and worship of God flows entirely from the grace and gift of God: whatever good we think or will or do, all of that is God's grace, which goes before, accompanies and follows our good work. It is evident secondly that this wisdom of faith, that is charity, by which we fear and worship God, is the beginning not only of wisdom, but also perfect wisdom; because, where we perfectly worship and love God, there is perfect wisdom, that is virtue and holiness: for in charity is situated the perfection of all virtues, because charity is the bond of perfection and the end of the commandment. Hence it is clear that by fear here is understood not only servile fear, but also filial fear, indeed even charity, as I said at verse 14, "The love of God, honourable wisdom;" and at verse 17, "Piety of knowledge;" and at verse 21, "The crown of wisdom:" for everywhere he treats of the same fear, which is not servile except in its beginning; but growing becomes filial, indeed love and charity. Furthermore this is the argument, that perfect wisdom is perfect charity, and perfect charity is perfect wisdom. Therefore the beginning of wisdom, namely fear, is also the beginning of charity; and the perfection of charity is the perfection of wisdom; and the perfection of wisdom is perfect charity. wisdom, which perfect fear and love of God produces. is created in them together with faith and holiness: the fear of God is connate and connatural to faith and holiness; because, as he said a little before: "The beginning of wisdom (practical, that is, of holiness) is the fear of the Lord." For he explains how "the beginning of wisdom is the fear of the Lord;" by saying that with the wise, that is with the faithful and just, it is as if created from the womb, as if to say: As soon as faith and the faithful are created, fear is also created; in the same womb they are brought forth; from the same they are born; they are twin brothers. For, as the Council of Trent teaches, sess. VI, this is the mode and order of justification: God, when He wishes to lead a sinner from sin to justice, into his soul, as into a womb, casts the seed of the divine word, and of holy inspirations concerning the foulness of sin, concerning the wrath of God, concerning the punishments of hell; whence immediately the soul conceives fear, which drives it to contrition, by which sin is abolished, and grace and justice are put on; and then the soul puts on filial fear, by which it reveres God as a father most highly, and seriously proposes to itself to please him in all things, and to offend him in nothing. You see therefore how fear is created with faith and with the faithful and just. Thus baptism is as it were the womb and uterus of the Church, by which she regenerates us, and imbues and vivifies us with grace and the spirit of the fear of God, as St. Ambrose and others teach in the tract on Baptism, and Rabanus here. Finally, in some eminent Saints this fear was truly created in the womb, because by special privilege they were sanctified in the womb. Such were the Blessed Virgin, St. John the Baptist, Luke 1, 44; Jeremiah, cap. 1, 5. With the elect (Vatablus: distinguished) women he walks. — The fear of the Lord, since it is congenital with the faithful, both men and women, hence equally walks with both, that is, accompanies and leads both through the way of the commandments into the heavenly homeland: just as therefore a pedagogue walks with a boy and leads him; so the fear of the Lord walks with the faithful and leads them through all adversities and prosperities secure to the harbor of salvation. Yet he makes mention of women before men, both because modesty befits women properly, so also does fear, which is the companion of modesty: for since woman is more fragile than man and more prone to falling, it is necessary that she fear more; it is equally necessary that she be more supported by the fear of God; and because women are accustomed to be more fearful, that is, more religious and devout than men; as were St. Mary Magdalene, Martha, Marcella, Praxedes, Pudentiana, Paula, Eustochium, Pulcheria, and very many others. This is the sixth gift and praise of the fear of God. For women, some think that seed should be read, as if to say: Fear walks with the elect seed, that is, with his elect sons; and that, so that the Greek texts, which here differ from the Latin, might be accommodated to them. For thus the Greek texts have it in the Roman edition: Μετά ἀνθρώπων θεμέλιον ἀιώνος ἐνόσσευσε, καὶ μετὰ τοῦ σπέρματος αὐτῶν ἐμπιστευθήσεται, that is, "with men he has built the foundation of the age, and with their seed he will have faith." Thus the Complutensian and Roman editions, "will be entrusted;"; Jansenius, "will be faithful," or "faithfully," that is firmly, "will persist;"; the Syriac translates: "With men of truth it is, and he himself from the age, that is, firmly established is; with their seed his mercy is established;"; the Arabic: "She (wisdom, the inseparable companion of the fear of God) is with those walking in the good pleasure of her Lord, established before the ages, and with the seed of the good her excellence."; Moreover Vatablus translates anew: "He has founded an eternal nest among men, and to their progeny he has entrusted himself," as if to say: God's wisdom, like a nest, that is, a seat and eternal house, has chosen for itself among men, already from the beginning of the age, when namely this world was founded: for then it was implanted in Adam and his posterity, Genesis II, verse 19, and will never abandon them; but with them faithfully, that is fixedly and stably, will remain. He calls this house a nest; because he compares wisdom to a bird, for example an eagle, a dove, a hen: for just as these in a nest hatch their chicks, nourish and cherish them, and always remain with them, protecting them, nourishing them, teaching them to fly, etc.; so also wisdom in this her school of the world, as it were in a nest, brings forth her sons, namely the faithful and the holy, nourishes, perfects them, and persists with them, providing for and protecting them, until with them she flies to heaven. He alludes to that passage in Proverbs VIII, 22: "The Lord possessed me in the beginning of his ways;"; for which Epiphanius, in heresy LXIX, reads: The Lord called me forth, that is, as it were hatched me as a chick; because for kanani, that is, possessed me, with another pointing he reads kinnani, that is, nested me, or, in a nest, as a chick, hatched me (for kinnim is indeed a chick), that is, begot and generated me, which most aptly befits uncreated Wisdom, namely the Word and Son of God, and mystically his posterity and sons, namely the faithful and the Saints. And this aptly corresponds to what he said a little before concerning wisdom and the fear of God: "And with the faithful in the womb was it conceived;"; that is, what Wisdom says of herself, Proverbs VIII, 31: "My delights are to be with the sons of men." And with the just and faithful is it known. — Vatablus: "Among the just and faithful it is visited." Because in them, as in a nest, nay rather a temple, it dwells, and makes them to be fearful everywhere, and to work and live in fear. Just as therefore an invisible soul is known and seen through the vital works of the body, which it works in the mouth, eye, ear, etc., namely through speech, motion, sensation, etc.; so the fear of God is known through the works of humility, self-custody, patience, penance, charity, etc., which it works outwardly: for this fear is as it were the soul of the faithful and the holy. What therefore the soul works in the body, this also fear works in the just. Thus the fear of the Lord was known in Abel, when out of fear and reverence he offered the better of his flock to God; in Noah, when in fear of the flood he built the ark; in Abraham, when obedient and reverent toward God, he offered Isaac in holocaust; in Joseph, when fearing God he repelled the adulteress; in Moses, when he resisted Pharaoh; in David, when with tears he washed away his sin. Hence learn morally, first, with how great and how tender a love Wisdom pursues men, especially the faithful and the Saints, namely with so great a love as a hen pursues her chicks, as Christ asserts of himself in Matthew XXIII, 37, and of God, and of God's care for Israel, Moses in Deuteronomy XXXII, 11: "As an eagle, he says, enticing her young to fly, and hovering over them, spreadeth her wings, and hath taken him, and carried him on her shoulders." Secondly, learn here that God's wisdom, like a mother from childhood, cares for, governs and promotes his faithful ones, namely, as soon as they begin to be his sons regenerated by baptism: wherefore the Spirit of God directed very many illustrious Saints from childhood, and caused them to give forth illustrious proofs even in childhood, and as it were rays and preludes of future sanctity. Thus we read of Samson that he was consecrated from the womb as a Nazarite, and destined as a liberator and avenger of the people of Israel, Judges XIII, 7. Whence of him it is said verse 24: "And the child grew, and the Lord blessed him; and the Spirit of the Lord began to be with him in the camp of Dan." Whence immediately in the following chapter verse 6 it is said: "The Spirit of the Lord came upon Samson, and he tore the lion as he would have torn a kid, having nothing in his hand; and he would not tell this to his father and mother." I have recounted more similar examples of Saints who began from childhood in Jeremiah I, 9. Thirdly, learn how great is the fidelity, constancy and fortitude of wisdom and the fear of the Lord: because among men it is said to have made for itself, indeed to have founded a nest, as it were an eternal foundation, and to be faithful to them and their offspring, and moreover to have entrusted itself to them. Wherefore St. Ambrose in Psalm CXVIII, explaining that verse 38: "Establish unto thy servant thy word in thy fear," and understanding by the name of Wisdom the Word of God: "A certain basis, he says, of the word is holy fear; for just as some statue is set upon a base, and then has greater grace when it has been placed upon a base, and receives firmness of standing: so the word of God is better established in holy fear, and is more firmly rooted in the breast of him who fears God." But he adds: "Take from the word of God the passage read in the Canticles; her legs, marble columns, founded upon golden bases: signifying, namely, that the columns are the Apostles, who are founded in holy fear." Nor did he call it merely the base of God's words; but also their tribunal and throne. For he adds: "Therefore to the word of Christ and to Apostolic discourse the tribunal is the fear of the just." But it is a most apt similitude: for if the word of God finds holy fear in the soul; sitting upon it as it were upon a throne and tribunal, a judge from there settles the disputes of flesh and spirit, pronounces sentence of the spirit against the flesh, restrains the wicked and lost throng of passions and disturbances, and dictates laws to all virtues. Thus our Salazar on Proverbs I, verse 7. Wisdom is the fear of the Lord. This is the fifth praise of the fear of God, that it is an inseparable companion of faith and justice, and the faithful and trusty friend of the faithful and saints, assisting them, accompanying and leading them throughout their whole life. By the faithful understand the just and the saints, in whom, namely, there is faith, not bare and unformed, but formed by charity. But how is it conceived in the womb? First, some read for ἐν μήτρα, that is, in the womb, ἐν μέτρω, that is, in measure; but the true reading is ἐν μήτρα. Secondly, Calvin and his followers, from this place and similar ones, teach that the children of the faithful, namely those who are born of faithful and just parents, do not contract original sin, or at least it is not imputed to them, and consequently do not need baptism to take it away; for this is the blessing of Abraham, that is of the faithful, promised to the seed, that is to the sons, Genesis XIII, 15. But this is a heresy, which Bellarmine refutes at length in book IV On the Loss of Grace, chapter XIV. Thirdly, Jansenius explains it thus, as if to say: Many of the faithful even in the womb receive from God a certain gift, by which they are inclined to piety more than others, as Job, who says of himself in chapter XXXI: "Mercy grew with me from my infancy, and it came out with me from my mother's womb." Just as on the other hand the malice of the Canaanites is said to have been natural, that is, innate and as if implanted by parents, Wisdom XII, 10. And of similar ones it is said in Psalm LVII: "The wicked are estranged from the womb, they have gone astray from the belly," as if to say: They are so devoted to malice that malice seems to them to be inborn and natural, concerning whom there is a common proverb: "The thistle, which will someday prick, is born tender even with its thorns." But this does not suffice for this place, both because this gift is not given to many; and because this gift consists with original sin, and therefore seems to be only a certain good disposition of nature, which makes them inclined to virtue, concerning which it was an axiom of the Stoics: "The principle of virtue is a good disposition," as Plutarch testifies in his book On Homer: wherefore this gift is not the holy and sanctifying fear of God. Hence Fourthly, the same author responds that the fear of God is congenital to the faithful in the womb, not in act and in reality; but by God's preparation and predestination, by which from the beginning in their creation, namely in the mother's womb, God destines to give them in due time the fear of Him and wisdom: hence the Arabic version for "congenital in the womb" translates "established before the ages," namely Wisdom: in the manner that Paul says in Galatians I, 15, that he was separated for the Gospel from his mother's womb; and some explain in this way that passage of Jeremiah I, verse 5: "Before thou camest forth out of the womb, I sanctified thee." But it is one thing to be congenital in the womb, another to be predestined, or separated from the womb. Again, it is far more true that Jeremiah was truly sanctified in the womb, not merely predestined to sanctity. Fifthly therefore the genuine sense is, as if to say: The fear of God is so adhered and fixed to the faithful, that it seems-
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Hence it is clear that the fear of God is θεοσέβεια, that is, the worship and religion of God, as if to say, The fear of the Lord is knowledge, that is, knowing, prudent and true religion and piety, or pious worship of God. Do you wish to know what the fear of the Lord is? It is a certain religious knowledge, that is, it is religion itself and reverence toward God, born from the knowledge and estimation of God. Philosophers had knowledge, but not religious knowledge. Many today are learned—jurists, natural philosophers, theologians—but they lack religion and devotion, because they lack the fear of God. On the other hand, Mahometans, pagans, idolaters, and other superstitious people have religiosity, but lacking in knowledge, that is, imprudent and false; and therefore their religiosity is not religion, inasmuch as it does not rest upon true knowledge of God and science as its foundation; but it is mere vain superstition; whereas the religion of the faithful and the just is knowing and prudent, and conversely their knowledge is religious, and thus it is devout religion, because they are endowed with the fear of God. Whence Vatablus translates: "The religion of the Lord, holiness is the knowledge." Hence in turn holy knowledge, or wisdom, is called μύστις, that is, a priest of God; because it teaches that God is to be worshipped with true religion and sacrifices. Thus in Wisdom VIII, verse 4: "For she is the teacher of the discipline of God;" for teacher, in Greek it is μύστις, as if to say, Wisdom is μύστις, that is, priestess, interpreter and teacher of the mysteries of God. Furthermore, religion, says St. Thomas II II, Question 81, article 2, is a virtue exhibiting due reverence and worship to the one true God, as the first principle of the creation and governance of all things. Whence religion is, first, from Cicero in book II of On the Nature of the Gods and from Isidore X Etymologies chapter XVII, said of one who re-reads, revolves and reconsiders those things which pertain to the worship of God, according to that in Proverbs III: "In all thy ways think on him." Second, religion is said from re-choosing, because we ought to re-choose God, whom we had lost through negligence by sin, says St. Augustine in book X of The City of God chapter IV. Third and properly, religion is said from binding, because it binds us to the one almighty God, with whom we had previously been joined, and from whom flowing away we began to be separated, says the same St. Augustine in the book On True Religion, toward the end. Hence religion, after the three theological virtues, faith, hope and charity, is the most noble virtue, and the head and prince of all moral virtues. Now indeed, as St. Thomas teaches in the same question article 8, the flower of religion is holiness, which theologians define thus, that its proper function is to offer our mind purged from every stain, whole and without blemish to God, and to preserve it and all its powers for him. The amplitude of this function appears first from this, that all other moral virtues serve that one alone, as servants and handmaids, some purifying the will, others illuminating reason, others also restraining appetite. It appears likewise from the effect: for its, as St. Thomas teaches in the place cited, two as it were offspring are, prayer and devotion; of which the one leads into familiarity with God and his embrace; the other bestows promptness and eagerness for all things which the worship of God requires: which fervor and zeal of the will is of such moment that, if it be absent, our very duties are much less pleasing to him; if it be present, it commends them even in a greater manner, and renders them more acceptable. Moreover, this religion is the form, and as it were the soul of the religious state: whence to its worshippers, or Religious, the name of religion is attributed and appropriated. Therefore Sirach commends the fear of God, because it is the parent and nurse of all virtues indeed, but especially of true and holy religion. For he who fears God, certainly venerates and worships him religiously and holily. To this worship the chaste fear of God spurs him on. The Religious experience this, namely true monks and cenobites; whence St. Bernard in the homily on The Merchant seeking the good pearl (by which he himself understands the monastic religion): "In religion," he says, "a man lives more purely, falls more rarely, rises more swiftly, walks more cautiously, rests more securely, is watered more frequently, dies more confidently, is purged more quickly, is rewarded more abundantly." See what follows. Finally Salvian in book II Against Avarice: "Religion," he says, "is knowledge of God, and therefore every Religious, by the very fact that he follows Religion, testifies that he knows the will of God." This is the seventh gift of the fear of the Lord. This verse 16, and the following verse 17, are lacking in the Greek Complutensian and many others: yet it is clear that they once existed in the Greek texts, not only from our interpreter, but also from St. Augustine, who read them in the Mirror; and from the Zurich version, which has this verse, and translated it from the Greek, as it did the rest, although it places it before the preceding verse. Wherefore some wrongly suspect these verses, which are lacking in the Greek, to be from some Commentator, who noted them in the margin for the sake of explanation, and from there crept into the text: for from this it would follow that very many sentences of Ecclesiasticus in the Latin Vulgate version are surreptitious, and not canonical, but apocryphal, because they are lacking in the Greek: but this is contrary to the Council of Trent, session IV. See what is said in the Prolegomena, chapter III, and canon 16. Tropologically and anagogically Rabanus: "The fear of the Lord," he says, "born again and nourished with the faithful in the womb of Mother Church, and walks with the elect women, because it is joined with holy souls; and is known with the just faithful, when on the last day with the other Saints it is placed at the right hand of the Judge, and shall hear from the Lord himself: Well done, good and faithful servant; because thou hast been faithful over a few things, I will place thee over many things: enter thou into the joy of thy Lord," Matthew XXV.
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For religion and reverence strikes the heart, that is, the soul, mind and will with a certain sacred fear of the divine Majesty, so that it thinks, wills or does nothing that would offend the eyes of such greatness, and therefore it itself is the justice and holiness of the soul: for it causes the soul to watch carefully and diligently over all its desires and works, lest it slip anywhere; but so that it performs all things holily, and thus walks carefully with its God, as Micah admonishes in chapter VI, 8. See what is said there. From this custody and holiness of the soul, moreover, follows joy and exultation: for nothing rejoices and exults so much as a holy conscience and a mind conscious to itself of what is right. For this is "a domestic and true tribunal," as the Nazianzen says in the Plague of Hail. "A secure mind, as it were a continual feast," as Solomon says in Proverbs XV, 15; and our Sirach in chapter XXX, 17: "There is no gladness above the gladness of the heart." Truly St. Cyprian in On Works and Almsgiving: "A splendid and divine thing," he says, "is a saving work, a monument of hope, a great consolation of believers, a safeguard of our servitude, a protection of faith, a remedy for sin." You will say: Charity and grace are what formally justify man: how then does piety justify? I answer, first, because piety commands, and brings with it charity and grace, and the other virtues, as St. Thomas teaches in II II, Question 81, article 8. I answer, second, that formal justice consists, not in charity and grace alone, but also in the other virtues; among which, however, charity is preeminent: hence justice consists principally in it. The reason is, because justice is the reformation of the whole interior man: but this is done through all virtues, not through charity alone. Hear the Council of Trent, session VI, chapter VII: "Justification," it says, "is not the remission of sins alone; but also the sanctification and renewal of the interior man through the voluntary reception of grace and gifts." And a little later: "The sole formal cause is the justice of God; not that by which he himself is just, but by which he makes us just; by which, namely, being gifted by him, we are renewed in the spirit of our mind; and we are not only reputed, but truly called and are just: receiving justice in ourselves, each one according to his own measure, which the Holy Spirit distributes to each as he wills, and according to the proper disposition and cooperation of each." From which it concludes: "Whence in justification itself, together with the remission of sins, man receives all these things at once infused through Jesus Christ, to whom he is joined by faith, hope and charity." Hence in Scripture justice is now attributed to faith, as when Christ says: "Thy faith hath made thee whole;"; now to hope, now to almsgiving, now to penance, now to other virtues by synecdoche: because, namely, these virtues are parts of justice, which is the complex of all virtues, according to that: Justice in itself embraces every virtue. But it is attributed most of all to piety, for the reasons stated in the preceding verse; especially, because through piety man offers and dedicates himself to God, and thus is as it were consecrated and sanctified: hence piety itself is holiness, as St. Thomas teaches in the place already cited.
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He repeats and emphasizes, with the words somewhat changed, what he said in verse 13: "It shall be well with him that feareth God in the end, and in the day of his death he shall be blessed." Wherefore less correctly the Complutensian and others, for consummationis, read consolationis; and thus explain it, as if to say, The time of this life is not a time of consolation, but of temptation and passion, as was the life of Christ; but the time of the future life will be for those who fear God a time of consolation and joy, because it will be the time of blessed eternity. Thus Palacius. The fullness of wisdom is to fear God. He said in verse 16: "The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom:" but here he adds also the fullness, that is, the perfection, of wisdom to be the fear of the Lord; because, namely, by wisdom he understands practical wisdom, which consists in holy action, whose parent is the fear of the Lord. Wherefore as much as the fear of the Lord increases, so much also does wisdom increase: therefore incipient fear is incipient wisdom; advancing fear is advancing wisdom; full and perfect fear is full and perfect wisdom: for there is nothing else truly to be wise, than to fear God, that is, to revere and piously worship Him. Fear therefore is the beginning of wisdom, is the fullness of wisdom, is the crown of wisdom; so that it may be the principle, middle and end of wisdom. See the remarks on verse 16. Whence the Zurich version translates: "To revere God is the most abundant wisdom, which satisfies man with its fruits." Truly Rabanus: "The more, he says, anyone fears God, the wiser he appears; and the wiser, the fuller of the fruits of good works. For the fear of God is not idle, but it fills the life of man with the gifts of virtues, and illuminates his heart with treasures of spiritual knowledge." Whence it follows: And fullness from the fruits thereof. In Greek, μεθύσκει, that is, it inebriates them from its fruits, as if to say, The fullness of wisdom inebriates those who fear. Just as therefore the fear of the Lord brings the fullness of wisdom; so in turn wisdom brings to those who fear God the fullness of graces, and fills them with its fruits. Moreover the fruits of wisdom are the fruits of the Holy Spirit (for He is the Spirit of wisdom), which the Apostle enumerates in Galatians V, 22, saying: "The fruit of the Spirit is charity, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, long-suffering, meekness, faith, modesty, continence, chastity." Whence the Syriac version translates: "Happiness inebriating from the multitude of its fruits;" the Arabic: "And the abundance thereof (of fear) fills wisdom all its storehouses, and its treasures with its fruits." Again the fruits of wisdom are the fruits of faith (for this is the wisdom of the faithful) working through charity, which Paul enumerates in Hebrews XI, throughout the whole chapter. Note the Hebraism: it inebriates, that is, it saturates and fills, as Plautus said in the Captives: "Whence I have often gone forth drunk from satiety." And St. Jerome, Questions in Genesis: "It is, he says, an idiom of the Hebrew language, that it puts drunkenness for satiety." Thus Joseph is said to be inebriated with his brothers, that is, satisfied and gladdened, Genesis XLIII, 34. Thus in Psalm LXIV, 11: "In the abundance thereof it shall rejoice and bud forth;" in Hebrew, it shall be inebriated, that is, the earth irrigated with rains, and as if inebriated will abundantly bud forth, so that metaphorically it may seem to rejoice and laugh. On this spiritual inebriation of wisdom I have said much in Acts II, 13: see also St. Dionysius, epistle 9; Origen, homily in the Canticle; St. Augustine, book XVI of the City of God, 12; St. Ambrose, sermon 13 on Psalm CXVIII; St. Gregory, in chapter 1 of book I of Kings. Otherwise our Pineda explains this in book III On the Affairs of Solomon, chapter XXVI, number 6: "The fullness of wisdom is to fear God, and fullness from the fruits thereof," as if to say, then at last into that very sea, most full, wisdom returns and flows, when it seeks God, repeating its own origin: for wisdom by its own weight and impulse tends toward God, unless by some force of foolishness and foolish human desire it be turned away from its right path and straight course to created allurements. But he explains this fullness more subtly to be from the fruits of wisdom, that is, the effects and actions of wisdom, attributing absolute and most complete perfection to wisdom and knowledge, which without the fruit of piety and good works would be maimed. Thus Pineda.
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that is, his own, as if to say: Wisdom fills his entire house and all its receptacles (namely, chambers and storerooms) with his own fruits and treasures. Note first: He calls generations the fruits which wisdom generates and produces. The Interpreter reads γεννημάτων, that is, generations: now they read ἐπιθυμημάτων, that is, desires, that is, things desired. Second, he calls his treasures his produce, as the Greek texts have it, namely, his fruits: for he says the same thing in different words in the latter half of the line as in the former, as is done in the Psalms and in verse. Moreover, the house of wisdom is the soul of the just, according to that passage in Wisdom VII: "The seat of wisdom is the soul of the just." The receptacles, or cells and chambers of this house, are his senses and powers, especially intellect, memory and will: wisdom, or the fear of the Lord, fills these with his fruits, namely, virtues, consolations, desires and holy works. Whence Vatablus translates: "He fills their entire house with his delights, and their cells likewise with his produce;" the Syriac somewhat differently: "Wisdom," he says, "will fill all his treasures, and his grace from his fruits." This is the eighth praise of the fear of God, that it fills minds with spiritual goods, and consequently with temporal ones, according to that promise of Christ in Matthew VI, 33: "Seek ye therefore first the kingdom of God, and his justice; and all these things shall be added unto you." Whence the Greek texts add: "Both things indeed are gifts of God, which make for prosperity." Anagogically, the receptacles of those who fear the Lord are heavenly houses, of which Christ says in Luke XVI, 9: "Make unto you friends of the mammon of iniquity; that when you shall fail, they may receive you into everlasting dwellings." Those who fear God fill these with their good works and merits, which they send into them and store up there: just as bees make and store honey in the cells of the hive, so that they may feed on it and delight in it in winter. O eternal Wisdom! O tranquil and serene light! My God, illuminate my soul with thy illuminations. Join me to thyself more closely, O most brilliant sun, so that at the warmth of thy virtue the flowers and fruits of holy love may spring forth from the earth of my heart. Come, my honor, my joy and my sincere delight, Jesus; I beseech thee, kindle so great a flame of thy love in the depths of my heart that henceforth I may choose nothing under the sun, may desire nothing except thee. O my Lord, let heaven, earth and all things contained in them be to me without thee as winter frost. Let thee alone affect me, let thee alone gladden me, let the love of thee alone live and burn in my inmost being and remain living and burning. Shine forth upon me, O bright and gracious light, so that the darkness of my blindness may turn into the brightest noon. Adorn, O good Jesus, my soul with that beauty of charity which thou lovest: enrich it with that fatness of love in which thou delightest: take from it whatever is less pleasing to thy eyes, and make it wholly pleasing to thee.
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This is the ninth praise of the fear of God. Replens, that is, bringing full; in Greek, ἀναθάλλων, that is, sprouting forth. Thus often below replens is taken. The Greek Complutensian edition has it thus: "The crown of wisdom is to fear the Lord, sprouting forth peace and health of safety;" paraphrastically the Zurich version: "The religion of the Lord is the crown of wisdom producing tranquility, and salutary safety, whose lovers exuberant glory gladdens." From which it is clear that the fear of the Lord is called the crown of wisdom: not because it itself crowns wisdom, but because it crowns and adorns its own, namely those fearing God, with the crown of wisdom, namely wisdom itself, which like a crown adorns a man, and therefore makes those fearing God rich and noble, indeed kings, according to that in 1 Peter II, 9: "You are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood." And that saying of the Philosopher: "You will be a king, if reason shall have ruled you. Many kings, if you are ruled by wisdom." Whence the Syriac version renders: "It multiplies peace, and life, and health. It is a staff of strength, and a place of repose, glory (it could better be translated in the sense of a place of repose of glory), and eternal honor to all who walk after it;" the Arabic: "From it (wisdom) learning, and life, and health are multiplied: and it is a rod of usefulness, and a support of praise, and perpetual honor to anyone seeking it." Furthermore, he explains this crown of wisdom from its fruit, when he adds replens, that is, bringing full peace and the fruit of salvation (in Greek, ὑγιείας, that is, of health), as if to say: Wisdom is a crown, because it crowns and surrounds man with all goods: for it brings peace to the soul, health to the body, both in this life, and more in the future, where there will be the fullest peace, equally as health and salvation. Peace among the Hebrews signifies not only tranquility, but also every good; for every good is born from peace, as peace is born from wisdom, this from God. To this pertains that saying of Pindar in the Nemean Odes, ode 8: "Riches sown by God are more lasting to men." Now wisdom brings forth peace and health, both because it is prudent, and prudently avoids those things which are able to take away peace and health; and because it masters concupiscences, and mortifies the passions: but the mortification of these brings peace and health, both to the soul and to the body. A notable example of this matter exists in the Life of Blessed Lawrence Justinian, first Patriarch of the Venetians; for to him wisdom appearing by a vision imparted peace. For when he was in his nineteenth year, which is a slippery and dangerous turning point of age, the Lord Jesus is said to have appeared to him in the form of a virgin, whose splendor easily surpassed the splendor of the sun, and with a most placid countenance spoke these words to him: "Why, young man, do you pour out your heart, and seeking peace, scatter yourself through many things? What you seek is with me. I, if you shall have decided to take me as your spouse, certainly promise you this peace." He, delighted both by such beauty and such a promise, asked "what name, what lineage she had." Then she said: "I am the wisdom of God, who have taken on human form to reform men." Wherefore when Lawrence most willingly answered that he would indeed receive her; she, giving a kiss, departed joyful and glad, as it appeared. But he not long after betook himself to a monastery for the sake of these nuptials, in which he abundantly experienced what we have said, not only that he had lost nothing, but that he had acquired much more and better things than he had possessed in the world. For the same reasons wisdom and the fear of God bring forth health, both of soul and of body. To which is added, that those fearing God by their piety and prayers merit and obtain health from God; or certainly strength and alacrity, so that they overcome diseases by vigor of mind, and count them as nothing. Theodoretus relates in the Philotheos, chapter XXII, that Thalassius the anchorite cured his own colicky pains and viper bites by prayer and the sign of the cross: "Struggling with this disease, he says, and tortured by so many and such great pains, he received no help from medicine, did not endure to enter a bed, was not refreshed by medicines or foods; but sitting on a board lying on the ground, he was cured by prayer and the sign of the cross, and by the hymn of divine invocation he soothed his torments." He then adds that he, treading on a viper, was wounded by it with ten bites: "But not even then, he says, did he suffer" Again, wisdom is the crown of triumph: for it brings this forth and places it upon the head of those who fear God; because it makes them through the fear of God overcome all temptations, and triumph over sins, the world, the flesh and the devil. Thus Palacius. If therefore the wise man wishes to triumph over his enemies and carry off the crown of victory, let him fear God. If he wishes to reign in the kingdom of the soul and obtain the crown of his kingdom, let him fear God. If he wishes to attain the kingdom of heaven and be crowned with the crown of the heavenly kingdom, let him fear God. For fear is the way to the kingdom, the way to the crown, the way to triumph. Secondly, and more profoundly, it appears that Sirach here illustrates and emphasizes that which he said in verse 20: "The fullness of wisdom is to fear God," through an emblem and hieroglyphic of the crown, as if to say, "The crown of wisdom is the fear of the Lord," that is, absolute and perfect wisdom is contained in one fear of the Lord: for a crown is the summit, the pinnacle, the height, the apex, the end, the consummation, the perfection of a thing. Whence Isidore in book IX of the Origins, XXX, thinks that corona is derived from chorus, because in the beginning one would run around the altars, and the crown was formed in the image of a circuit or chorus. Festus, however, thinks that corona is so called because it cohonors him to whom it is placed. Truly, it should have been called cohorona, not corona. Better therefore is Charles Paschalius, in book I On Crowns, chapter I, who thinks that corona is derived from the Greek κορωνίς and κορώνη, that is, the summit of an arch, that is, that spherical and round thing in a semicircle, or curved, which is the pinnacle, apex and perfection of a thing. Thus in Ecclesiasticus XXV, 8, it is said: "The crown of the aged is much experience;" in Greek, πολυπειρία, that is, much experience, as if to say, The consummation of old age is prudence gathered from much experience. And Proverbs XII, 4: "A diligent woman is a crown to her husband," as if to say, To the husband this is the sum of his wishes, this is his perfection and happiness, that he have a strenuous and diligent spouse. Thus says Herodotus On the Generation and Life of Man: "Indeed, children are the crown of men; but towers of the city," according to that in Proverbs XVII, 6: "The crown of the aged, the children of their children." And Psalm CXXVII, 3: "Thy children as young olive plants, round about thy table." For when we speak of a crown, we speak of the highest rewards and the pinnacle of happiness, and whatever pertains to it. Thus in Proverbs XVI, 31, it is said "old age (that is, the consummation) is the crown of dignity;" and chapter XXVII, 24: "A crown shall be given to thee;" and chapter IV, 9: "A glorious crown shall protect thee." Similar passages are frequent in the Scriptures. That this is the meaning will be evident from what follows: "He saw it, and numbered it." Finally, the Arabic understands the crown as one of victory and triumph over conquered vices and other enemies, as will be evident from his words, which I shall recite in verse 25. lovers of glory with effused glory; another, "but he dilates gloriation to those who love him," as if to say, Fear of God brings to those who love God a broad and great matter of glorying. This is the tenth praise of the fear of God, that it wisely measures and directs the acts and steps of man.
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He explains how the fear of the Lord is the crown of wisdom; namely, because, just as a crown surrounds, encircles and measures the whole head, so that, if it were alive and had eyes, it would see and number all things that are in the head: so the fear of the Lord surrounds and encircles wisdom. For fear is equal to wisdom; because, as great as that is in man, so great will be the fear also. Fear therefore sees and enumerates wisdom not in every way, which is in God, for this he denied in verse 3, but in a determined way: which, namely, is in him who fears God. For fear unfolds all the recesses of the soul and its own wisdom, lest there be anything in it of foolishness, ignorance, fault or vice. For fear, like Argus with a hundred eyes, looks around and illuminates the soul and its wisdom; it inspects and investigates all its corners, recesses, movements, ways, actions and works, so that from every side it may be sound, unspotted, whole, perfect, holy. The Greek texts here vary wonderfully, so that you may see that they are not to be trusted, but the Latin codices, which are unanimous and constant here, as well as elsewhere. Therefore some Greek texts read these things, others omit more; some read the former part, not the latter. Others, such as the Complutensian, for the words already stated read: "But he dilates gloriation to those who love him. He dilates," namely, the heart and mind. Whence the Zurich version translates: "Cu-
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Knowledge and understanding of prudence, wisdom shall distribute—that is, among his disciples, namely those fearing God, he shall divide and distribute; in Greek, ἐξωμέρισεν, that is, like rain he shall pour forth and disperse; abundantly, namely, and liberally; wherefore some translate less aptly, it shall distil, for a drop is scanty, rare and small. By knowledge Jansenius understands the knowledge of things to be believed; by understanding the knowledge of things to be done; wisdom bestows both. Rabanus by knowledge takes the knowledge of things to be avoided, by understanding the knowledge of things to be done, according to that: "Decline from evil, and do good;" for in these two all law and wisdom and holiness consists. More plainly by knowledge you should understand the knowledge of natural things, not speculative, but affectionate and ardent; by which the Saints, even if they are not philosophers, through the light of wisdom and the Holy Spirit wisely contemplate and reason about the sun, moon, stars, heavens, elements, animals, plants, trees, fruits, wheat, flowers, meadows, etc., in all things praising God's wisdom and providence, and drawing from each things useful as lessons of prudence and of rightly instituting life; by understanding of prudence take the intelligence and prudence in practical matters, namely, acuteness of understanding, and prudently judging about things to be done. Whence the Zurich version translates: "Knowledge and the art of understanding;" Vatable: "Wisdom pours forth skill." Thus Palacius. Such knowledge had St. Francis, who, as St. Bonaventure testifies, discoursed about God and divine things so wisely, sublimely and ardently, that he surpassed all theologians, and all said that this knowledge of his was not human, but received from heaven. For just as bees and ants have wonderful knowledge of making hives, honeycombs, honey, etc., through the instinct of nature implanted in them by God, and because they are directed by an intelligence that does not err: so much more are the Saints directed by the Holy Spirit, and his unction teaches them about all things. This is the eleventh praise of the fear of God, that he gives to his own knowledge and prudence.
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Zurich: "And embracing one another, glory is exalted," namely, makes them glorious and renowned. Thus holy wisdom made glorious the Saints Anthony, Hilarion, Macarius, Arsenius, Pachomius, etc., simple men otherwise, and often unlettered. is like the art of medicine; but to the wounds he applied only the remedies of faith, the sign of the cross and prayer, and invocation of God." And cap. XVIII, narrating the harsh and austere life of the anchorite Eusebius, he adds: "But he underwent this struggle, having lived more than ninety years; and he was affected by infirmity which cannot be described: but he overcame infirmity by the alacrity of his spirit, and the love of God made all things easy and expedient for him." And cap. XXI, concerning James the anchorite, who dwelling in the open air was burned by the heat of the sun and frozen by ice and snow: "Against all things," he says, "he conducts himself bravely and constantly, as if contending in an alien body, and striving to overcome the nature of the body by the alacrity of his spirit. For he lives in this mortal and passible body as if impassible; and meditating an incorporeal life in the body, he cries out with St. Paul: Walking in the flesh, we do not war according to the flesh." He has similar passages in the other chapters, especially cap. XXIV and XXIX, where he narrates those ancient ascetics, as heroes of holiness, sick men, having undergone the same labors and struggles which the healthy undertook, as if they made nothing of sickness: which St. Athanasius also writes concerning St. Anthony in his Life. In a similar manner St. Ignatius, founder of our Society, from so many labors and penances frequently afflicted with poor health, when some difficult matter for the glory of God came to be handled, by the vigor of his spirit he shook off all sickness and pain, as Ribadeneira relates in lib. V of his Life, cap. IX. The root of wisdom is to fear the Lord. Zurich: "To revere the Lord is the root of wisdom." He said in verse 16 that the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom: here he adds that it is the root of wisdom; because, just as from the root the whole tree sprouts forth, and its branches, leaves, flowers and fruits, so that such and so great as the root is, such and so great is the tree, branches and fruits: so likewise from the fear of God springs forth all practical wisdom, namely, all virtue, all honesty, all excellent action, all holy life and conversation. Just as therefore farmers, when they wish to cultivate a tree, cultivate its root, by manuring, irrigating, loosening the soil around it, etc., for from the root depends the whole fertility and happiness of the tree: so likewise, if you wish to cultivate and increase wisdom and all virtue, cultivate and increase the fear of the Lord; this will give you all virtue and all spiritual fertility and happiness. Otherwise the Syriac has it, namely, "its roots (of the fear of the Lord) are eternal life, and its branches are length of days. Blessed is the man who meditates on it; for it is better for him than all treasures. Blessed is the man who draws near to it, and serves its commandments. It will place an eternal crown upon him, and eternal victory among the Saints. He will rejoice in it (fear), and it (fear) will rejoice in him (the man fearing), and will not cast him away for ever and ever. The Angels of God will rejoice in him, and will number all the praises of God. This whole book is words of life: Blessed is the man who hears and does it. Hear me, you who fear the Lord, and attend and understand my words. Who is he who wishes to inherit life, eternal inheritance, and great joy? Hear all my words, and do them, and you will be written in the book of life." Thus the Syriac, interpreting rather paraphrastically than literally: for indeed these things are not in the Greek or Latin Codices; just as conversely, those things which follow in them up to verse 36, the Syriac omits. In a similar manner the Chaldean interpreter, whose language is almost the same as Syriac, often inserts long paraphrases in the Old Testament, and is therefore called a Paraphrast. The Arabic interpreter imitates the Syriac custom when he translates paraphrastically thus: "The roots of it (wisdom, and consequently of fear) are eternal life, and its tree prolongs days. Blessed is he who has placed his care in it; because it is more useful to him than all storehouses (apothecaries). Blessed is the man who has spoken in it, and has been led in its commandments; because it is a crown crowning with perpetual crown, and victory shall come to him among the Saints forever. He shall rejoice in it, and shall dwell in it, and shall not forsake him forever and ever. The Angels of God rejoice in it, and prepare all the praises of the Lord. And thus the whole book is full of life. Blessed is the man (blessed is the man) who heard, and did what is in it. O people loving God, hear, and attend to my word, and understand." And here the Arabic finishes the first chapter; wherefore he omits the rest. And its branches are long-lived. In Greek more significantly, μακροημέρευσις, that is, length of days, long life; Zurich, "of long ages," as if to say: Just as from the root, or trunk of a tree, its branches arise and grow: so from the fear of the Lord arises long life, both present and future. For the fear of the Lord, which is true wisdom, makes its followers long-lived, and then enrolls them in blessed eternity. Again, the branches of fear are virtues, grace and glory, which are long-lived, both because they endure forever; and because fear through them always produces new and ever greater and more abundant fruits of good works, just as a tree produces its fruits through branches. For the fear of the Lord, which is love and charity, commands, and by commanding produces acts of all the other virtues. Whence, if from the fear and love of God you humble yourself, obey, suffer; this humiliation, obedience, tolerance, is the fruit of charity produced through the branches of humility, obedience and patience. For the acts of these virtues are elicited, but commanded by the fear and love of God. Note: He fittingly attributes long-life to fear; because fear is the guardian and preserver of all virtues. If you wish therefore to possess virtues long and constantly, fear. If you wish to persevere in good, fear, according to the counsel of the Apostle: "With fear and trembling work out your salvation," Philip. II, 12. For those who do not fear quickly lose through presumption, levity, imprudence, arrogance the holiness which they have, as Adam, David, Solomon lost it. Note: The fear of God makes those who fear it long-lived even in this life, for the reasons which I have given verse 22. Thus holy Paul, the first hermit, fleeing the world from fear of God, lived in a cave 98 years, and died at the age of 113. Saint Anthony died at the age of 105; St. Romuald 120, Pachomius 118, Arsenius 120. See more in Cassian, Collat. XI, cap. IV, and indeed most other anchorites were long-lived, as even now are Religious men and women, who in monasteries without cares and solicitude serve God quietly, piously and holily until decrepit age; because by the fear of God they mortify bile, gluttony, and the other passions, which shorten life, and by sobriety and joy prolong life. Whence there is an aphorism of Hippocrates, τὰ ἄχολα μακρόβια, that is, animals which lack bile, are long-lived, such as the deer, concerning which there exists an epigram of Virgil on the ages of animals, in which he recounts and measures the long-lived; for thus he sings: Thrice nine and twenty years it surpassed in age, / The just years which fill the life of aging men: / These nine times over the chattering crow surpasses in living; / And four times the crow's ages the swift deer exceeds; / The raven surpasses the swift deer thrice; but him / The phoenix multiplies nine times, the reparable bird: / Whom you Nymphs Hamadryads ten times surpass in perpetual age, / Whose life is the longest. which are found in the Latin and Greek Bibles, indeed also in the Syriac.
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Note: Sirach takes these three things, namely wisdom, fear of God, and religion, almost as one and the same; because he understands practical wisdom, which consists in honest action and sanctity of life, namely in the worship of God, as I have already said many times: hence, opposing to it by antithesis sins and sinners, he subjoins: BUT EXECRATION TO SINNERS IS WISDOM. — Wherefore the Zurich version thus translated this antithesis more clearly: In the treasures of wisdom is understanding, and in the knowledge of the holy is sanctity; but to the wicked execration is wisdom. Hence our author, expressing the same antithesis distinctly, subjoins: in one moment he destroyeth him whom he smiteth, as it is written: For the moment of his wrath is ruin to him. For the Greek ῥοπὴ signifies many things, namely declination, inclination, propensity; likewise moment, namely the inclination of a balance tending downward, a nod, declination, propensity: for it is properly said of the scales of a balance. Moreover it is called moment, anger; because anger lasts but a short time, according to that saying: Anger is a short fury. But the same creates a long ruin, as is evident if anyone in anger wounds or kills someone, etc. Opposing to this the patient man, he subjoins: The patient man will bear for a time. These things, however, can be taken more generally, and adapted to any sin. That is to say: He who is too much affected by his sins and lusts, seeing the law of God standing against him, becomes angry at it: which anger makes him bold to sin, so that he may indulge his desires; but this boldness is his subversion, because it precipitates him into ruin, namely into the present and eternal death of the soul. Thus Palatius and Rabanus. Moral. Here note that this is the thirteenth remarkable power and praise of the fear of God, that it expels sin, so that although we have most powerful enemies, namely the world, the flesh, and the demon, driving us to sins; yet the fear of God restrains us from them, and overcomes all these things; because he reveres God supremely: first, as God; second, as the supreme lord of all; third, as a most loving father; fourth, as a most dear spouse; fifth, as a most faithful friend; sixth, as a judge and most severe avenger. Wherefore he who fears God, when solicited to sin, says with Joseph: How can I do this evil, and sin against my God? Gen. xxxix, verse 9. For, as Symmachus wisely says in his epistle to the Emperors (which is found in book II, epistle of St. Ambrose): It avails much toward fear of transgressing, to be urged by the presence of religion. And with Susanna: It is better for me to fall into your hands without doing this, than to sin before the Lord, Daniel xiii, 23. And with the Psalmist Psalm cxviii, 101: I have restrained my feet from every evil way, that I may keep thy words. I have not declined from thy judgments; because thou hast set the law before me. And with Job chapter xxxi, 1: I made a covenant with my eyes, that I would not so much as think on a virgin. For what part should God have in me from above, and what inheritance the Almighty from on high? Doth not he see my ways, and count all my steps? And verse 14: What then shall I do when God shall rise to judge? and when he shall examine, what shall I answer him? And verse 23: For I always feared God as waves swelling over me, and I was not able to bear his weight. Hence Theodoret in book I On the Cure of Greek Affections compares the fear of God to a bitter but purgative potion: for by it the morbid humours of sinners, especially the vapours of pride and anger, are drawn out, and health is restored to the mind. The fear of God, he says, is the best medicine, which is made from evils (punishments) and from goods, as happens in theriac. Bede in Proverbs: Where, he says, there is no fear of God, there is the kingdom of sin: but where there is fear of God, there is the kingdom of God and of sanctity. Wherefore St. John the Baptist, the voice crying in the wilderness, cried nothing but the fear of God, so as to impress it upon men. Matt. iii, 7: Ye brood of vipers, he says, who hath shewed you to flee from the wrath to come? And Christ himself in Matthew x, 28: Fear him who is able to destroy both soul and body in hell. Wherefore Clement of Alexandria wisely said in book II of the Stromata: Faith is the first inclination toward salvation, after which comes fear, and hope, and repentance. And somewhat later: Those who condemn fear, they also persecute the law; and if the law, it is clear that they also persecute God, who gave the law. With these agree the words which St. Anthony speaks in the presence of the blessed Athanasius: Fear (he says) of judgment, and the horrible dread of punishments, dissolves the incentives of slippery flesh, and sustains the falling soul as if from some cliff. St. Basil holds the same view in homily 8 on Psalm xxxii: Necessarily, he says, fear is assumed as an introduction to piety; but love succeeding thereafter perfects those scientifically adopted from fear. More fully in homily 9 on Psalm xxxiii: Salutary fear, he says, and fear that effects sanctification, what sort it is, I will explain to you? When you are about to proceed to some sin, think to yourself of that horrible and unbearable judgment of Christ, and the rest which he then adds, when he concludes: Fear these things, and instructed by this fear, hold back your soul from concupiscence toward these evils, as if by some bridle. Moreover Chrysostom, homily 15 to the People of Antioch, says that the fear of hell is even in the soul of a just man a strong and armed soldier, who keeps thieves and robbers, and all enemies far away from the house. Wherefore Ambrose in Psalm cxviii, sermon 21, writes that the blessed martyrs, placed amid the very tortures of executioners, with the fear of hell set before the eyes of their mind, overcame the fear of those punishments which was inflicted by the executioners. But the holy Jerome, epistle 22 to Eustochium on the Custody of Virginity, says that he chose solitude and the harshest kind of life through fear of hell. Nor does the holy Augustine hesitate, in the book On Grace and Free Will, chapter xviii, to call this fear of hell a gift of God. Certainly Cassian, Conference 11, chapter xxviii: It is, he says, a degree of some progress, so that while we begin to decline vices either through fear of punishments or hope of rewards, we may be able to pass over to the degree of charity. All men, moreover, Gregory exhorts in homily 26 in the Gospel, to fear the future judgment before it comes. Again, homily 34: A wicked mind, he says, if it is not first overturned through fear, is not cleansed from habitual vices. Nor is it in vain that the dignity and excellence of fear is so often extolled in Holy Scripture: Blessed is the man, says David, who fears the Lord; heaped up in greater goods, as happened to St. Job. Urban IV, Pontiff, aptly illustrates the same thing by the example of bees, in Psalm L, which is found in volume I of the Library of the Holy Fathers: David, he says, concerning his persecutors says, Psalm cxvii: They compassed me about like bees. For bees, although they inflict the pain of stinging, are nevertheless loved; because they provide the sweetness of honey: so also my persecutors, O Lord, I wish to love, and the stings which they inflict upon me through bitter efforts, I wish to bear with a contrite spirit, so that honeyed joy may follow. For through a certain Wise Man I hear you saying, O Lord, that the patient man will endure even unto a time, and afterwards there will be a return of joy. of his will excessively. Mighty upon earth shall his seed be; the generation of the righteous shall be blessed. Glory and riches in his house; and his justice remaineth for ever and ever.
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The Greek texts have: The fear of the Lord casts out sins; but he who perseveres turns away wrath; the Zurich version: The religion of the Lord drives away sins; and as long as it is present, it wards off wrath. For, as St. Basil says at the beginning of Proverbs: Just as one affixed to the cross can move neither hands nor feet: so he who is fastened by the fear of the Lord is in no way moved outside of His will. Therefore the fear of God is the cross of vices. And Tertullian, in Book I of On the Dress of Women: He who presumes, he says, fears less, takes precaution less, is in greater danger; fear is the foundation of salvation. Why then should it not bear the fruit of salvation? Presumption is an impediment to fear; therefore it is more useful, if we hope (that is, fear, as Pamelius says) that we are able to sin; for by hoping we shall fear, by fearing we shall take precaution, by taking precaution we shall be saved. He adds the reason: For he who is without fear will not be able to be justified. Thus also Clement of Alexandria reads it, in Book I of the Pedagogue, chapter VIII, for which the Greek texts have: ὁ θυμώδης (others, θυμός ἄδικος, that is, unjust anger) οὐ δυνήσεται δικαιωθῆναι, that is, an angry man will not be able to be justified, that is, to be preserved in justice. For boldness, and anger akin to it, is opposed and contrary to fear, as the ethicists teach. Therefore, he who is without fear is the same as one who is bold, spirited, angry. Just as therefore fear restrains and checks impatience, murmuring, and other sins: so boldness and anger, breaking their reins, rush forth into impatience, murmuring and any sins whatsoever, like an untamed horse, and plunge headlong. This is what he adds: For the anger of his boldness is his ruin. — Greek, for his proneness to anger creates ruin for him; for the bold and angry man rushes headlong like an unbridled horse into his own destruction, namely, into curses, quarrels, blasphemies, etc., by which he brings great punishments upon himself. Whence St. Ephrem, in the tract On the Panoply: Anger, he says, is like a two-edged sword: But hear Pliny, Book VII, chapter XLVIII: Hesiod, fabulously as I think, relating many things about the span of human life, attributes to the raven nine of our ages, four times that to the stag, three times that to the crow. And other things more fabulously about the phoenix and nymphs. The same, Book VIII, chapter XXXII: The life of stags, he says, is clearly long, after a hundred years some having been captured with golden collars, which Alexander the Great had added, now covered with skin in great obesity. This animal does not feel fevers and diseases: indeed it even cures this fear. We know certain noble women accustomed to taste its flesh every morning, and to have been free from fevers for a long life. Therefore gentleness, equally as sobriety and joy, makes religious and holy men long-lived. Whence St. Chrysostom, in Book II Against the Vituperation of the Monastic Life, teaches monks to live healthily, and on account of the temperance of their food, to flourish like wild animals, as he says, and to be vigorous in body; whereas on the contrary the rich and delicate, who are commonly held to be blessed, like those lying in mud, are softer, subject to gout, arthritis, catarrhs, and other diseases, and therefore of short life. And St. Jerome in Book II Against Jovinian teaches that abstinence contributes to the preservation of the body and prolongs life, and he confirms this from the aphorisms of physicians. This is the twelfth gift and praise of the fear of God, that it makes those who fear it long-lived; because it cuts off three roots of short life, namely, gluttony and both biles, yellow and black, that is, choler and melancholy: for these kill and destroy many prematurely.
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AND AFTERWARDS A RESTORATION OF JOY. — The Interpreter reads, ἀνάδωσις εὐφροσύνης, now they read, ἀναδώσει εὐφροσύνη, that is, it shall sprout forth, and as it were arise from the earth, and gladness shall germinate for him; for ἀναδίδωμι, that is, I restore, is taken for ἀναβλαστάνω, that is, I sprout forth, I germinate. It is a fitting and elegant metaphor drawn from trees, which in winter suffer frost, snow, and cold, and being stripped of leaves and foliage as it were turn gray and die; but then inwardly they recover their strength, so that all heat is forced into the root, which draws moisture from the earth: and so the root, pregnant and heavy, in spring as it were vivified by the rays of the sun germinates, and bursts forth into joyful foliage, flowers and fruits. In like manner the patient one in adversities, as it were in winter, withdraws himself inwardly through patience into the depths of the soul, and there gathers the strength and sap of patience, humility, and other virtues, which soon shall bear for him the worthy fruits of joy and glory. For by these God shall reward and recompense his sorrows and patience. The just man therefore is like the palm tree planted beside the courses of waters, which shall bring forth fruit in its season, that is, in the final season, says St. Augustine in Psalm I. Whence the Zurich version translates: He who is patient until the proper time shall show forbearance, and afterwards gladness shall arise for him, as if to say, A just man tested and afflicted by enduring shall sustain, until the time of affliction passes; then in place of that shall succeed a time of cheerfulness: for as day succeeds night, spring succeeds winter, tranquility succeeds tempest, serenity succeeds rain and mist; so cheerfulness succeeds temptation. Congruous therefore and illustrious is this metaphor from a tree, whose lopped branches, burnt leaves, scarcely a trunk remains that seems to have lost its sap, and fit only for fires in the winter season; but the same tree, as spring approaches, grows green again and sprouts forth. Let no one therefore lose heart, even though oppressed by winter and as it were buried under the rigors of tribulations; when God breathes again and prospers well, it shall sprout forth again, heaped with double and greater goods, as happened to St. Job. Siracides alludes to Habacuc II, 3: If he make delay, wait for him; because coming he shall come, and shall not be slack. Behold, he that is an unbeliever, his soul shall not be right in itself: but the just shall live in his faith. And to Isaiah LXI, 3, where Christ says he was sent and anointed with the Holy Spirit: That I may comfort, he says, all that mourn in Sion, and give them a crown for ashes, the oil of joy for mourning, a garment of praise for the spirit of grief. See what I have said in both places. This is what the Psalmist sings: Wait for the Lord, do manfully: and let thy heart be strengthened, and wait thou for the Lord, Psalm XXVI, 14. And Aggaeus cap. II, 7: Yet one little while, etc., and the desired of all nations shall come. And Christ going to death, John XVI, 17: A little while, and now you shall not see me; and again a little while, and you shall see me. And verse 22: But you now indeed have sorrow: but I will see you again, and your heart shall rejoice, and your joy no one shall take from you. Wherefore wisely Tertullian in the book On Patience: God, he says, is a fit mediator of patience: if you lay an injury before him, he is an avenger: if a loss, he is a restorer: if pain, he is a physician: if death, he is a raiser up. How much patience is allowed, that you may have God as your debtor! This also signifies the restoration. 30. A man of good sense (that is, a prudent and patient man) UNTIL THE TIME SHALL HIDE HIS WORDS (that is, his own, as if to say, He shall restrain his anger and impatience, lest he break forth into angry and cursing words): AND (that is, therefore) THE LIPS OF MANY SHALL DECLARE HIS SENSE, — as if to say, Many shall praise and celebrate his prudence and wisdom, which he shows in patience. Whence the Greek texts have, the same (patient man) shall suppress his words in due time, and the lips of many (for this is πολλῶν, for which the Roman texts read πιστῶν, that is, of the faithful) shall proclaim his counsel. This is the fourteenth praise of the fear of God. Thus St. Monica, says St. Augustine, IX Confessions cap. IX: She knew not to resist an angry man, not only in deed, but not even in word. But when he was broken and calm, when she saw it opportune, she would give an account of her deed, if perchance he had been moved inconsiderately. By this patience and silence she maintained constant peace with him, and at length converted him to Christ.
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piety, namely, a parable of knowledge, that is, of things known, prudent, clever: for in this furniture of wisdom, and in its most hidden treasures nothing is more precious or illustrious. Moreover, it is called the significance of discipline; because a parable ought not to show a thing openly, but only to signify it obscurely. And he subjoins the cause of this obscurity; because a sinner will curse wisdom, and will close his ears, if you openly cast upon him salutary counsels concerning upright morals: for which reason Christ was pouring forth his wisdom to the Pharisees, censuring their vices, and to the carnal Jews through parables, Matt. xiii. Thus Solomon wrote and inscribed his wisdom: Parables, which in succinct and brief sentences contain vast and perfect meanings, says Origen, Prol. in Cantica. After this sentence in an ancient Greek codex is subjoined this: The fear of the Lord, a gift from the Lord; for indeed it constitutes the ways of eminent love. So that it may appear that this book was composed in many ways: for the prior part of the sentence already mentioned is contained in verse 23, the posterior in verse 14.
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This was signified symbolically in the marriage of Jacob, who first took Leah, then Rachel: for Leah signifies laborious justice: Rachel beautiful understanding. Thus St. Augustine teaches XXII, Against Faustus, chapter LIII: Prior is, he says, in the right instruction of a man the labor of one working what is just, than the pleasure of understanding what is true. To this avails what is written: Hast thou desired wisdom? keep the commandments, and the Lord shall give it thee. The commandments surely pertaining to justice: but justice, which is from faith, which is versed in the uncertainty of temptations, so that by piously believing what it does not yet understand, it may also obtain the merit of understanding. And soon after: Therefore in those who burn with great love of clear truth, the study is not to be disapproved, but to be recalled to order, so that it may begin from faith, so that it may strive to arrive by good morals to where it tends. In that in which it is versed, virtue is laborious: but in that which it desires, luminous wisdom. To them therefore let it be answered: Beautiful indeed is what thou desirest, and most worthy to be loved; but first Leah is married, and then Rachel. Let this ardor therefore avail to this, that order is not refused; but rather is borne, without which one cannot arrive at what is desired with such ardor. But when it shall have arrived, both shall be had at once in this age, not only beautiful understanding, but also laborious justice. Thus St. Marcella, says St. Jerome, epistle to Principia, was following that of the Psalmist, Psalm cxviii: From thy commandments I understood, so that, after she had fulfilled the commandments, then she knew herself to merit understanding of the Scriptures. This is the third part of the chapter, in which after the encomium of wisdom and the fear of God, he prescribes the manner of attaining it, namely, justice, which is situated in the observance of the commandments of God: for the fear of God begets justice; justice begets wisdom. He subjoins the cause, saying:
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Note: These three things, namely wisdom, fear of the Lord, and observance of His commandments, if taken properly and in themselves, are distinguished as father, son, and grandson; or as prudence, virtue, and the very action of virtue. For wisdom is the dictate of wisdom, which dictates that God is to be feared and His commandments are to be observed. Fear then fears God and stimulates the one fearing God to observe His commandments. Hence thirdly, one fearing God, impelled by this fear, observes the commandments. Thus prudence dictates that virtue is to be loved or exercised. From this dictate man is stirred to love it, so that he may possess it habitually. Virtue then, possessed as a habit, moves and stimulates the one possessing it to perform virtuous actions. Therefore wisdom begets the fear of God, fear begets the observance of commandments: just as prudence begets virtue, virtue begets virtuous actions; and just as a father begets a son, a son begets a grandson. Hence it follows first, that these three are so connected with one another that no one of them can exist without the other two. You will say: There can be wisdom without fear, and prudence without virtue, as is evident in the impious; for they indeed prudently judge that one ought to live soberly, indeed in this particular case now they ought to abstain from wine lest they become drunk; and yet enticed by the sweetness of wine they drink intemperately and become drunk. Resp. These have a certain speculative prudence, and as it were in the abstract; yet they do not have true wisdom and practical prudence, which actually commands and elicits the work of virtue. For just as a father is said to be not one who can beget a son, but one who actually begets; and just as efficacious grace is not said to be, except that which persuades the will to consent— effective and actual grace is not, except that which persuades the will and from it elicits an act of virtue. For a cause in act and an effect in act are always simultaneous: for it implies a cause to cause an effect, and yet the effect not to be produced by it. Therefore, where there is true and practical wisdom, there is the fear of God and observance of His commandments; and where there is true and practical prudence, there likewise is virtue and the exercise of virtue. It follows secondly, from the fact that these three are so connected that they always proceed at an equal pace, that as much as one increases, so much do the other two also increase; therefore as much as wisdom increases, so much do fear and love of God increase; and as much as fear and love increase, so much does the observance of commandments increase. It follows thirdly, from this indissoluble connection of these three, that just as wisdom and prudence increasing produce greater fear and virtue, and these greater acts of virtues: so conversely greater works of virtues make the habit of fear and virtue grow and intensify; and this intensifies the habit of wisdom. Hence it is a common axiom of Philosophers and Theologians, that intense acts intensify the habit of virtue. And faith teaches that acts especially the more intense ones of supernatural virtues merit and bring with them an increase of grace, charity and virtues: thus smoke produces flame, and flame in turn increases smoke. Wherefore it is no wonder that Sirach here now teaches that wisdom begets fear and justice; now conversely that fear and justice beget wisdom; because, namely, its increase they merit and bring with them. It follows fourthly, although these three taken precisely are distinguished in the manner just stated, yet on account of their intimate connection they are mixed, confused and often taken for the same thing; for thus prudence by the Ethicists is often taken for the very virtue which it dictates and commands: for then prudence is called not only the dictate of prudence, but the prudent action itself, which is nothing other than virtue. It is synecdoche, or metonymy. In a similar manner Sirach here often mixes and confuses wisdom with fear and justice: because he expands wisdom and takes it not only for the dictate of wisdom, but for the wise work of fear and love of God, which it itself commands and produces. Hence verse 20 he says: The fullness of wisdom is to fear God; and this verse says: Wisdom and discipline are the fear of the Lord, and many similar things. These are to be noted very carefully, so that you may see that no circle condemned by Philosophers is committed here, and that you may reconcile many passages which otherwise appear to be contrary and inextricable. Sirach borrowed this opinion, as also many others, from Solomon in Proverbs xv, where when Solomon had said, verse 32: He that rejecteth discipline, despiseth his own soul: but he that consenteth to reproof, possesseth understanding; he subjoins the reason for his saying in verse 33, saying: The fear of the Lord, the discipline of wisdom; Hebrew: The fear of the Lord, the instruction of wisdom; Septuagint whom Sirach follows: The fear of the Lord is discipline and wisdom. As if to say: He who acquiesces in reproofs is the possessor of his heart, that is, he is prudent and wise, and master of his own mind, because such a one has the fear of God: for this fear subjects man to discipline and instruction, as if to say: Nothing else can subject and submit the free and independent nature of the human mind to discipline, that is, to direction, correction and reproof of the law or of the ruler to whom the care and custody of the law is entrusted, except the fear of God. For this has placed itself above all things, Eccles. xxv, 14, and thus subjects the mind itself to Him and to the law of God: and when it has occupied it, it rules and impels it by its own will, and thus comes to pass what Solomon adds: And humility precedes the glory which the law of God and wisdom brings, because whoever humbly subjects himself to the law of God and to discipline.
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Whence, AND GOD SHALL FILL UP THE TREASURES THEREOF, — he who has these two, to show how pleasing and well-pleasing they are to him; he shall fill, that is, he shall bring him treasures full of goods, both spiritual and corporal; for thus τὸ implere for making full, or bringing full, is taken throughout this book, as I said at verse 22. This is what St. James says in chapter III: Who is wise and disciplined among you? Let him show his good conversation in the meekness of wisdom. Truly Rabanus says: All the life of the good, he says, is tranquil. Whence the virtue and wisdom of God, Christ taught his own, saying: Learn of me, because I am meek and humble of heart; and you shall find rest to your souls, Matt. xi. And it is fitly said that he fills up his treasures: because he who truly fears God cannot be without faith and good works, which fill the one who fears God with sacred virtues, and make him acceptable to God. Whence in Ecclesiastes, chapter II, it is written: To the good man in his sight God gave wisdom, and knowledge, and joy; but to the sinner he gave affliction and superfluous care.
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ting τὸ incredulous; secondly, be not incredulous, that is, distrustful, as if to say: Do not distrust, when you fall into some difficulties, or are pressed by poverty (whence the Royal editions add, ἐσχάτῳ, that is, when you are in need), that you will be freed, protected and saved by the fear of the Lord, as if God did not will it, or could not help you, and therefore, distrusting God, you flee to the aid of demons, namely, to witches and magicians, or to the help and consolations of men. The Zurich version translates: Do not refuse to obey the religion of the Lord, when poor, nor approach it with a false heart. AND COME NOT TO HIM (to the fear of the Lord, and consequently to the Lord Himself) WITH A DOUBLE HEART, — that is, not sincerely, but falsely and hypocritically, feigning outwardly before men that you wish to worship God, to trust in Him and obey Him; when inwardly in your heart you distrust Him and resist Him. This is clear from what follows. I shall say more about a double heart at chapter II, 14. He passes from fear and wisdom to its contrary, namely hypocrisy, so that he may illustrate it by its opposite; for he had said at verse 33 that the way to wisdom is justice, that is, the observance of the commandments of God; now he shows what it ought to be, namely true and sincere, not false and hypocritical; for hypocrisy enervates and destroys all truth, true justice, obedience and virtue.
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Hypocrisy is symbolized by the ostrich, concerning which you know that Cyril wove this fable varied with moral instruction in book II of his Apology, chapter xxii, whose title is: Against those who rejoice to appear, when they are not: The ostrich, he says, placed among the birds, desirous of glory but empty of existence, with the wind of ostentation soon spreading its wings with loftier sails, boasted that it had larger feathers. To which the birds said: You are indeed a vain shell of appearance, which the marrow of substance does not fill within, and for this reason if you are lifted up in heart by the boastful display of lofty wings upward, ventilated by the power of those same wings, you would already precede us with a larger body. When this was said, as they flew away, since he himself, weighed down by a more earthly mass, was held back on the earth, a raven smiling mockingly from above cried out and said: Brother ostrich, where is the pride of your feathers? And he answered: Surely the heaviness of my feet hinders, when the power of flying is present. To which the raven: Even if an asinine foot weighs down, why then Then he confirms the same thing with two new fables, first of the mouse and the mole, second of the mule and the mare. "But you have not heard what the mouse answered to the mole glorying in its eyes, namely that it has an eye and not sight, is no less than a monster. Whence to appear and not to be is monstrous blindness. For when pomp is present in the eyes, yet they themselves are suffused with darkness, and deprived of sight. Similarly the mare thus confuted the mule exalting itself in sex, saying: You have indeed the appearance of sex, but you lack the fruit of existence, formed by an adulterous union. Thus bereft of fruit, pomposity is discerned, because it is a wretched ass of perverse pride. Do you not know that a mirror, while it appears bright on one side, is darkened on the other by obscurity hostile to light? Appearance certainly without existence is a lie. Having heard these things, the ostrich was silent." Thus God revealed the hidden crimes of Dioscorus, who, equally as Nestorius, concealing internal arrogance and crimes under the appearance of humility and sanctity, had crept into the episcopate of Alexandria; when he brought it about that at the Council of Chalcedon libels were brought against him, by which he himself was convicted of being an Origenist, an Arian, a murderer, an incendiary, and most shameful in life. For nothing has been found to harm God's Church more than when iniquity is covered under the cloak of sanctity, and horrible impiety, painted with the cosmetic of religion, proceeds, deceiving the eyes of those who behold. For it is easy to beware of those whom you know to be manifest enemies; but who will escape the hidden ones? "Who will reveal the face of his covering? Who will open the doors of his face?" says Job, chapter xli. Thus Alfonso, king of Aragon, as the Panormitan testifies in book II of his Deeds, chapter IX, when he heard that Anthony of Piacenza, who had filled Italy and Spain in the name of abstinence and sanctity, and was said to converse and speak with Angels, had revealed his hypocrisy in death, and had miserably perished, eaten by worms, wisely said: "For this reason God has raged so greatly against hypocrites, that while they deceive men, they interpose God himself as a mediator of crime, and therefore most often while still living they are punished in the eyes of men, whom they deceived in God's name: so that mortals may understand that from such a monster the greatest caution must be taken there, because God himself has an undoubted avenger not only after death, but also in life itself." Thus that beggar simulating himself dead, Wherefore truly Isidore of Pelusium, book II, Letter 24, opposing the hypocrite desirous of vain glory to the humble one, says "the hypocrite places glass in place of true pearl," that is, esteems vain glory for true, and shows empty and painted works for great ones, and of great value and merit before God (to which that saying applies: "Glass is worth as much as a pearl, as Tertullian testifies in book IV Against Marcion); on the contrary the humble one esteems true pearls as glass in his estimation," both because he esteems his virtues and good works lightly, and as weak and fragile like glass; and because through them as through glass he looks toward God, attributing and resigning all things to God and to God's grace.
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Thus Christ exposed and confounded the hypocrisy of the Pharisees before the people: "Beware," He said, "of the leaven of the Pharisees, which is hypocrisy," Luke XII. Thus likewise Christ exposed the hypocrisy, the name and deed of Simon Magus, by which he feigned himself a divine Prophet, indeed God Himself, so that as such Thus the Doctor of Paris exposed his hypocrisy: for when in life he was held by all to be a good man, being dead he cried out from his bier: "By the just judgment of God I am accused, judged and condemned." Struck by this voice, St. Bruno with his companions instituted the Order of the Carthusians. Moreover God does this because He Himself is the knower of hearts, and to Him alone are the secrets of the heart revealed. It is therefore the part of Him who is the first Truth, who abhors all falsehood, to lay bare the falsity of the heart. It is the part of Him who is the faithful providence of the good to uncover frauds hidden in the heart, lest by them others, ignorant of the fraud, be led into heresies and errors. It is the part of Him who is sincere and perfect justice to lay bare hypocrisy, to judge it, to condemn it: for He alone is the inspector of minds and the judge of hearts. This is what the Apostle says in Hebrews IV, verse 12: "For the word of God is living and effectual, and more piercing than any two-edged sword; and reaching unto the division of the soul and the spirit, of the joints also and the marrow, and is a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart. And there is no creature invisible in His sight; but all things are naked and open to His eyes." See the words there. Hence in Scripture men of religion and saints are said to have walked with God, to have conversed in the sight of God, to have lived in the presence of God; because, as with the mouth, so with the heart devoted to sincere holiness, they served God simply. Whence in Scripture they are called simple. Thus Job, cap. 1, 1, is called a simple man, Hebrew tam, that is, perfect; simplicity therefore is perfection, and makes a man perfect. Tropologically, Rabanus and from him Palacius: Simple, they say, is he who serves God alone; double, he who wishes to rejoice with the world and to reign with Christ. He who is God's by faith, the world's by love: he has given his intellect to God, his affection to the world. These are they of whom Elijah says they halt between two sides, worshipping both God and Baal. These are the Samaritans, keeping the law of God and at the same time serving their idols. But to be a Samaritan was then the greatest reproach. These are hypocrites; showing themselves to be Christians outwardly, while being far from that life inwardly. For who does not see you to be called a hypocrite, if, while you are a Christian in words, you are
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BECAUSE THOU CAMEST MALICIOUSLY TO THE LORD. — Thus also St. Augustine reads in the Mirror. Maliciously, that is, deceitfully, falsely, with a double mind. For in Greek it is: "Because you came not in truth," that is truly and sincerely, "to the fear;" because in coming to the fear of the Lord, we come to the Lord Himself; the Zurich version: "In that you came not sincerely to His religion, but brought a deceitful mind." Finally the Syriac paraphrases all these things from verse 36 hitherto thus: "Love the fear of the Lord, and strengthen your heart, and do not be afraid; draw near, and do not delay, and you shall find life for your spirit; and when you shall be drawing near like a giant and strong, my son, do not lie in the fear of the Lord, and do not come to Him with a double heart, and do not seek honor from Him in the eyes of men, and in your lips be cautious for truth, lest you spurn His word, and do not be moved, and do not multiply shame to your soul; lest perhaps the Lord multiply your chains, and cast you down in the midst of the Church From what has been said it is clear that the principle, root, and as it were the a priori reason of all things said in this chapter is the august excellence, holiness, and majesty of the first and uncreated Wisdom, which is the very Godhead, God Himself. Because God is supremely wise, supremely holy, supremely powerful and immense in every way: hence He is most worthy of all fear, love, worship, and reverence: which He then communicates to created wisdom in its own way, but in a limited manner.
Machine translation from the Latin, not reviewed.
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… It has its origin in God (Ex. 28:3; 1 Kings 3:9; 5:9; Is. 28:26; Ecclus. 38:6); its basis is the "fear of God" (Prov. 1:7; 9:10; Job 28:28; Ecclus. 1:16-22; Ps. 110:10). Especially after the exile, wisdom became the favorite theme of the inspired scribes. …
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · original Douay-Rheims (Douay 1609-10), transcription by EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Public domain.