The excellence of wisdom: how she is to be found.
Wheras al men haue the like birth and death, 7. Wisdom maketh great difference, bringing al goodnes, 13. and knowlege, 17. as wel of natural thinges, 22. as moral. 25 Which heauenlie gift is a sparckle, and participation of wisdom increated, God himself.
1I myself also am a mortal man, like all others, and of the race of him, that was first made of the earth, and in the womb of my mother I was fashioned to be flesh.Perocchè sono pur io un uomo mortale simile a tutti gli altri, e della stirpe di colui, che fu fatto il primo di terra, e nell'utero della madre fui effigiato uomo di carne.I also certes am a mortal man, like to al, and of the earthlie kinred of him, that was made first, and in the wombe of my mother was I fashioned flesh,Sum quidem et ego mortalis homo, similis omnibus, / et ex genere terreni illius qui prior factus est: / et in ventre matris figuratus sum caro; 2In the time of ten months I was compacted in blood, of the seed of man, and the pleasure of sleep concurring.Nello spazio di dieci mesi fui formato di sangue, e del seme dell'uomo concorrendo il notturno diletto.the time of ten monethes was I brought together in bloud, of the seede of man, and the delectation of sleepe concurring.decem mensium tempore coagulatus sum in sanguine: / ex semine hominis, et delectamento somni conveniente. 3And being born, I drew in the common air, and fell upon the earth, that is made alike, and the first voice which I uttered was crying, as all others do.Ed io, nato che fui, bevvi l'aere comune, e sopra simile terra io caddi, e la mia prima voce, come di tutti gli altri, fu di vagito.And I being borne receiued the common ayre, and fel vpon the earth, that is made alike, and the first voice like to al men did I put forth weeping.Et ego natus accepi communem aërem, / et in similiter factam decidi terram, / et primam vocem similem omnibus emisi plorans. 4I was nursed in swaddling clothes, and with great cares.Fui rilevato nelle fascie, e con pene grandi.I was nourished in swadling clothes, and great cares.In involumentis nutritus sum, et curis magnis: 5For none of the kings had any other beginning of birth.Perocché nissuno dei regi ebbe diverso il principio del suo nascimento.For none of the kinges had other begynning of natiuitie.nemo enim ex regibus aliud habuit nativitatis initium. 6For all men have one entrance into life, and the like going out.Così tutti gli uomini allo stesso modo vengono alla vita, e allo stesso modo sen vanno.There is one entrance therfore into life to al men, and like departureUnus ergo introitus est omnibus ad vitam, / et similis exitus. 7Wherefore I wished, and understanding was given me: and I called upon God, and the spirit of wisdom came upon me:Quindi io desiderai l'intelligenza, e mi fu conceduta, e invocai lo spirito di sapienza, ed ei venne in me:For this cause I wished, and vnderstanding was geuen me: and I inuocated, and the spirit of wisdom came vpon me:Propter hoc optavi, et datus est mihi sensus; / et invocavi, et venit in me spiritus sapientiæ:
8And I preferred her before kingdoms and thrones, and esteemed riches nothing in comparison of her.E questa io preferii ai regni, ed ai troni, e i tesori stimai un nulla a paragone di lei:and I preferred her before kingdoms and thrones, and riches I counted to be nothing in comparison offer.et præposui illam regnis et sedibus, / et divitias nihil esse duxi in comparatione illius. 9Neither did I compare unto her any precious stone: for all gold, in comparison of her, is as a little sand; and silver, in respect to her, shall be counted as clay.Né con essa paragonai le pietre preziose, perché tutto l'oro appetto a lei è come un poco di rena, e l'argento sarà stimato come fango dinanzi a lei.Neither did I compare the precious stone to here because al gold in comparison of her, is a litle sand, and siluer in the sight of her shal be estemed as clay.Nec comparavi illi lapidem pretiosum, / quoniam omne aurum in comparatione illius arena est exigua, / et tamquam lutum æstimabitur argentum in conspectu illius. 10I loved her above health and beauty, and chose to have her instead of light: for her light cannot be put out.La amai più che la sanità, e la bellezza, e la anteposi alla luce, perché lo splendore di lei mai non si spegne.Aboue health and beautie did I loue her and purposed to haue her for light: because her light can not be extinguished.Super salutem et speciem dilexi illam, / et proposui pro luce habere illam, / quoniam inextinguibile est lumen illius. 11Now all good things came to me together with her, and innumerable riches through her hands,E vennero a me insieme con lei tutti i beni, e infinita ricchezza per man di lei.And al good thinges came to me together with her, and very much honestie by her handes,Venerunt autem mihi omnia bona pariter cum illa, / et innumerabilis honestas per manus illius; 12And I rejoiced in all these: for this wisdom went before me, and I knew not that she was the mother of them all.E di tutto questo io mi godei, perché questa sapienza era mia guida, ed io non sapeva, come di tutte queste cose ella è madre.and I reioyced in al: because this wisdom went before me, and I was ignorant that she is the mother of al these.et lætatus sum in omnibus, / quoniam antecedebat me ista sapientia, / et ignorabam quoniam horum omnium mater est. 13Which I have learned without guile, and communicate without envy, and her riches I hide not.Ed io senza finzione la apparai, e la comunico senza invidia, e non tengo ascose le sue ricchezze.Which I lerned without fiction, and doe communicate without enuie, and her honestie I hid not.Quam sine fictione didici, / et sine invidia communico, / et honestatem illius non abscondo.
14For she is an infinite treasure to men: which they that use, become the friends of God, being commended for the gifts of discipline.Perocché ella è tesoro infinito per gli uomini, e coloro, che la impiegano, hanno parte all'amicizia di Dio, divenuti commendevoli pei doni della dottrina.For she is an infinite treasure to men: which who so haue, are made partakers of the frenship of God, commended for the gifts of discipline.Infinitus enim thesaurus est hominibus; / quo qui usi sunt, participes facti sunt amicitiæ Dei, / propter disciplinæ dona commendati. 15And God hath given to me to speak as I would, and to conceive thoughts worthy of those things that are given me: because he is the guide of wisdom, and the director of the wise:E a me concedette Dio di parlare secondo quello, ch'io sento, e di avere concetti degni dei doni a me dati; perocchè egli è il direttore della sapienza, e il correttore de' sapienti:And to me God hath geuen to speake according to my minde, and to presume thinges worthie of those, that are geuen me: because he is the guide of wisdom, and the creator of the wise:Mihi autem dedit Deus dicere ex sententia, / et præsumere digna horum quæ mihi dantur: / quoniam ipse sapientiæ dux est, / et sapientium emendator. 16For in his hand are both we, and our words, and all wisdom, and the knowledge and skill of works.Perocché in mano di lui siamo e noi, e le nostre parole, e tutta la sapienza, e la scienza dell'operare, e la disciplina.for in his hand are both we, & our wordes, and wisdom, and the knowlege and discipline of workes.In manu enim illius et nos et sermones nostri, / et omnis sapientia, et operum scientia, et disciplina. 17For he hath given me the true knowledge of the things that are: to know the disposition of the whole world, and the virtues of the elements,Egli mi diede la vera scienza delle cose, che sono, affinchè io conosca la disposizione del mondo, e le virtù degli elementi;For he gaue me the true knowlege of those thinges, which are: that I may know the disposition of the round world, and the vertues of the elements,Ipse enim dedit mihi horum quæ sunt scientiam veram, / ut sciam dispositionem orbis terrarum, et virtutes elementorum, 18The beginning, and ending, and midst of the times, the alterations of their courses, and the changes of seasons,E il cominciamento e la fine, e il mezzo dei tempi, e le varie vicissitudini, e mutazioni dei tempi,the beginning, & end, & middes of times, the permutations of changeable seasons, and consummations of times,initium, et consummationem, et medietatem temporum, / vicissitudinum permutationes, et commutationes temporum, 19The revolutions of the year, and the dispositions of the stars,Il corso degli anni, e le posizioni delle stelle,the courses of the yeare, and dispositions of the starres,anni cursus, et stellarum dispositiones, 20The natures of living creatures, and rage of wild beasts, the force of winds, and reasonings of men, the diversities of plants, and the virtues of roots,Le nature degli animali, e le ire delle fiere, la forza dei venti, e le inclinazioni degli uomini, le differenze degli arboscelli, e le virtù delle radiche.the natures of beastes, and furies of wilde beastes, the force of windes, and the cogitations of men, the differences of plantes, and vertues of rootes,naturas animalium, et iras bestiarum, / vim ventorum, et cogitationes hominum, / differentias virgultorum, et virtutes radicum. 21And all such things as are hid, and not foreseen, I have learned: for wisdom, which is the worker of all things, taught me.E imparai tutte le cose nascoste, e che giungono nuove, perché la sapienza fattrice di tutte mi addottrinò.and whatsoeuer are hid thinges and not forsene, I haue lerned: for wisdom the worker of al taught me.Et quæcumque sunt absconsa et improvisa didici: / omnium enim artifex docuit me sapientia.
22For in her is the spirit of understanding; holy, one, manifold, subtile, eloquent, active, undefiled, sure, sweet, loving that which is good, quick, which nothing hindereth, beneficent,Perocché in lei risiede lo spirito di intelligenza santo, unico, molteplice, sottile, eloquente, attivo, incontaminato, infallibile, soave, amante del bene, penetrante, irresistibile, benefico,For in her is the spirite of vnderstanding, holie, onlie, manifold, subtil, eloquent, moueable, vndefiled, sure, swete, louing good, sharpe, who nothing hindereth wel doing,Est enim in illa spiritus intelligentiæ, / sanctus, unicus, multiplex, subtilis, / disertus, mobilis, incoinquinatus, certus, / suavis, amans bonum, acutus, / quem nihil vetat, benefaciens, 23Gentle, kind, steadfast, assured, secure, having all power, overseeing all things, and containing all spirits: intelligible, pure, subtile:Amatore degli uomini, benigno, costante, sicuro, tranquillo, che tutto può, tutto prevede, e tutti contiene gli spiriti, intelligente, puro, sottile.gentle, benigne, stable, certaine, secure, hauing al powre, forseing al thinges, and that conteyneth al spirites: intelligible, cleane, subtile.humanus, benignus, stabilis, certus, securus, / omnem habens virtutem, omnia prospiciens, / et qui capiat omnes spiritus, / intelligibilis, mundus, subtilis. 24For wisdom is more active than all active things; and reacheth everywhere, by reason of her purity.Or più veloce di qualunque mobile ella è la sapienza, e per tutto arriva, mediante la sua purezza.For wisdom is more moueable then al moueable thinges: and reacheth euerie where because of her cleannes.Omnibus enim mobilibus mobilior est sapientia: / attingit autem ubique propter suam munditiam. 25For she is a vapour of the power of God, and a certain pure emmanation of the glory of the Almighty God: and therefore no defiled thing cometh into her.Perocché ella è vapore della virtù; di Dio, e come una pura emanazione della gloria di Dio onnipotente, e perciò nulla in lei cade di immondo:For she is a vapour of the powre of God, & a certaine sincere emanation of the glorie of God omnipotent: and therfore no defiled thing cometh vnto her.Vapor est enim virtutis Dei, / et emanatio quædam est claritatis omnipotentis Dei sincera, / et ideo nihil inquinatum in eam incurrit: 26For she is the brightness of eternal light, and the unspotted mirror of God’s majesty, and the image of his goodness.Perché ella è splendore di luce eterna, e specchio senza macchia della maestà di Dio, e immagine di sua bontà.For she is the brightnes of eternal light, & the vnspotted glasse of Gods maiestie, and the image of his goodnes.candor est enim lucis æternæ, / et speculum sine macula Dei majestatis, / et imago bonitatis illius.
27And being but one, she can do all things: and remaining in herself the same, she reneweth all things, and through nations conveyeth herself into holy souls, she maketh the friends of God and prophets.Ed essendo una sola, ella può tutto, e immutabile in se stessa le cose tutte rinnovella, e tralle nazioni ella si spande nelle anime sante, e forma degli amici di Dio, e de' profeti.And wheras she is one, she can doe al thinges: and permanent in herselfe she reneweth al thinges, and by nations transporteth herself into holie soules, she maketh the frendes of God, and Prophetes.Et cum sit una, omnia potest; / et in se permanens omnia innovat: / et per nationes in animas sanctas se transfert; / amicos Dei et prophetas constituit. 28For God loveth none but him that dwelleth with wisdom.Perocché non altri ama Dio, se non quelli, che convivono colla sapienza.For God loueth none, but him, that dwelleth with wisdom.Neminem enim diligit Deus, / nisi eum qui cum sapientia inhabitat. 29For she is more beautiful than the sun, and above all the order of the stars: being compared with the light, she is found before it.Ella è più bella del sole, e ogni ordine di stelle sorpassa, e ove alla luce si paragoni, ella le va innanzi.For she is more beautiful then the sunne, and aboue al disposition of the starres, being compared to light she is found the first.Est enim hæc speciosior sole, / et super omnem dispositionem stellarum: / luci comparata, invenitur prior. 30For after this cometh night, but no evil can overcome wisdom.Imperocché a quella va presso la notte: ma la sapienza non è vinta dalla malizia.For night succedeth to it, but malice ouercometh not wisdom.Illi enim succedit nox; / sapientiam autem non vincit malitia.
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Myself. Solomon acquired wisdom, and all others may do it.
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Suetonius
Out. Augustus asked a little before his death: "Have we acted our part (personae) well enough?" (Suetonius)
Life is like a stage; before and after which, all are equal.
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Calmet
Wherefore, as I had no advantage over others naturally, I asked for the wisdom requisite to fill so important an office, 3 Kings 9:10. (Calmet)
Worthington
Solomon, whose sayings are here recorded, prayed for wisdom. (Worthington)
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Calmet
Preferred. I did not ask for extensive dominions, etc. (Calmet)
Menochius
In Proverbs 8:10., etc., as well as here, some things refer to the uncreated, and others to created wisdom. (Menochius)
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Not. Ecclesiasticus 20:32., and Matthew 25:25. Such disinterestedness deserves to be imitated by all the learned, Wisdom 6:25.
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God. Coming near to him, Wisdom 6:20., and 1 Corinthians 6:16. The wise do not seek for glory; but it follows them.
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Calmet
Would. With sincerity, and in a sententious and captivating manner, 3 Kings 9:24. (Calmet)
Haydock
Thoughts. Praesumere has this meaning. (Haydock)
Presumption is far removed from true wisdom. Solomon manifested his greatness of soul by his buildings, and wise regulations.
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St. Ambrose
Times. Or "things." (St. Ambrose, Abr. 2:7.)
Grotius
Times past, present, and future, (Origen, hom. xxi.) or the three seasons; autumn, the beginning of the civil year, summer the end, and spring or winter, the middle. (Grotius)
Menochius
Their. The "seasons," as the Greek implies, (Calmet) and the vicissitudes of heat and cold. (Menochius)
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Cornelius a Lapide
Holy. These are the proper epithets of the spirit of wisdom, (Worthington) or of the Holy Ghost. (Cornelius a Lapide; Lorin.)
They may also be applicable to the wisdom which resides in man: one, in essence, manifold, in its operations, subtle, knowing all things; (chap. 1:7.) eloquent, to persuade; (Calmet) Greek, "easily moved, or moving," eukineton, (Haydock) active. Greek, "open (Calmet) or entire."
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For wisdom, which is the same with the Spirit, and the Son of God, ver. 25.
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Eusebius † AD 339
Glory. As St. Paul testifies of Jesus Christ, Hebrews 1:3. (Eusebius; Demon. Evang. 4:5.)
In Protag. Philo. de Som
It may also be understood of the wisdom given to the prophets and saints, ver. 27. Plato thought this to be a vapour, or fire proceeding from God. (In Protag. Philo. de Som.)
Worthington
Some apply the passage to the blessed Virgin [Mary]. (Cornelius a Lapide, 5:26.) (Calmet) See Proverbs 1:2. (Worthington)
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Menochius
Goodness. This is particularly noticed, as he speaks of the favours received. It was also an effect of infinite goodness, that the Deity should communicate itself substantially, in the generation of the Son, and the procession of the Holy Ghost. (Menochius)
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Haydock
Prophets. No age or nation has been left destitute by God. Among the Gentiles, Job was a saint. (Haydock)
Calmet
The philosophers also knew God, (Romans 1:21.) and taught many important truths, (Calmet) though they erred in other respects, and dishonoured their profession. True religion has always subsisted, and saints, (Haydock) yea even pagan philosophers, have borne witness to the truth. (Clement of Alexandria, etc.) (Calmet)
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Grotius
Evil. Or disgrace. (Grotius)
Calmet
The brightest days are succeeded by night. The divine wisdom never fails, though that of man is subject to change, as Solomon has taught us by his own woeful example. (Calmet)
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The perfectest children are borne in the beginning of the tenth moneth.
Children in the mothers wombe are as in slepe.
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Salomon (whose sayinges are here recited) praied for wisdom, & obtained it. 3. Reg. 3.
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Concordance 3. Reg •. v. 9.
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God first gaue him grace to desire wisdom before al other thinges, as he explicateth plainly cap. 8. v. 21.
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Salomon was a most excellent Philosopher.
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Proper Epithetons of the spirite of wisdom.
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See the Annotation, Prouerb. 1. v. 2.
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Concordance Heb. 1. v. 3.
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St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies on the Statues to the People of Antioch 1.21
… On this account, a certain one speaking of the great Elias, says, “Elias was a man of like passions with us.” Do you perceive, that he shows from a communion of suffering, that he was the same kind of man that we are? And again, “I too am a man of like passions with you.”
St Jerome † AD 420 The Letters of St. Jerome 46.3
… Tradition has it that in this city, nay, more, on this very spot, Adam lived and died. The place where our Lord was crucified is called Calvary, because the skull of the primitive man was buried there. So it came to pass that the second Adam, that is the blood of Christ, as it dropped from the cross, washed away the sins of the buried protoplast,
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 A Work on the Proceedings of Pelagius 6
… For on this very subject the Wisdom of Solomon declares: “I myself also am a mortal man like unto all; and the offspring of him that was first made of the earth,”
John Cassian † AD 435 The Twelve Books on the Institutes of the Cœnobia, and the Remedies for the Eight Principal Faults 12.5
This is the reason of the first fall, and the starting point of the original malady, which again insinuating itself into the first man,
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St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 A Work on the Proceedings of Pelagius 6
… and the offspring of him that was first made of the earth,” —with other similar words to the conclusion of the paragraph, where we read: “For all men have one entrance into life, and the like going out therefrom: wherefore I prayed and understanding was given to me; I called, and the Spirit of Wisdom came into me.”
Theodoret of Cyrus † AD 458 Letters of the Blessed Theodoret, Bishop of Cyprus 14
… you will find that it is mortal, and received the doom of death from the beginning. It was to Adam that God said “Dust thou art and to dust thou shalt return.” The giver of the law is He that never lies, and experience witnesses to His truth. Divine Scripture tells us “all men have one entrance into life and the like going out,”
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St Ambrose of Milan † AD 397 On the Decease of His Brother Satyrus 2.31
31. And who said this but he who asked for and obtained wisdom, to know how the world was made, and the power of the elements, the course of the year, and the dispositions of stars, to be acquainted with the natures of living creatures, the furies of wild beasts, and the violence of winds, and to understand the thoughts of man!
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St Methodius † AD 311 The Banquet of the Ten Virgins; or Concerning Chastity 11.1
… Nor when any one is conceited of riches is he desirous of honouring chastity; he dishonours it more than all, preferring a little gain to that to which nothing is comparable of those things that are in this life esteemed. For all riches and gold “in respect of it are as a little sand.”
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Origen † AD 254 Origen De Principiis 3.1.14
… By this drowning, however, it is not to be supposed that God’s providence as regards Pharaoh was terminated; for we must not imagine, because he was drowned, that therefore he had forthwith completely perished: “for in the hand of God are both we and our words; all wisdom, also, and knowledge of workmanship,”
Origen † AD 254 Origen De Principiis 3.1-2.14
… For he was not annihilated when drowned: “For in the hand of God are both we and our words; all wisdom also, and knowledge of workmanship.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 On Christian Doctrine 4.30
… and when they have received it, they ought to pray both that they themselves may deliver it well, and that those to whom they address it may give ear; and when the discourse has a happy issue, they ought to render thanks to Him from whom they know such blessings come, so that all the praise may be His “in whose hand are both we and our words.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 On the Good of Widowhood 22
… forasmuch as if it be any help to you that our addresses also are supplied to you, the whole must be assigned to His grace, “in Whose Hand,” as it is written, “are both we and our discourses.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 A Treatise on Rebuke and Grace 26
Here arises another question, not reasonably to be slighted, but to be approached and solved in the help of the Lord in whose hand are both we and our discourses.
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 119.1.3
3. It is written, and is read, and is true, in this Psalm, that “They who do wickedness, walk not in His ways” ( ver. 3 ). But we must endeavour, with the help of God, “in” whose “hand are both we and our words,”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 119.14
108. “My soul is alway in Thy hand” ( ver. 109 ). Some copies read, “in my hand:” but most, “in Thy hand;” and this latter is indeed easy. For “the souls of the righteous are in God’s hand: in whose hand are both we and our words.”
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John Cassian † AD 435 The Conferences of John Cassian 8.21
… of times, the alterations of their courses and the changes of their seasons, the revolutions of the year and the disposition of the stars, the natures of living creatures and the rage of wild beasts, the force of winds, and the reasonings of men, the diversities of plants and the virtues of roots, and all such things as are hid and open I have learnt.”
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St Gregory of Nyssa † AD 395 Against Eunomius 8.5
… Accordingly, as the nature that is in the creation, as the phrase of the most excellent Wisdom somewhere tells us, exhibits “the beginning, ending, and midst of the times
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St Methodius † AD 311 The Banquet of the Ten Virgins; or Concerning Chastity 7.1
… and that different persons, managing their course differently, strive to reach different ports. Some have a fair wind; to others it blows across their course; and yet both easily accomplish their voyage. Now, in the same way, the “understanding Spirit, holy, one only,”
St Ambrose of Milan † AD 397 On the Duties of the Clergy 2.13
65. We have spoken of its beauty, and proved it by the witness of Scripture. It remains to show on the authority of Scripture
St Ambrose of Milan † AD 397 On the Holy Spirit 3.6
… “I am not come to send peace but a sword.” For the inmost mind cannot be penetrated by steel, but by the Spirit: “For the Spirit of understanding is holy, one only, manifold, subtle, lively,” and, farther on, “overseeing all things.”
St Ambrose of Milan † AD 397 On the Holy Spirit 3.18
… Let them learn that we teach by authority of the Scriptures; for it is written: “For in Wisdom is a Spirit of understanding, holy, one only, manifold, subtle, easy to move, eloquent, undefiled.”
St Ambrose of Milan † AD 397 On the Holy Spirit 3.22
169. And why should I say that, as the Father and the Son, so, too, the Spirit is free from stain and Almighty, for Solomon called Him in Greek παντοδύναμον, πᾶνέπίσχοπον , because He is Almighty and beholds all things,
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Letters of St. Augustin 169.7
… We read, indeed, that “the Spirit of wisdom is manifold;”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 City of God 11.10
According to this, then, those things which are essentially and truly divine are called simple, because in them quality and substance are identical, and because they are divine, or wise, or blessed in themselves, and without extraneous supplement. In Holy Scripture, it is true, the Spirit of wisdom is called “manifold”
Theodoret of Cyrus † AD 458 The Ecclesiastical History of Theodoret 2.6
… but we say that He was begotten before all things, whether visible or invisible; and that He is the Creator of archangels and angels, and of the world, and of the human race. It is written, ‘ Wisdom which is the worker of all things taught me
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St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 City of God 8.1
… It is, we say, with philosophers we have to confer with respect to this theology,—men whose very name, if rendered into Latin, signifies those who profess the love of wisdom. Now, if wisdom is God, who made all things, as is attested by the divine authority and truth,
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 On the Holy Trinity 4.13
… faithful ones, beginning from the former end, which is the beginning of the spiritual creature, even to the latter end, which is the death of the body, and so “reaching from the one end to the other, mightily and sweetly ordering all things.” For wisdom “passeth and goeth through all things by reason of her pureness, and no defiled thing can fall into her.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Reply to Faustus the Manichæan 6.3
… In those books which you defile with your violent reproaches, it is said of the divine wisdom, that "no defiled thing falleth into it, and it goeth everywhere by reason of its pureness."
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Concerning the Nature of Good, Against the Manichæans 29
And yet, though all things that He established are in Him, those who sin do not defile Him, of whose wisdom it is said: "She touches all things by reason of her purity, and nothing defiled assails her."
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Lectures or Tractates on the Gospel According to St. John 111.2
… but the blessed only are with Him, because it is only of Him that they can be blessed. Was it not truly said to God, “If I ascend into heaven, Thou art there; and if I go down into hell, Thou art present?” or is not Christ after all that Wisdom of God which “penetrateth everywhere because of its purity”?
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Origen † AD 254 Origen De Principiis 1.2.5
… “For she is the breath of the power of God, and the purest efflux of the glory of the Almighty.”
Origen † AD 254 Origen De Principiis 1.2.9
9. Let us see now what is the meaning of the expression which is found in the Wisdom of Solomon, where it is said of Wisdom that “it is a kind of breath of the power of God, and the purest efflux of the glory of the Omnipotent, and the splendour of eternal light, and the spotless mirror of the working or power of God, and the image of His goodness.”
Origen † AD 254 Origen Against Celsus 3.72
… and the brightness of the everlasting light, and the unspotted mirror of the power of God, and the image of His goodness,”
Origen † AD 254 Origen Against Celsus 8.14
… however, have learned who the Son of God is, and know that He is “the brightness of His glory, and the express image of His person,” and “the breath of the power of God, and a pure influence flowing from the glory of the Almighty;” moreover, “the brightness of the everlasting light, the unspotted mirror of the power of God, and the image of His goodness.”
St Dionysius of Alexandria † AD 265 Containing Various Sections of the Works 4.1.4
… And if there is no offspring, how and of what can He be the begetter? But both are, and always are. Since, then, God is the Light, Christ is the Brightness. And since He is a Spirit—for says He, “God is a Spirit” —fittingly again is Christ called Breath; for “He,” saith He, “is the breath of God’s power.”
St Athanasius of Alexandria † AD 373 De Decretis. (Defence of the Nicene Definition.) 3
… and men lose their substance in begetting, and again they gain substance from the accession of food. And on this account men in their time become fathers of many children; but God, being without parts, is Father of the Son without partition or passion; for there is neither effluence
St Athanasius of Alexandria † AD 373 De Decretis. (Defence of the Nicene Definition.) 6
“The essence of the Son is not one procured from without, nor accruing out of nothing , but it sprang from the Father’s essence, as the radiance of light, as the vapour
St Athanasius of Alexandria † AD 373 De Sententia Dionysii. (Defence of Dionysius.) 9
… and to hurl at them what is said of the Saviour in reference to His manhood and His humiliation, so as to bar them by reason of His human attributes from saying that the Father was a son, and so render easier for them the teaching concerning the Godhead of the Son, when in his other letters he calls Him from the Scriptures the word, wisdom, power, breath (
St Athanasius of Alexandria † AD 373 De Sententia Dionysii. (Defence of Dionysius.) 15
… But if there were not a child, how and of whom can there be a parent? But there are both, and that eternally.’ Then again he adds, ‘God then being light, Christ is brightness; and being Spirit, for “God is a Spirit” ( John iv. 24 ),—in like manner Christ is called the breath, for He is the “breath of the power of God” (
St Gregory of Nyssa † AD 395 Against Eunomius 2.9
… to implant in us an adequate notion of the ineffable mode of subsistence of the Only-begotten, Scripture avails itself also of the third kind of generation to indicate the doctrine of the Son’s Divinity,—that kind, namely, which is the result of material efflux, and speaks of Him as the “brightness of glory ,” the “savour of ointment ,” the “breath of God
St Gregory of Nyssa † AD 395 Against Eunomius 8.4
… since this particular species of generation did not suffice to produce in us an adequate idea of the unspeakable existence of the Only-begotten, it employs also another species of generation, that which is the result of efflux, to express the Divine Nature of the Son, and calls Him “the brightness of glory ,” the “savour of ointment ,” the “breath of God
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 On the Holy Trinity 4.20
… therefore it is equal. Nor ought this to trouble us, that it is called a pure emanation issuing from the glory of the Almighty God, as if itself were not omnipotent, but an emanation from the Omnipotent; for soon after it is said of it, “And being but one, she can do all things.”
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St Basil the Great † AD 379 The Letters 38.8
… on this account he says that the Only-begotten is the express image of His Father’s person. That this may be made still plainer I will quote also other passages of the apostle in which he calls the Son “the image of the invisible God,” and again “image of His goodness;”
St Gregory of Nazianzus † AD 389 Select Orations of Saint Gregory Nazianzen 29
… “I am the Way, the Truth, and the Life;” and “I am the Light of the World.” Wisdom and Power, “Christ, the Wisdom of God, and the Power of God.” The Effulgence, the Impress, the Image, the Seal; “Who being the Effulgence of His glory and the Impress of His Essence,” and “the Image of His Goodness,”
St Ambrose of Milan † AD 397 Exposition of the Christian Faith 1.7
49. The prophets say: “In Thy light we shall see light;” and again: “Wisdom is the brightness of everlasting light, and the spotless mirror of God’s majesty, the image of His goodness.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Reply to Faustus the Manichæan 22.8
… For we read, "God is light, and in Him is no darkness at all;" and again, "God, who commanded the light to shine out of darkness, hath shined in our hearts." So also, in the Old Testament, the name "Brightness of eternal light"
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Our Lord’s Sermon on the Mount 1.23
… For He, as is said in what follows, “maketh His sun to rise on the evil and on the good, and sendeth rain on the just and on the unjust.” Whether you are to understand His sun as being not that which is visible to the fleshly eyes, but that wisdom of which it is said, “She is the brightness of the everlasting light;”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Sermons on Selected Lessons of the New Testament 67.11
… but that by some slight and small resemblance, things coeval may be with things coeternal. Let us find accordingly two coeval things; and let us get our hints as to these resemblances from the Scriptures. We read in the Scriptures of Wisdom, “For she is the Brightness of the Everlasting Light.” Again we read, “The unspotted Mirror of the Majesty of God.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Sermons on Selected Lessons of the New Testament 68
… “In the beginning was the Word.” What you find, understand; seek not for what you are not able to find. Nothing is before the beginning. “In the beginning was the Word.” The Son is the Brightness of the Father. Of the Wisdom of the Father, which is the Son, it is said, “For He is the brightness of the Everlasting Light.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Lectures or Tractates on the Gospel According to St. John 20.13
… See God, see His Word inhering to the Word speaking, that the speaker speaks not by syllables, but this his speaking is a shining out in the brightness of wisdom. What is said of the Wisdom itself? “It is the radiance of eternal light.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Lectures or Tractates on the Gospel According to St. John chapter21.2
… Where is that inseparable Trinity? Where the Word, of which it is said that the same is “the power and the wisdom of God”? Where that which the Scripture saith of the same wisdom: “For it is the brightness of the eternal light?”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Lectures or Tractates on the Gospel According to St. John 22
… What is the difference? For the one gave, the other received. Was He already in being when He received? Are we to understand that Christ was at any time in being without light, when Himself is the wisdom of the Father, of which it is said, “It is the brightness of the eternal light?”
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St Athanasius of Alexandria † AD 373 Festal and Personal Letters of Athanasius 1
… For thus the God of all, after the manner of wise Solomon , distributes everything in time and season, to the end that, in due time, the salvation of men should be everywhere spread abroad. Thus the ‘Wisdom of God ,’ our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, not out of season, but in season, ‘passed upon holy souls, fashioning the friends of God and the prophets
St Athanasius of Alexandria † AD 373 Festal and Personal Letters of Athanasius 10
… For He is the Word and the Power and the Wisdom of God, as Solomon testifies concerning Wisdom, that ‘being one, it can do all things, and remaining in itself, it maketh all things new; and passing upon holy souls, fashioneth the friends of God and the prophets
St Ambrose of Milan † AD 397 Exposition of the Christian Faith 4.11
145. Who, then, think they, is here spoken of—the Father or the Son? If it be the Father—then we answer that the Father is not the Wisdom of God, for the Son is. But what is there that is impossible to Wisdom, of Whom it is written: “Seeing that she is almighty and abiding, she maketh all things new in herself”?
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 The Confessions 7.11
… They are, indeed, because they are from Thee; but are not, because they are not what Thou art. For that truly is which remains immutably. It is good, then, for me to cleave unto God, for if I remain not in Him, neither shall I in myself; but He, remaining in Himself, reneweth all things.
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 The Confessions 9.10
… and we sighed, and there left bound “the first-fruits of the Spirit;” and returned to the noise of our own mouth, where the word uttered has both beginning and end. And what is like unto Thy Word, our Lord, who remaineth in Himself without becoming old, and “maketh all things new”?
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 On the Holy Trinity 2.8
14. Let us therefore say nothing of those who, with an over carnal mind, have thought the nature of the Word of God, and the Wisdom, which, “remaining in herself, maketh all things new,”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 On the Holy Trinity 4.20
… For her labors are virtues. But she is sent in one way that she may be with man; she has been sent in another way that she herself may be man. For, “entering into holy souls, she maketh them friends of God and prophets;”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Concerning the Nature of Good, Against the Manichæans 24
… Accordingly, that God is unchangeable is written in the Psalms: "Thou shalt change them and they shall be changed; but Thou thyself art the same." And in the book of Wisdom, concerning wisdom: "Remaining in herself, she renews all things."
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 47.9
… Wilt thou also be His Seat? think not that thou canst not be; prepare for Him a place in thy heart. He cometh, and willingly sitteth. The same Christ is surely “the Power of God, and the Wisdom of God:” and what saith the Scripture of Wisdom Herself? The soul of the righteous is the seat of Wisdom.
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St Ambrose of Milan † AD 397 On the Duties of the Clergy 2.13
… Now the form of virtues is so wonderful and glorious, and especially the beauty of wisdom, as the whole of the Scriptures tell us. For it is more brilliant than the sun, and when compared with the stars far outshines any constellation. Night takes their light away in its train, but wickedness cannot overcome wisdom.
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St Ambrose of Milan † AD 397 Exposition of the Christian Faith 4.11
… “Seeing that she is almighty and abiding, she maketh all things new in herself”? We read of Wisdom, then, not as approaching, but as abiding. Thus have you the authority of Solomon to teach you of the Omnipotence and Eternity of Wisdom, and of her Goodness as well, for it is written: “But malice overcometh not Wisdom.”
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Solomon teaches here that kings and any men whatsoever should not exalt themselves on account of royal dignity, riches, knowledge, talent, arts or other gifts, and wish to appear as gods, as Alexander the Great, Nebuchadnezzar, Antiochus and others wished to do; but mindful of their origin and nature condemned to hardships and death, let them lower their crests, and like the peacock not puffing themselves up while contemplating their eyed tail, but looking upon their foul feet let them put aside pride, and acknowledge themselves similar to other mortals, and humbly submit themselves to God their maker, and worship and invoke Him: for this is true wisdom, namely to know oneself, and to know God, and to say with St. Francis: "Who art Thou, O Lord? who am I? Thou art an abyss of wisdom, power, virtue, and all good; I am an abyss of nothingness, ignorance, weakness, sins, and all evil." St. Antonius gave this same admonition, as St. Athanasius testifies, to Constantine the Great and his sons Constans and Constantius in letters sent at their request: "Kings of the world, he says, have sent letters to us; what wonder is this to be shown to Christians? For although dignity be different, yet the same condition of being born and dying is common: therefore they are to be honored with all reverence, they are to be retained with the whole affection of the mind, because God has written a law for men, because through His Son He has enriched the Churches with His own words;" and after some things: "He praised first that they worshipped Christ, then he persuaded them to salvation, lest they should think the royal power great, lest being puffed up by the dominion of the present flesh, they should not know themselves to be men, and should forget that they are to be judged by Christ. Finally he admonished them concerning clemency toward subjects and justice, and care for the poor, and that there is one eternal king of all ages, Jesus Christ," he testified in his letters. The princes receiving these things rejoiced most vehemently." The same thing Blessed Peter Damian wrote to Agnes, Empress, book II, epistle 5; and citing this whole passage of Solomon, he concludes from it thus: "Let therefore the lofty eyebrows of the heart blush, and he who considers himself bound between birth and death by the common law of nature with others, let him cease to boast of the singular eminence of higher glory." Then praising Agnes, because having perceived this wretched condition of kings, she abandoned the pomp of empire after the death of Henry II the emperor her husband, sought by men of rank for a second marriage, she refused it, and having become a nun in the convent, he exhorts her to persevere in the holy institute, and to fix the foot of perseverance immovably: "For she who once was the wife of an earthly emperor, now through the dowry of holy profession has been made the spouse of the Redeemer: thus therefore submit thyself to Him in true humility of heart; thus unite thyself to Him with the glue of fervent charity, so that with that mystical spouse thou mayest be able to sing with fitting voice, Canticles III, 4: I found Him whom my soul loveth: I held Him, nor will I let Him go." Indeed Alexander the Great, who wished to be believed the son of Jupiter Ammon and a god, when wounded, learned from his wound that he was mortal: "All, he says, swear that I am the son of Jupiter, but this wound proclaims me to be a man:" thus Plutarch in the Apophthegms. 2. IN THE TIME OF TEN MONTHS I WAS COAGULATED IN BLOOD (maternal, for the seed of the mother is red, and appears rather as blood than as seed, as is evident from its remaining menstrual blood) FROM THE SEED OF A MAN (in Greek ἀνδρός, that is of a man) AND BY THE PLEASURE OF SLEEP AGREEING. — To the time of ten months pertains more to I was fashioned flesh than to I was coagulated: for this coagulation happens in a shorter time; but the fashioning and complete organization happens in ten months. Under blood, understand not only the bloody seed of the female, which with the seed of the man has rather the character of an agent than of matter to be worked upon; but also true blood drawn from both seeds and to be worked upon for the offspring. Blood therefore maternal furnishes matter by forming the body of the offspring, and then by nourishing it: thus Galen, book II On the Nature of Faculties, chapter III. The same, book I On Seed, chapter IX, enumerates four times of the formation of the fetus: "first, when seed is nothing other than generation; second, when it has become substance, already fleshy and no longer seminal in appearance, which Hippocrates calls a fetus; third, when already the distinction and formation of the three principles, the heart, brain, liver can be seen more evidently, but of the remaining members a certain obscure delineation; fourth, when arms and legs are seen distinctly completed, and Hippocrates no longer calls it a fetus, but an infant, when he perceives it to throb and move as already a perfect animal." See more things in Galen and Hippocrates, in the book On the Formation of the Fetus. The common opinion is that a fetus is carried in the mother's womb for nine months only, and this is assigned from II Maccabees VII, 27; yet the Wise Man here assigns ten months: the same is done by many classical authors, such as Virgil in the Pollio: And that Plautine passage in the Amphitryon: "In the tenth month after the boy is born;" with which Ovid agrees, I Fasti, where, having spoken of Romulus, who completed a year of ten months only, he adds the reason by which it was determined: What is sufficient for the fetus while it comes forth from the mother's womb, He determined this to be sufficient in a year of time. Civil law is added: for in 6, tit. 29, De Posthumis haered. institut., posthumous children are considered legitimate heirs, those who are born in the tenth month from the death of the father. Tertullian, lib. De Anima, cap. XXXVII: "Legitimate," he says, "nativity has entered almost the tenth month;" and he adds a moral reason: "So that," he says, "ten months may more inaugurate man according to the Decalogue, so that we are born in as many months as we are reborn in as many precepts." St. Ambrose agrees, serm. 15 in Psal. CXVIII, where, having spoken of natural love toward parents: "I cannot," he says, "with justice preserved toward piety hate a father, to whom I owe that I was created, nor a mother, bearing the burdens of a pious fetus through the long tedium of ten months." The same is held by St. Augustine, lib. III De Trin. cap. V, and epist. 3 to Volusianus. Finally, Blessed Peter Damian, lib. II, epist. 21, and in ordine 42, reports "that most doctors of the Church (are of the opinion that they assert) that man is formed in the maternal womb in ten months, and do not admit that he comes forth within the space of nine months;" which however he himself interprets as ten months of thirty days only, and not completed, but only begun. For thus also Christ the Lord, who was conceived on March 25, and born on December 25, appeared to have completed nine months only, is nevertheless said to have extended into the tenth, since from those nine months five and thirty days are allotted, and therefore beyond nine months five days, which begin the tenth month, remain. If therefore the ten-month period is the space in which the womb is carried, or the fetus matures, rightly in I Kings 1, 20 in the nativity of Samuel it is called the circle of days: for the number ten is called by mathematicians a spherical or circular number, as George of Venice De Harmonia mundi, cant. 1, tom. VIII, and cap. III, testifies. Thus our Alphonsus Mendoza in I Kings 1, 20. Add from Aristotle, lib. VII Histor. animal. cap. IV, that for other animals there is a certain and determined time of conception and giving birth, but for man it is uncertain and variable: for in the seventh month, he says, and eighth, and ninth, the mother can give birth, and what most often happens, in the tenth; some even reach the eleventh; some even the twelfth- the third, says Pliny, lib. VII, cap. V; indeed even sometimes the fourteenth, says Avicenna, lib. De Anima. But these births are monstrous, and therefore the laws do not admit them. Therefore the best and most perfect ends of being born are terminated in nine or ten months. Rabanus adds, whom Holcot cites, that those born in the tenth month are more perfect and more vital, as if born in the most perfect time. Thus also Hippocrates, lib. De Septimestri partu, and lib. De Natura foetus, prefers to all others those born in the tenth month, not completed, but begun. Whence Theocritus, Idyllio 24, asserts Hercules, the strongest of men, to have been born in the tenth month. The same concerning other heroes Pineda teaches, lib. I De Rebus Salomonis, cap. VII. Hence also St. Augustine, lib. LXXXIII Quaest. XXXVI, and lib. IV De Trin. cap. V, says Christ was born after 276 days from conception, that is after nine complete months, and the tenth begun through six days, if you assign 30 days to each month. The same St. Chrysostom asserts, serm. De S. Joanne Baptista, although he does not count the days precisely. If, however, you divide all the days of the year equally into twelve months, there will fall to each month 30 days and ten and a half hours; which being posited, the tenth month of Christ in the womb of his mother will be begun only through one day and about an hour and a half. Indeed our Pineda in the place already cited, num. 20, proves that the most natural and most perfect birth requires from conception ten complete months, from the birth of Christ the Lord, which was most perfect; for he from the first instant of his conception was perfectly formed, organized and animated by the Holy Spirit, which in other women happens only on the fortieth day from conception; which if to nine months, in which Christ was in the womb, you add these 40 days, you will certainly find ten complete months, which the most perfect birth seems to require. Peter Bondus adds in Myster. num. cap. XLV, that firstborn are carried in the womb for ten months at least begun. Therefore when Solomon attributes ten months to himself, he signifies that there happened to him what also to firstborn, that he was carried for five days beyond nine months, and thus, so that in the very gestation he would already foretell that he would be about to succeed to the paternal kingdom by right of the firstborn, although he was by no means the firstborn. Otherwise Francis Valesius reconciles these things, Sacra Philos. cap. LXXXIII, where he asserts the most natural and common period of being born to be nine months from conception. The Wise Man, therefore, when he here assigns ten months, is not to be understood as solar, but lunar, which the Hebrews used, and those not complete, but nine complete, and the tenth current; nine indeed common, or solar months, which the author assigns II Maccabees VII, 27, make nine lunar months, and as many days almost, which begin the tenth month: wherefore the same thing here he prescribes regarding the time of being born, which II Maccabees VII, 27: thus he himself. Furthermore all these things signify the toilsome nativity and life of man: is it not indeed toilsome to have lain hidden for ten months in the dark and foul womb of the mother, as in a prison, or sepulcher. Hear Blessed Peter Damiani, lib. VII, epist. 5 to Agnes Augusta: "In the time of ten months I was coagulated in the blood and seed of man, and in the pleasure of a fitting dream; if it were not troublesome to observe carefully what mind hearing this could be puffed up with the typhus of arrogance, and who would not straightway be compelled to know himself the putrefaction while he considers so obscene a foulness of his origin, saying within himself: Why are you proud, earth and ashes?" Hear St. Bernard in Med. II: "What am I? Man from liquid humor: for I was at the moment of conception conceived from human seed, then that foam coagulated growing a little became flesh." Moreover, to this human matter, the seeds of trees and plants are preferred by many names; first, because these are pure, and are cast into the bosom without any horror, are seen by the eyes and handled by the hands; but that matter is so impure and foul that it can neither be touched by hand, nor looked upon by the eyes without shame. Second, the seeds of trees proceed from a certain most pure emanation; but this matter emanates not without the itching of the flesh, the heat of lust and the stench of luxury: therefore the conception of man loves darkness, and as something obscene, and which brings ignominy to the parent, flees the light, and even shrinks from the sight of the most familiar others. Third, the seeds of trees and also of animals are infected by no sin, and by no iniquity; but this matter and its emanation are very often fouled by some sin, at least a light one, which parents are wont to contract from excessive pleasure. Fourth, those seeds are more durable, and are preserved uncorrupted for many days, and months, and years: for we have even seen some germinate after three or more years; but this seed, as it were momentary, after a short time undergoes corruption, and passes into decay. Fifth, finally, the seeds of trees, once rotted and turned into a small tree or plant, grow together with the most pure moisture of the earth; but the seed of man coagulated into a human body is increased by the most foul food. But attend, says Innocent, book I On Contempt of the World, chapter IV, by what food the conceived one is nourished in the womb. Truly by menstrual blood, which ceases in the woman after conception, so that from it the conceived one may be nourished in the woman, which is said to be so detestable and unclean that from its contact fruits do not germinate, shrubs wither, herbs die, and trees lose their fruit, and if dogs have eaten of it, they are driven into madness. Behold, man, your parents, from whose dignity you glory, these two seeds of man and woman libidinously mixed, in naming which we have already transgressed the bounds of modesty and chastity. Thus our Alvarez de Paz, book IV On Knowledge of Oneself, part II, chapter V.
AND WITH THE PLEASURE OF SLEEP (in Greek, ὕπνου, that is, sleep) BEFITTING IT. — Thus the Roman and Greek texts; therefore less correctly do St. Ambrose, sermon 8 on Psalm CXVIII, and St. Bonaventure here read, of befitting sleep (others, of slumber). In Greek it is, ἡδονῆς ὕπνῳ συνελθούσης, that is from pleasure or delight, which comes with sleep, or which concurs with the time of sleep, that is which is accomplished at night. By an honest circumlocution he describes the act of generation. St. Bonaventure and the Carthusian add that this act is called sleep, because it binds reason, and passes away immediately, just as the pleasure of sleep. But the Greek συνελθούσης ὕπνῳ, that is befitting sleep, that is coming with sleep, accompanying sleep, signifies this only: for sleep after conception aids and promotes it, as philosophers and physicians teach; whence Job III, 4: "Let the day perish, he says, wherein I was born, and the night in which it was said: A man is conceived." Therefore Lyra, Clarius and Holcot wrongly understand these things of the sweet sleep of infants, by which they are continually absorbed in the womb of the mother during ten months. Nor does Jansenius also genuinely expound the pleasure befitting sleep as that which befits sleep, and which is fitting to night on account of the foulness and shame of the acts: for the genitive, he says, is placed for the dative, namely of sleep for to sleep: thus he himself. Moreover, because our author renders sleep in the genitive, which ought to be referred to pleasure, not to befitting, that is coming together at once, as is evident from the syntax, hence Solomon says he was coagulated from the blood of a woman and the seed of a man and pleasure: and it signifies that is (it is an apposition), as if to say, What is the pleasure of sleep, that is of night, befitting, that is coming together at once into one and befitting to generate and form offspring. The befitting therefore signifies the confluence and concourse of masculine and feminine seed, which takes place through the intercourse of man and woman to generate offspring. Thus it is said Matt. 1, 18: "When as his mother Mary was espoused to Joseph, before they came together;" for thus the intercourse of spouses is decently called. By an honest circumlocution therefore he describes the pleasure of the marital act, by which it comes to pass that the seed of both male and female concurs delightfully to form the embryo, and he calls it of sleep, both because it is done at night, when men are accustomed to take sleep; and because sleep greatly aids conception: for sleep preceding conception in each parent cooks, works and matures the seed; but that which follows in the woman conduces to the retention, digestion and perfection of the conceived seed, as Galen and physicians teach. Thus in cap. IV, verse 6, he says: "For from wicked dreams are born children." Solomon adds to the foulness of the matter, namely blood and seed, from which he was formed, the foulness of the act by which he was conceived, so that he might show the vileness and foulness of his origin: for this act is so foul that it flees the light, and seeks sleep and night, that is darkness and hiding places, by which it may conceal itself: for it itself robs man of the use of reason (whence the philosopher defined it to be a brief epilepsy), and transforms him as it were into a brute and beast: for no act is more brutal and bestial than the venereal. Whence Alexander the Great said that by two things especially, when he was being proclaimed a god by many, he perceived himself to be mortal, by sleep and by intercourse, because these especially revealed the weakness of the human body; in other things he was unconquered: for sleep is the image of death, and intercourse is a species of the falling sickness: thus Plutarch in Alexander. Moreover almost every single word of this verse and the preceding one has emphasis, and contains new and singular miseries of man being born, as is evident to one examining them one by one.
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Syrian, like any man I began to weep; Arabic, and I came weeping. Solomon here recounts three hardships of his birth: first, that he drew in the common air shared by all, even by beasts, as if his life hung from the thinnest air, and he was forced to foster and preserve his fleeing soul by breathing. See therefore how frail and perishable is life, which depends on something so thin and fleeting as air: it hangs therefore from air and breath, as if from a thread, which if it fail, the soul must necessarily expire: for, as Galen says, in his book On the Utility of Respiration, chapter 1: "Since we cannot suffice even for a moment of time without breathing, it is manifest that it pertains not to any particular action, but to life itself." Second, that he fell into a land similar to that of others, as if a son of the earth to be nourished by it, and destined to return to it as to a mother after death. Third, that his first voice was weeping, by which he lamented the hardships of life, which by the instinct of nature he foresaw would befall him. Again, by these three things he hints that he is composed of four elements: for he draws in air because he consists of it; for things are nourished by the same things of which they consist, as Aristotle says. Again, understand fire under air; for this reason man draws in cold air, so that he might cool the fire, that is the heat of the heart and blood. Earth is understood in that he falls to the earth by his own weight, water in weeping and the shower of tears. From which it is to be gathered that man has a body, not heavenly, bright, simple and incorruptible, but elemental, opaque, mixed, corruptible, which draws and drinks in all the defects and vices that inhere in the elements; whence it comes about that man from fire has levity, bile and pride; from air, inconstancy and ostentation; from water, flux and defluxion; from earth, grossness and dullness. Moreover, an infant in the womb of the mother, after the lung is formed, breathes, and draws in internal air, as Galen says from Hippocrates, in his book Whether That Which Is in the Womb Is an Animal, chapter III; but Aristotle denies this, in his book On Spirit, chapter III, where he teaches that the fetus in the womb, as soon as the heart is formed, has a pulse, and then is nourished and fed, finally breathes: "for then first it breathes, he says, when the offspring is brought forth into the light:" the same teach others, to whom Solomon here agrees. Again, Aristotle, in book II of Generation of Animals, chapter IV, and his followers teach that a boy in the womb draws nourishment through the umbilicus and is nourished, and therefore as soon as he is born, he brings the mother's breast to his mouth, so that he might suck milk: thus Galen in the place cited, and Fortunius Lycetus, in his book On the Origin of the Human Soul, chapter XLIV. Thus Solomon omits the disgust of the woman in childbed, the pains of childbirth, the dangers of the infant, weakness, filthiness, concerning which Plutarch, in his book On the Love of Offspring: "Nothing, he says, is so imperfect, destitute, naked, unformed, filthy, as man immediately upon being seen from birth, to whom alone nature has scarcely granted even a clean exit into the light, but stained with blood and filled with filth, and appearing more killed than born, cannot be touched, lifted, kissed and embraced by anyone, unless one bearing love implanted by nature." AND INTO A LAND SIMILARLY AFFECTED (in Greek, ὁμοιοπαθῆ, that is similarly or similarly affected, as Pagninus, Arias and Lorinus translate it, that is subject to similar passions, qualities, inconveniences, miseries and hardships, such as heat, cold, summer heat, dryness, hunger, thirst, diseases, etc.) I FELL. — Vatablus, but into a land of the same character, as if to say: Although I was born the son of King David, yet in being born I was poured out upon the earth, not softer, nor better, but similar to that of others, in the manner of other men and animals: for just as the sky is one for all, so one earth receives all, according to that of Prudentius: "All walk upon the same ground," and equally they live by the drawing in of one air. Hence in the earth I felt and suffered heat, cold, dryness, moisture, and other qualities, changes and disturbances, equally as the rest of men and animals. Moreover, lest an infant while being born be harmed by striking the earth, he is caught by midwives. Whence St. Ambrose, epistle 64, which is to Syagrius: "Midwives are so called because they stand in the way lest the fetus, with the genital parts of the womb relaxed, flow down to the earth;" and Claudius, book X: "Him, falling first from my mother, I caught in my lap." And Job, chapter III, 12: "Why was I received upon the knees?" Our Pineda thinks, in book I of On the Affairs of Solomon, chapter XII, number 4, that here reference is made to the ancient Roman custom, which held that newly born children were placed upon the earth, and the goddess Ops was invoked to help them, as Festus testifies. And this, says Varro, in book II of the Life of the Roman People, first, so that the infant might be auspicious and upright in being. Second, so that, as it were the son of the earth and of a pious mother, he might implore aid and nourishment, says Macrobius, in book I of the Commentary on the Dream of Scipio, and St. Augustine, in book IV of the City of God, chapter XI, whom hear: "He himself (Jupiter or God) may bring aid to those being born, receiving them in the bosom of the earth, and let him be called Ops. He himself may open the mouth at the cry, and let him be called the God Vagitanus. He himself may lift from the earth, and let him be called the goddess Levana. He himself may guard the cradles, and let him be called the goddess Cunina. Let him not be another, but he himself in those goddesses who sing the fates to those being born, and are called the Carmentes. Let him preside over chance things, and let him be called Fortune. In the goddess Rumina may he pour milk into the breast of the little one, because the ancients called the breast rumum. In the goddess Potina may he minister drink. In the goddess Edutica may he provide food. From the fear of infants let him be named Paventia." Third, so that he might profess that the earth is the mother of all mortals, concerning which Philo, in the book On the Maker of the World. Fourth, so that he might prefigure that he himself would return to the earth, according to that passage of Lucretius, V of the Nature of Things: This was the custom of the Romans; but whether the same was that of the Hebrews, especially in the time of Solomon, is difficult to believe, more difficult to prove. Furthermore, a man being born first sends forth the head, last the feet: hear Pliny, book VII, chapter VIII: "To proceed into the feet, he says, in one being born is against nature, by which argument they called them agrippas, as difficult births, such as they say M. Agrippa was born, almost the only example of good fortune among all those born in this manner;" and below: "Nero also, a little before becoming emperor, and throughout his entire reign an enemy of the human race, his mother Agrippina writes was born feet first: it is the custom of nature that man is born head first, carried out feet first." Hear also Aristotle, book VII of the History of Animals, chapter VIII: "The position in the womb of all quadrupeds is extended; but of bipeds it is oblique, as of fishes; of two-footed animals indeed it is bent and contracted, as of birds; man also is carried in himself thus coiled up, so that he has his nose between his knees, his ears outside his knees. In all animals equally the head is first uppermost; but when they have grown and now desire to exit, it is brought downward, so it happens that in all birth according to nature is in the head, against nature in the feet, or with the body bent and turned around." And chapter X: "Other animals are also born according to nature turned toward the head, but children also have their hands extended and stretched out to the ribs; which when they have exited, immediately emit a voice, and bring their hands to the mouth. They also discharge excrement, some immediately, others shortly, but all within a day; which excrement is more than proportionate to the magnitude of the infant. Women call this little poppy-seed, in color bloody, and very black and pitch-colored, soon it becomes milky and whitish; the newly born infant also suckles immediately. It never emits a voice before it exits, even if it exits with difficulty, the head protrudes, the whole body remains inside."
AND I SENT FORTH THE FIRST VOICE LIKE UNTO ALL WEEPING (he reads with the Complutensians and St. Ambrose ἴσα, that is, I sent forth; already the Vatican and others read ἴσον, that is, equally); — in Greek, κλαίων, that is, crying out, (as if κλάζων, that is, breaking, says Eustathius in the fourth book of the Odyssey, because the cry of an infant is made through a certain violent breaking, as it were, or compression of the limbs); and, as Tertullian says, On the Soul, chapter VII: Greeting life with crying: for infants in the first forty days from birth, though waking, do not see, nor do they shed tears, but they cry out; but after forty days have passed they shed tears, as Aristotle teaches, VII History of Animals, chapter X. The same author, in VI Politics, chapter XVI, whom Avicenna follows, assigns a physical cause, namely that this crying out and weeping serves for the exercise of the voice and for the strengthening of the body. But the proper moral cause is, namely original sin, in which they are born, of which this crying is both an index and a punishment: for other animals at birth do not cry out, indeed they emit no voice at all. Whence Lyra notes, Holcot, Lorinus, Pineda and other interpreters, that males when they are born begin their cry with the sound A, which is the first letter of the name of Adam the first man: females with E, which is the first letter of the name of Eve, as if they were lamenting their fall. Hence also Christ, that He might be made like unto us in all things and might pay the debt and expiate our guilt, was born crying out, according to that saying of Fortunatus: The physical cause is that infants in being born experience a great change, for they pass naked from the soft and warm womb to the hard earth and cold air: again from darkness and sleep to unaccustomed light and wakefulness, etc., by all which they are struck and, suffering, cry out. Thus Alexander in the Problems. The symbolic cause is that the infant has a presentiment, a foreboding, and as it were "not knowing, prophesies," as St. Augustine says, XXI City of God, chapter XIV, a thousand afflictions of life which it must undergo, which it laments; whence Lucretius, book VI, says: And fills the place with mournful crying, as is fitting; For whom so much evil remains to pass through in life. For this reason the Thracians, Gaditanians, Trausi and Causiani accompanied the newborn with tears, the dying with joy and laughter, as witness Alexander ab Alexandro, book II Genial Days, chapter XXV. If God were to reveal to any man all the afflictions of body and soul which he must undergo for the rest of his life, he would shudder, weep, and almost despair; why then should not the infant, foreseeing them all, wail? Hear St. Augustine, book XXI On the City of God, chapter XIV: "Who would not shudder and choose death, if there were set before him either perpetual death or infancy again? which indeed does not begin this light with laughter, but with weeping, because, not knowing what evils it has entered, it prophesies in a certain way." Whence Pliny, ignorant of the true cause of crying, namely original sin and the corruption of nature through it, accusing nature itself as if it were a stepmother, complains in the Preface to book VII: "Man alone," he says, "naked and on bare ground, nature casts forth on his birthday to crying and weeping immediately, and no other of so many animals weeps, and these tears at the very beginning of life, etc., weeping, an animal destined to rule all others." And he adds "not to speak, not to walk, not to eat, and in short man knows nothing without teaching, nothing from nature of its own accord except to weep." Among the ancient Latins, infants seemed to produce a sound by crying, whence by onomatopoeia they were said to cry out (vagire), and Vaticanus (who by a slight inflection of the name was also called Vaticanus) was a god invoked to aid them, as Varro says. Hear Gellius, book XVI, chapter XVII: "Vaticanus, a god named, with whom were the beginnings of human voice, because children as soon as they are born produce that first voice, which is the first in the Vaticana syllable; for this reason it is said to cry out (vagire), the word expressing the sound of a fresh voice. At Rome this god was worshipped on a mountain, which from him is still called Vaticanus, which now the body, sepulcher and basilica of St. Peter occupies, who nourished and fed all Christians, as if newly born infants, with the milk of his doctrine, truly their Vaticanus. One is excepted, Zoroaster, who at his birth did not cry out, but laughed, as Solinus relates, book I On the Marvels of the World, chapter III, and this was a portent and an evil omen: for afterwards he was the inventor of the art of magic. Cardanus, in his book On the Variety of Things, when he treats of human nature, relates that man does not laugh except after some days, and the first laugh which he produces exists only in sleep, by which he says is signified that no true and certain joy exists except when the course of this life is completed: for, as St. Augustine says, this time of life is nothing other than a running toward death; whence Seneca, book IV, epistle 24, compares life to a water clock, from which water or sand flows away entirely and fails gradually and quickly: in a similar manner the days of life flow away, to which death succeeds. Finally, infants born are laid upon the earth as upon a mother, so that they may greet it as it were as their future sepulcher, and amid infantile cries they modulate funeral monodies and dirges, according to that saying of St. Bernard, sermon On St. Martin: "On earth," he says, "we are born, on earth we die," that is to say, The first seat of living is the last of dying; nor are birth and death separated from one another by any greater distinction than between two words, orimur and morimur, which are distinguished by only one letter. 4. I WAS NOURISHED IN SWADDLING CLOTHES, AND WITH GREAT CARES. — In Greek, ἐν σπαργάνοις, that is in bands and infantile wrappings; whence also Christ, who is the true Solomon, so that he might be like us, was wrapped in swaddling clothes (ἐσπαργάνωσε), that is, was wrapped in cloths, that is, was swaddled by the Virgin Mother of God, Luke II, 7: and this first, because while all other animals are born clothed in hair, man alone is born completely naked, and therefore must be wrapped in bands as in garments. Hear Pliny complaining of nature as a stepmother in the Preface, book VII: "Before all things, nature alone clothes one of all animals in the garments of others, to others it has given various coverings, shells, bark, hides, thorns, hair, bristles, fur, feathers, wings, scales, fleeces; even tree trunks and trees it has protected with bark, sometimes double, from cold and heat; man alone it casts naked, and on naked ground on the day of his birth," etc. and Plutarch, in the book On the Love of Offspring: "Nothing," he says, "is so imperfect, destitute, naked, shapeless and filthy as a man immediately upon birth, stained with blood, filled with filth, appearing more slain than born." Clothed in this purple alone does a prince come forth into the light equally with a common man: from the same cloth is each one seen to be dressed. Secondly, an infant needs swaddling bands, so that by these his tender limbs may be bound, strengthened and solidified, lest from crying and the inept movements of the child they be dislocated, weakened, or twisted; therefore swaddling bands are troublesome to the infant, and as it were his shackles and bonds by which he is constrained, but necessary for his health; whence Galen, in book I On the Preservation of Health, chapter VII, and in book II On the Motion of Muscles, chapter VII, and On the Causes of Disease, chapter VII, teaches that "it conduces greatly to the preservation of the health of infants that the infant be bound with swaddling bands, but first salt be moderately sprinkled over the whole body, so that the limbs may be better consolidated and strengthened, and unless infants, whose bodies are soft and almost fluid, be conveniently swaddled, the figure of each member is easily inverted and corrupted." For this reason Cato was so careful, according to Plutarch, "that he did not permit his children to be swaddled except while watching." Thirdly, swaddling bands help so that the infant, who is born almost as a quadruped and creeps on hands and feet like a frog, with his limbs and feet soon consolidated, may be able to walk upright as a man; how miserable this is Pliny describes in the place already cited: "From this first glimpse of light, which not even wild beasts born among us experience, bonds receive him, and the binding of all his limbs; thus the happily born one lies bound in hands and feet: a weeping animal destined to command all others, and begins life from punishments, for one reason alone, that it was born: alas for the madness of those who from these beginnings think themselves born to arrogance!" Thus he. Whence these swaddling bands represent the grave-clothes, bindings, shrouds and linens by which the child after death is to be wrapped, so that he may be carried to the tomb. The child therefore, swaddled in the cradle, has the appearance of a corpse lying in a sarcophagus, because he is born destined to die, is brought forth that he may be buried. Under swaddling bands understand cradles and similar things. There are added various pains, which the child suffers from excessive or improper swaddling, and many other discomforts, and cannot explain them, but reveals them by crying and weeping, to alleviate which nature has suggested three remedies. Hear Galen, in book I On the Preservation of Health, chapter VII: "Let us see these three remedies for the pains of infants discovered by nurses taught by use itself, namely the breast of the nurse placed in the mouth, moderate motion, and the modulation of the voice. Again, a threefold motion of infants has been devised, in cradles, in hanging beds, in the very arms of the nurses themselves." AND WITH GREAT CARES. — The word "great" is not in the Greek. Father Nannius wrongly read "cradles" for "cares"; perhaps in some manuscript he read for φροντίσι, that is cares, the word φορτίσι, that is merchant ships, which have the appearance of cradles; or φορμοῖσι, for φορμός is indeed a basket, vessel, hamper, to which cradles are similar. Moreover, in cradles, with great cares and anxieties of parents, midwives, nurses, and tutors, the infant is nourished and educated; whence he undergoes various diseases, and not rarely death: for this reason the gentiles placed over him a goddess Cunina to preserve him, as Varro says, and from him St. Augustine, IV On the City of God, XI. Moreover, the gentiles placed the newly born sons of heroes in a shield, so as to train them for war; whence Hercules was placed in a shield according to Theocritus, likewise Iphiclus by his parent Alcmena: When she had washed both and filled them with milk, she placed them upon the bronze shield which Amphitryon had taken from Pterelaus, a beautiful piece of armor, when he killed him. Indeed, the Lacaenae even gave birth upon a shield, according to Nonnus in the Dionysiaca 41. Finally, these cares are stimulated by love, especially of the mother toward her offspring, because she loves her intensely, hence she cares for her intensely: for the measure of care is love; whence Anacharsis, when asked "why he abstained from marriage," replied: "Because I would love too intensely the offspring born from it."
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5. FOR NO KING HAD ANY OTHER BEGINNING OF BIRTH (in Greek, γενέσεως, that is, of origin). — Under birth understand conception, nativity, education; all of which are subject to a thousand dangers and inconveniences, and therefore to a thousand cares and anxieties in man, but not in other animals, to which therefore man is far more unhappy and wretched: Solomon says this, not so much to assimilate and equate himself to other kings, as to common men of the people.
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6. THERE IS THEREFORE ONE ENTRANCE FOR ALL INTO LIFE, AND A LIKE (in Greek, ἴσος, that is equal) EXIT. — Therefore the beginning of man is the same, the same also is his end, but only in the middle journeys of life do they differ; whoever therefore is wise will conduct these things excellently. For ergo in Greek is δέ, that is but; but δέ is sometimes illative, and is equivalent to ergo, as I noted above. For introitus in Greek is εἴσοδος, which word first is theatrical, and is adapted to dramatic persons entering the theatre, so that in a comedy they may act a part, here a king, there a slave, this one a soldier; whence ἐξόδιον was called a song, which was sung at the end of a comedy, as Pollux testifies, lib. IV. Similar is "the entrance into life;" for through it we enter into the theatre of this world, so that we may act a comic part, here a priest, there a prince, this one a plebeian. Whence Augustus Caesar, as Suetonius testifies, when about to die said to his friends: "Have we acted our part well enough?" Others responding well, drawing and closing the curtains of the age: "Farewell therefore," he said, "and applaud," as the actors say when the comedy is finished. Man therefore in this life is a mime and actor in a tragedy, which is exhibited before God, angels and men, according to that saying of Paul, I Cor. IV, 9: "We are made a spectacle (in Greek θέατρον, that is theatre) unto the world, and to angels, and to men." Let each one therefore see that he acts his part decently, so that to God demanding an account of it well acted he may render an exact reckoning. Secondly, εἴσοδος is fitting for those navigating, who board a ship, so that they may sail to a port they have in view: thus entering into life, we enter into a sea subject to a thousand storms and dangers of pirates, so that through it under God as our guide, and with the Holy Spirit breathing upon us, we may sail into the port of salvation. Thirdly, εἴσοδος is fitting for those entering markets and a forum, so that in it they may buy or sell merchandise: thus our life is a market and fair, says St. Gregory of Nazianzus, into which we enter by being born, so that in it we may purchase the merchandise of virtues, merits and good works, by which we may deserve salvation and eternal life. Fourthly, εἴσοδος and ἔξοδος, that is entrance and exit, is fitting for the sun alone rising and setting, equally as for the moon and stars: for in the morning the rising sun enters into our hemisphere, in the evening the setting sun departs; thus man passes through life and the world most swiftly, so that in birth he seems to rise like the morning, in death to set like the evening. Just as therefore the sun most swiftly passes on the same day from rising to setting, so man runs swiftly through life to death, and so his life is nothing other than a continuous passage from rising to setting and death. Fifthly, εἴσοδος is fitting for athletes, runners and racers entering the stadium for a prize, and running most swiftly to the goal: for thus our life is a stadium, in which we contend and run to the goal and the heavenly palm; wherefore death to the wise and holy is not so much the end of life, as the end of death, and the beginning of true life, and the gate of eternity, as the holy Fathers teach everywhere, and indeed philosophers as well. Hear a few from many. Maximus of Tyre, a Platonist, sermon 25: "That which men call death," he says, "is itself the beginning of immortality and the procreation of future life." The Indian Brahmins, according to Strabo, book XV, affirm "that death is a birth into that true and happy life." Palladius, book I of the Florilegium: "The soul flees from the body as from the prisons of death to God immortal." Apollonius of Tyana, according to Philo, book VII: "We men," he says, "are in prison all the time, which we call life, and those who first found homes seem not to have noticed that they have enclosed themselves in another prison." Cicero in the Cato the Elder: "While we are shut up in these bonds of the body, we perform a certain necessary duty and heavy work: for the soul is heavenly, cast down from the highest dwelling, and as it were plunged into the earth, a place contrary to divine nature and eternity." The same, in the Dream of Scipio, speaking of Roman heroes: "They," he says, "flew out from the body as from a prison." Themistius, according to Stobaeus, sermon 121: "It seems," he says, "that the very name of death itself leads a man migrating from life not to some place under the earth, but uplifts him on high to the divine seat: for thus it is probable that the soul, as it were loosed from the bond of the body which has expired, then at last truly breathing and refreshing itself, is united to God and depends upon Him." The same Themistius in the same place: "To undergo the effect of death," he says, "is similar to initiation into certain great sacred rites; wherefore, just as the very words, so also the things themselves are similar to one another: for to die is τελευτᾶν; sacred rites are τελεταί; to be initiated is τελεῖσθαι, for after death a certain wonderful light meets one, or pure places, or pleasant meadows receive the dead, in which voices, dances and venerable narratives about sacred things resound: there a man now perfected and initiated, made master of himself, is free, crowned walking about celebrates the sacred rites, and converses with holy and pure men, looking upon the profane and impure crowd on earth, which in deep mud and darkness is trampled and driven by itself." From all which things St. Maximus, bishop of Turin, rightly concludes in the Fifth Hundred, chapter LXXVI: "I do not think it right to call the end of this life death, but a withdrawal from death, a separation from corruption, a removal of darkness, so that in short I may say the consummation of all evils."
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The connection here is somewhat difficult, for it is not sufficiently clear what "for this reason" refers to. First, our a Castro responds, and thus explains it, as if to say: For this reason, that is, on account of my hardships already recounted, because namely I saw myself born in the utmost misery, and unable by my own strength and industry to acquire wisdom, in this I wished to be preferred to others, that I had recourse to the author and giver of wisdom; having therefore recognized my weakness and God's supreme power and liberality, I desired it. Second, more genuinely our Lorinus: The consideration of human weakness, he says, impelled him to desire and ask wisdom from God, and the outcome responded to his vow and prayers, and he obtained a perfection suited to the soul, which he knew to be immortal: for philosophy is indeed born from meditation on mortality. Third, Jansenius: Because the beginning of birth is common to all, and because I saw myself like the rest of men born in ignorance, therefore I desired understanding and wisdom, which would direct this ignorance, indeed dispel it. Fourth, our Pineda, book I On the Affairs of Solomon, chapter XII: "For this reason," he says, namely that I should see myself from the first principles of nature no better than others, "I desired (I formed a vow, by what means I might make myself more excellent), and understanding was given to me," intelligence, knowledge, prudence: for those names which effect some distinction among men are not of nature, but either of fortune, as free and slave, king and subject, rich and poor; or of virtue, labor and industry, as good or bad, wise or foolish, worthy or unworthy of praise. "To live is common, but to earn merit is not common," says Prudentius disputing against Symmachus; and Felix Minucius: "Are you noble? You praise your parents: for we are all born by equal lot, we are distinguished by virtue:" the same Pineda, book VI, chapter IX: Hence that, he says, of Solomon's kindling and incitement toward that which is true glory and praise from virtue, worthy of a truly royal and exalted mind: for since the beginnings of life were the same for all, and similar progressions and endings: "For this reason (that he might excel others) he desired, and understanding was given to him; he called upon it, and the spirit of wisdom came upon him, and he set her before kingdoms and thrones," Wisdom VII, 7; and this is that immortality of fame and name, which he proposed to himself and desired. Wisdom VIII, 13: "I shall have immortality, and shall leave an eternal memory to those who come after me." All these things are true, and fitting and congruous to this place: for Solomon, because he sustained a twofold person, here seeks a twofold wisdom, namely one which would instruct him as a private person, another which would direct him as a public person. The sense therefore is, as if to say: Because I saw myself born in such great misery and ignorance, I desired and sought understanding and prudence, which would teach me in a life so miserable and blind to live rightly and wisely, and either prudently to care for the miseries of life, or bravely to endure them, and generously to restrain and curb its disordered and harmful desires; finally, to turn the mind away from the pleasure of this life, as being brief and fleeting, and to transfer it to the pursuit of the future blessed and eternal life in the heavens, to be followed with all strength. Again, because I am king (for this speech seems to be that by which at the beginning of his reign he asked wisdom from God to govern, III Kings III), I sought wisdom not common to the common people, but royal, superior and more excellent than all, by which I might surpass my subjects and govern and direct them wisely toward peace and happiness both present and eternal: for a king ought to emulate the wisdom and holiness of God, for, as Polybius says among the Stoics, discourse 6: "It is fitting for gods, or for those who are considered nearest to gods;"; and Iamblichus, in his letter to Agrippa: "It is necessary," he says, "that the prefect of laws be most thoroughly purified, according to the supreme rectitude of laws, and neither be deceived by seduction nor fraud through ignorance, nor inflict force on inferiors, nor be attracted by any unjust occasion: for the savior and guardian of laws ought to be as incorrupt as it is possible to be in human nature." I WISHED — in Greek ηὐξάμην, that is, I wished, I prayed, I supplicated, I formed a vow: for wishing brings about praying and requesting; indeed, to lay bare one's desire to a superior, especially to God, is to pray, according to that passage in Psalm X, 17: "The Lord hath heard the desire of the poor: thy ear hath heard the preparation of their heart;" hence our author carefully translated it as I wished, rather than I prayed, so that he might indicate the source of prayer, namely wishing and vehement desire for wisdom; especially because he immediately expresses prayer when he adds: "And I called upon." Morally, he teaches here that the beginning of wisdom and holiness is a great wish and desire for it, according to that saying of Christ, John VII, 37: "If any man thirst, let him come to me, and drink;" hence Christ is called by the patriarch Jacob, Genesis XLIX, 26, the desire of the eternal hills; and the apostles at Pentecost, desiring and calling upon for ten days, received the Holy Spirit. Do thou the same, and with the Church sigh and supplicate with burning affection and great confidence in obtaining: "Come, Creator Spirit, fill the hearts of thy faithful." Thus St. Thomas Aquinas professed that he had obtained his wisdom more through prayer than through study: for "all wisdom is from the Lord God," Ecclesiasticus I, 1. AND UNDERSTANDING WAS GIVEN TO ME — in Greek φρόνησις, that is, prudence, knowledge, intelligence; our author is accustomed to translate it as understanding, so that namely in all things I might conduct myself sensibly, wisely and honorably.
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as if to say, Wisdom is far more excellent than all gold and gems; by the sight of wisdom the brightness of gold is obscured, the whiteness of silver is darkened, the lustre of pearls is dulled, and whatever is illustrious and precious becomes foul and vile, and so even Plutus himself (for in Greek it is πλοῦτος) whom the gentiles worship as a god of riches: for what is silver and gold but white and red earth? St. Bernard says, sermon 4 On the Advent. For "in comparison" in Greek is ἐν ὄψει, that is in vision, in sight; hence Plato, book III of the Republic, says that the wise and those endowed with exceptional virtue are fashioned from gold and silver, but heavenly, which surpasses earthly, while others are from bronze and iron: hear him: "The God who fashions men, to the rulers of the republic who excelled others, mixed heavenly gold in their breast, that is divine virtues, so that they might be of a lofty and exalted mind; but to those who would help them in governing the republic, he put heavenly silver in their breasts, that is the splendid ornament of virtues, even if they fell short of the dignity of the former; and he mixed iron and bronze with farmers and other craftsmen, who serve the republic." He adds however: "Those to whom the Lord mixed heavenly gold and silver in their breasts ought to despise earthly gold and silver, nor should they have purses, nor ought they to pursue riches." He alludes to that passage in Job XXVIII, 15: "Pure gold shall not be given for it, neither shall silver be weighed in exchange for it," nor sapphire, nor topaz, nor the colours of India and the other things which follow: wherefore that saying of fools is found in Horace, book I, epistle 1: "O citizens, citizens, money must be sought first, Virtue after coins." For "precious," in Greek it is τίμιον, some read τιμητόν, that is honorable: there are those who read ἄτιμον, that is vile, dishonorable, despised, by which he would mean that any precious stone without honor and without price is, if compared with wisdom; hence thus they read, I compared not to it a stone, as if held in contempt before wisdom; but the common reading has τίμιον, that is precious. Two parables of Christ pertain to this, the first concerning the treasure hidden in a field, Matthew XIII, 44, "which when a man hath found, he hideth, and for joy thereof goeth and selleth all that he hath, and buyeth that field;" and concerning the precious pearl found there, verse 46, which that diligent merchant might purchase, "he went and sold all things that he had, and bought it:" for wisdom is a treasure and a unique pearl. But if "in Christ are hidden all the treasures of the wisdom and knowledge of God," Colossians II, 3, most justly the Apostle to the Philippians III, 8: "I count, he says, all things to be loss, for the excellent knowledge of Jesus Christ my Lord: for whom I have suffered the loss of all things, and count them but as dung, that I may gain Christ."
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OVER HEALTH AND BEAUTY I LOVED HER. — First, plainly, as if to say: I loved and desired wisdom more than bodily health, strength and comeliness, because wisdom, being spiritual and the most noble gift, surpasses all things and all bodily gifts. He hints that the wise often have less bodily strength, and the very robust often have less wisdom: for thus God is accustomed to distribute and divide His gifts. Add that the body requires other dispositions for strength, and sometimes contrary ones are required for wisdom; whence that saying: "He excels in talent whom nature denied strength." Second, Peter of Blois, epistle 81, holds that here students of wisdom are invited to labour and the study of wisdom, even with loss of health and beauty, since it is fitting that so great a thing as wisdom be purchased at any cost to the body: Hence we see students labouring with stomach trouble, headaches, phlegm, and becoming thin, sickly and pale, and therefore short-lived: for by studying they exhaust the finest spirits, and divert heat from the stomach to the brain, from which arise indigestion of the stomach, crudity, flatulence, phlegms, vertigos, hemicrania, etc. Thus Aristotle suffered from a natural infirmity of the stomach, and was accustomed to relieve it by applying a flask of warm oil to his belly, as Ammianus says in book XVI, so that it is a wonder he reached the age of 63 years, and endured such constant pains for so long with such great strength of mind: "for he was indefatigable in lucubrating study, says Laertius in his life, who when he went to bed would take a bronze ball in his hands, so that he might be awakened by the sound of the ball falling into a basin." "Aristotle, says Censorinus in De die natali, is said to have endured a natural infirmity of the stomach and frequent afflictions of a sickly body by strength of mind for a long time, so that it is more a wonder that he prolonged life to sixty-three years than that he did not prolong it beyond." Pineda follows Blois, book III De Reb. Salomonis, chapter III, number 8: Wisdom, he says, is an antidote to death and mortality, Wisdom VIII, 17. Wherefore although the forces of the body are weakened by the study of wisdom and vigils, and the wise man hastens to death with swift pace, yet on the other hand the loss of a shorter life is abundantly compensated by the immortality of name which is owed to the wise: for this reason he added: "Over health and beauty I loved her," Wisdom VII, 10. The same, book III, chapter X, number 5: Solomon, he says, exercised with labour, attention and mental intention the sciences received without labour; sometimes also with a certain exhaustion of bodily strength, languor of stomach, and some weariness of head. The vigils and lucubrations of the wise sometimes go beyond measure, so that with Solomon himself they are forced to say: "Over health and beauty I loved wisdom," and lest wisdom be lacking, health is neglected, they neglect themselves, and the necessaries of life are lacking. But truly moderation must be applied to study, which wisdom itself prescribes, lest the forces of the body be harmed, and thus the use and exercise of wisdom be interrupted, according to that saying: "In all things, moderation is the most beautiful virtue." And that: Third, the same Pineda, book III, chapter III, number 5, holds that here is regard had to the prayer of Solomon, by which he did not ask God for health, nor beauty or beautiful wives, but wisdom, III Kings chapter III, verse 11. To this point tends the illustrious example of Hermann, who from his contracted limbs received the surname Contractus, who, although he was the son of a Count, having professed the monastic life in the Order of St. Benedict, earnestly besought the Blessed Virgin, to whom he was most devoted, to restore health to him; and she, appearing to him in a vision, gave him this answer: "Most beloved son, by thy earnest prayers I have obtained for thee the choice of two things; choose which thou wilt. Thou shalt remain contracted, and thou shalt receive knowledge of all the Scriptures, both divine and human; or receiving bodily health, thou shalt remain unlearned, and thou shalt ascend the ecclesiastical chair: now choose one of these two, which thou wilt, for thou canst not have both." But Hermann, considering that the Queen of heaven singularly counselled it, chose to remain contracted and to receive knowledge of the Scriptures, rather than to possess bodily health without learning: for he was already at that time, although rude and unlearned, yet devoted and inflamed with love of the Scriptures. From that time, advancing in all learning beyond all his contemporaries, he became a man of most excellent reputation; he became so skilled in three languages, namely Latin, Greek and Arabic, as if he had been born in them: he flourished in the year of the Lord 1060, and was the author of the hymn Salve Regina, and of many others. Moreover his infirmity was to him matter and stimulus of patience and holiness: thus Trithemius, On Illustrious Men of the Order of St. Benedict, book II, chapter LXXXIV. Furthermore, how little account should be made of health and beauty in comparison with wisdom, St. Augustine teaches, sermon 42 On the Words of the Lord: "For the salvation of man which was restored to the body, how long did it last? For what is your life, says Scripture, Job IV, 15: A vapor, he says, appearing for a little while, and afterwards shall be made to vanish away. What therefore was restored to that man's body was health, was restored a certain duration to a vapor. It is not therefore to be reckoned a great thing; vain is the salvation of man. And remember, brethren, that prophetic and evangelical word, Isaiah XL, 6: All flesh is hay, and all the glory of the flesh is as the flower of hay; the hay is withered, the flower is fallen: the word of the Lord remaineth for ever." And after a few words: "For this whole life is tribulation to those who understand it: for there are two torturers of the soul not tormenting at the same time, but alternating torments: the names of these two torturers are fear and sorrow: when it goes well with thee, thou fearest; when it goes ill, thou grievest: whom in this world does not prosperity deceive, whom does not adversity break." Both wisdom teaches and bestows: thus the gentiles preferred Pallas the goddess of wisdom to Venus the goddess of beauty, and to Hygieia, or Valentia, the goddess of health. AND I PROPOSED (in Greek, προειλάμην, that is, I judged, I decreed) TO HAVE HER FOR LIGHT. — I have already given the sense of this passage, and I have said that wisdom is here preferred to light, both of the sun and of the eyes. What is dearer and more luminous than the eyes? what than the sun, which is the heart, mind and eye of the world? nothing except wisdom, whose golden splendor surpasses the solar light; her therefore I preferred and set before all things that shine and radiate to the eyes of mortals. Pineda adds, book III On the Affairs of Solomon, chapter IV, number 12, and from him Cervantius, that by light are understood the very beautiful eyes of wisdom themselves: Solomon, they say, seeks wisdom for himself as a bride, asserting: "I became a lover of her beauty," but was chiefly captivated by her lights: for he proposed to have her for light, because her light is inextinguishable. Her lights shine wonderfully, nay the whole of her herself is "the brightness (ray) of eternal light," Wisdom VII, 26, nay the most pleasant and most useful light: for she is more beautiful than the sun and above all the order of the stars, which by the poets are called the eyes of heaven and of Jupiter, and when compared to light is found to be prior, for night succeeds them; but malice does not overcome wisdom. We read of this matter as a symbol, Genesis XXIX, 17, Jacob was captivated not only by the fair face, but by the lovely countenance of Rachel, whom not only surpassing beauty commended, but the light of her eyes, which has the greatest effect on the illustration of beauty from the contrast, as it were the shadow of Leah with her bleary eyes. Their power is very great, Song of Songs VI, 4: "Turn away, he says, thy eyes from me, for they have made me fly away (in Hebrew, to be exalted, to be proud)." Wisdom therefore is Lucina and a lamp, illuminatrix, vivificatrix and victrix in the course of this life. Symbolically the same Pineda, ibid. chapter III, number 8, understands by light the kingdom; for the symbol of this is a lamp and light, because formerly a bright fire was preferred to kings, as I showed Jeremiah I, 13, as if to say: I proposed for light, that is for the kingdom, to have her; "because inextinguishable," that is perpetual, "is the light," that is the kingdom, and the royal splendor "of her." BECAUSE THE LIGHT OF HER IS INEXSTINGUISHABLE. — In Greek, ὅτι ἀκοίμητον τὸ ἐκ ταύτης φέγγος, that is, because sleepless, ever-wakeful, restless is the brightness or splendor which proceeds and flows forth from her; Cervantius, immortal, the radiance which is from her; Vatablus, her splendor cannot be suppressed; others, her effulgence undergoes no alternation of darkness. The sense is, as if to say: I have proposed to have wisdom as a light, because all other light—of the sun, moon, day—pours forth light, but which is extinguished in the evening, fails, and as it were sleeps through the night until morning, when again the sun and day arise; but the light of wisdom pours forth light which is never extinguished, fails, or sleeps, but ever-wakeful and luminous always endures; whereas on the other hand the light of the eyes likewise sleeps and slumbers with man at night, the light also of the sun sets in the evening, and, as the common people say, goes to bed and to sleep: for the setting of the sun appears to the common folk to be its own lying down, rest and sleep, according to that of Virgil, IV Aeneid: "Aurora leaving the saffron bed of Tithonus." Thus from Castro: To this light, he says, flowing forth from the sun there befalls by the succession of nights rest and night, as he says in the last verse of this chapter, in which night man rests from labor and takes sleep; but the light of wisdom is interrupted by no sleep, never rests, is always in wakefulness, and induces continual labor: for day and night through dream and through wakefulness it thus shines forth upon man, that it stirs him up and inflames him to labor in the cultivation of the soul; and by this reasoning the light of wisdom is said to be inexstinguishable, because where it is, it never ceases to illuminate, just as St. Gregory said concerning love, hom. 30 in Evang., that it is never idle, but works great things, if it exists, because it always urges to working. The cause a priori is, that wisdom is a ray of divine light, and arises and remains from God, "with whom there is no change, nor shadow of alteration," James I, 19: see the remarks there. Therefore the light of wisdom is inexstinguishable, first, because in itself it is never extinguished, fails or varies, but the same always and equal and like to itself perseveres. Second, because it always illuminates and inflames man, and urges him to good works, so that even at night he may ruminate upon the law of God and the words of sacred Scripture, meditate upon them, and think of God, and worship and invoke him, according to that of St. Jerome to Eustochium: "Be a cicada of the nights;" and that of the Psalmist, Psalm I, 2: "He shall meditate on his law day and night;" and that of Moses, Deuteronomy VI, 7: "Thou shalt meditate upon them sitting in thy house, and walking on thy journey, sleeping and rising:" see the remarks there; and that, Proverbs XXXI, 18, concerning the wise and strong woman: "Her lamp shall not be put out in the night." Such were the Essenes under St. Mark, concerning whom Philo, lib. De Therapeutis: "Scarcely any other images, he says, presented themselves to them during sleep, except of heavenly things, whose words having passed in dreams the younger men awake most attentively, as if most precious, received in writing. Such also were the Acoemetae, that is, religious men not sleeping, but continually chanting and meditating; such were the Studites, whose superior was that great Theodore of Studium, so named from continual meditation and study, concerning whom I have spoken elsewhere. Among the Greeks there was a contest of running, in which he who in running kept the light of the torch burning, won; he who extinguished it, was defeated. Hear Pausanias in the Athenians: "There is an altar, at which men run through the city bearing lighted torches. In that contest it is that the lighted torches be preserved in the running: for he whose torch has been extinguished, the prize is left in the middle. In like manner the Christian ought to cherish the lamp of faith and charity with the oil of good works, and keep it burning until the last day of life: for the wise virgins, having oil and cherishing their lamps burning with it, were admitted to the heavenly nuptials; but those lacking it, and having their lamps extinguished, were excluded from them, Matthew XXV, 7."
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"All good things" are riches, fame, glory, kingdom, victory, etc.; innumerable, that is, very many: it is a hyperbole, for although all the riches of Solomon were very many, they could nevertheless be counted absolutely, being finite. Lest anyone accuse Solomon of rashness, in that he preferred wisdom to other goods and chose it for himself as a bride, he shows that it came to him not without a dowry, but brought with it all good things as a dowry: that this happened thus in reality is evident from III Kings III, 11, where God says to Solomon: "Because thou hast asked this word, and hast not asked for thyself long days, nor riches, or the lives of thy enemies: but hast asked for thyself wisdom to discern judgment: behold I have done for thee according to thy words, and I have given thee a wise and understanding heart, insomuch that there hath been no one like thee before thee, nor shall there be after thee. But I have also given thee all the things which thou didst not ask for, namely riches and glory, so that no one among the kings hath been like thee in all days heretofore." Whence Christ, in Matthew VI, having adduced an example from the glory of Solomon, concluded in verse 33: "Seek therefore first the kingdom of God and his justice, and all these things shall be added unto you." He said "shall be added," not without emphasis, because external goods, even to those not asking for them, and even to his own enemies he bestows, as it were as additions, nay rather as things cast aside: thus when the uncreated Wisdom, namely his Son, God gave us all things, Romans VIII, 32; but with created wisdom, that is with grace and charity, the remaining virtues come to us, as properties flowing from the essence and nature of grace; external goods also, insofar as they are beneficial to grace and salvation. Hence Solomon, after wisdom was bestowed upon him, began to grow rich in a wonderful manner: for through it he sent ships to Ophir, which brought him an abundance of gold, and he invented many other things with skill, by which he procured for himself immense riches and glory, as Pineda shows, lib. IV De Rebus Salomonis, cap. IV. Whence Pausanias, lib. I and VI, which is the Eliac., says: "In the citadel of Minerva there is a temple, and a statue made of gold and ivory. They say it was the work of Phidias; upon the helmet of the Goddess stands a rooster, which I think is the most warlike of all birds, or perhaps because Minerva is sacred under the name Ergane." The warlike and ever-watchful rooster stands upon the head of Minerva, to signify that wisdom and riches are not obtained by idleness, but by constant vigilance, labor and striving; to Minerva therefore, or Pallas, armed, the goods of heaven and earth are subject, just as soldiers to a commander. This is related to that saying of Horace, lib. I, epist. 1: "In sum, the wise man is second only to Jupiter — rich, Free, honored, handsome, in short, a king of kings."
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as a leader conducting me to all the good things already mentioned; whence in Greek it is ἡγεῖται, that is, wisdom is a leader, as if to say: Since wisdom is a leader, author, head, fountain and mother of all goods: because God, namely, the author and lover of wisdom, bestows all these things abundantly upon those devoted to wisdom. Therefore Holcot expounds this passage less aptly, as if to say: Wisdom as a leader went before me in every undertaking through wise and prudent counsel, so that I might do and transact all things prudently: because this is not what is being discussed here. The sense therefore is the one I have given, for thus it explains itself in the following hemistich, saying: "And I knew not that she is the mother of all these:" the Complutensians wrongly read bonorum (good things) for horum, and others honorum (honors). For mother in Greek it is γένεσις, that is, she who gives birth; others read γένεσις, that is, generation, that is, she who generates. Thus Philo, in the book On the Fugitives, asserts that wisdom is the daughter of God, but can deservedly be called father (symbolically and emblematically, namely), and although the name has a feminine form, it nevertheless has the power of the masculine, indeed the strength and actions of the most perfect men. Thus Wisdom says of herself, Ecclesiasticus XXIV, 24: "I am the mother of fair love, and of fear, and of knowledge, and of holy hope:" see the things said there. Moreover, what he says "I knew not," understand it as before I had perceived her and her gifts fully, and learned them by experience; but when I perceived her and learned by experience, I plainly recognized that wisdom is the mother of all goods. Honesty,—that is, virtue, which regards the honest good, and especially modesty, say St. Bonaventure and Dionysius; but in Greek it is πλοῦτος, that is, wealth, riches: for these are called honesty in Scripture, because they make the possessor honest and honorable so that he is revered by all; thus to honor or to make honest signifies to enrich, as in I Timothy V, 17: "Let the priests that rule well be esteemed worthy of double honor," that is, stipend, "and let them be held worthy;" and verse 3: "Honor (support) widows, that are widows indeed." Thus honesty for riches, and to make honest for to make rich, is taken in this chapter verse 13, and chapter VIII, verse 18, and chapter X, 10, and Ecclesiasticus XI, 14 and 23: it is therefore a metalepsis; for riches are followed by honesty, livelihood, clothing and household. Whence also the ancient Latins took honestum for rich, as Asconius teaches in the third Verrine, and Ulpian, book LII On Thefts, opposes Titius honestum to Titius the poor: "When, he says, I wished to lend money to Titius the rich, you substituted for me another Titius the poor, as if he were wealthy." BY HIS HANDS,—in Greek, in his hands, that is, first, in his judgment and power, as if flowing from him and depending on him; second, as if to say: Liberally through his hands it was distributed: for hands are symbols, first, of power and dominion. Second, of liberality and beneficence, whence a gift in Greek is called δῶρον, which word signifies a palm, or an open and extended hand, by which we distribute gifts; whence Pliny, book XXXV, chapter XIV: "The ancient Greeks, he says, called δῶρον a palm, and therefore δῶρα gifts, because they were given by hand." Third, of labor and operation; whence by the hands of wisdom he hints that it is not idle, but industrious; nor does it confer its riches upon the idle, but upon the industrious. Fourth, moreover, of contention and struggle, so as to note that great wisdom ought to undergo a struggle with foolishness and concupiscence and frequently to grapple with it, so as to subdue it and render it obedient; hence Plutus, that is, the god presiding over riches, was depicted with the sign of Fortune and Minerva (who was the goddess of wisdom) Ergane, that is, the worker, say Plutarch, Hesiod, Aristophanes and others.
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This deception, or fraud, consists first in this, that someone seeks wisdom not sincerely for its own sake, namely from love of wisdom, but seeks and learns something else, namely that through honors and status he might increase: just as Simon Magus deceitfully and fraudulently wished to buy the Holy Spirit, who is the author of wisdom, not that he might be sanctified by it, but that through it he might receive the power of working miracles, and from that might obtain the name of Magus among men, Acts VIII, 19. The sense therefore is, as if to say: I Solomon sought and learned wisdom, both from my mother and father, and from Nathan the prophet, and especially from God, who infused it into me; I sought it, I say, not deceitfully, but sincerely and with pure intention, and with a right end, which wisdom itself demands, namely that through it I might live rightly and holily, and that I might teach the same to others; whence without envy I communicate it widely and liberally to anyone, both by word and through these writings of mine; and its honesty (in Greek πλοῦτον, that is its riches, experienced by me and reviewed a little before by me), I do not hide, but everywhere proclaim and publish: for, as he said in cap. I, vers. 5: "The Spirit of discipline will flee from the deceitful:" see the things said there. Secondly, some not unreasonably take ἀδόλως, that is without deception, without fraud and deceit, passively, as if to say: I am not defrauded of the opinion which I had conceived concerning wisdom, that all the good things which it promised me, it would actually provide; whence Vatablus translates it, I learned this without disappointment. Finally, from this place our Pineda demonstrates, lib. III De Salomone, cap. XXVII, that Solomon was a public professor of wisdom. Morally, learn from this that the truly wise man is not envious, nor narrow, but liberally communicates himself and his things and expends them for the benefit and salvation of others, just as God widely imparts his things to all, and just as the sun sends forth its rays of light to all: thus the apostles, says St. Irenaeus, lib. III, cap. XIV, envying no one the things which they themselves had learned from the Lord, willingly communicated them to all. Wisely St. Basil, orat. 6 De Instit. et admon.: "One must learn," he says, "without any shame, and teach without envy; and if we have drawn anything from another, that very thing is not to be hidden, as wicked women are accustomed to do when they substitute spurious offspring, but the author of the said thing is to be proclaimed and revealed with grateful mind." Rabanus Maurus and Alcuin Flaccus, the master of Charlemagne, disciples of Bede, when they opened schools in Paris, taught all freely, and thus gave the beginning to the most noble and most ancient academies, as their Life has it: our Society does the same, which willingly and freely teaches all things to all, which pertain to the liberal arts and theology. Galen, lib. I Methodi cap. 1, asserts that he would speak and write all things even for the sake of one studious person. Plato, content with one disciple Aristotle, taught eagerly, and with him present even if others were absent, would say: "There is an audience," as Laertius, Plutarch and others testify. Pliny, lib. XXV, cap. 1, and II, praises the ancients, such as M. Cato the master of all good arts, Orpheus, Musaeus, Hesiod, etc., who published in writing the things which they knew about the powers of herbs: "Nothing therefore," he says, "was left untried or unexperienced by them, nothing thereafter hidden which they did not wish to benefit posterity; but we wish to hide and suppress the things worked out by them and to defraud life even of the goods of others. Thus certainly do they keep things hidden, who knowing a few things, envy others, and to teach no one is a claim to the authority of knowledge." The a priori reason is that which St. Thomas gives on that passage of I Corinthians, chapter III: Since there is among you zeal and contention, are you not carnal? "Zeal," he says, "and contention have no place except in carnal men, because they themselves are affected toward bodily goods, which cannot be possessed in their entirety by many at the same time; and therefore because one person possesses some bodily good, another is prevented from the full possession of it; and from this envy follows, and consequently contention. But spiritual goods, which spiritual men are affected toward, can be possessed simultaneously by many, and therefore the good of one is not an impediment to another's, and on account of this in such things, neither envy nor contention has place. Whence the Wise Man, chapter VII, says: Without envy I communicate:" that God communicates and increases doctrine abundantly to those who willingly teach others, according to that saying of Christ, Matthew XIII, 12: "For he that hath (who uses what is given and possessed for the benefit of others), to him shall be given, and he shall abound: but he that hath not (does not use it), from him shall be taken away even that which he hath:" see the parable of the talents, and the rewards of those who distributed them, ibid. chapter XXV, verse 21; hence wisely Rabbi Ishmael in Pirke Avoth, that is in the Sayings of the Fathers, chapter IV: "He who learns with the intention that he may afterwards teach others, to him God grants both the grace of learning and of teaching; and he who learns with this mind, that he may instruct his own morals, God gives him whence he may learn and teach, and what he has taught to others, he may reduce to practice and action." A notable example is in St. Augustine, who offering his labor in teaching to the Florentine, in epistle CXXXII: "It remains," he says, "that you bring forth these things, if you think anything is to be sought from me. For either I know what you inquire about, and I will not refuse; or I am so ignorant that I am ignorant without any detriment to faith and salvation, and this too I will make you, if I can, secure by giving a reason; or certainly if I am ignorant and yet it ought to be known, either I will obtain from the Lord that I may not fail you, for often the office of imparting is a merit of receiving; or I will so answer you, that you may know on account of this very matter, which we are equally ignorant of, to whom we ought to knock. And after some things: "Indeed even in those things which I know in some way, I desire you to be more knowing than needy of our knowledge: for we ought not to wish for the ignorance of others in order that we may teach what we know. For it is much better that we all be teachable to God, which indeed in that heavenly fatherland, when that which is promised shall be completed in us, will be perfected, so that man may not say to his neighbor: Know the Lord. For all shall know him, as it is written, from the least of them even to the greatest of them." Excellent in this matter was Cosmas the scholastic, of whom John Moschus, an eyewitness, writes thus in the Spiritual Meadow, chapter CLXXII: "This man was," he says, "humble, merciful, abstinent, a virgin, quiet, without anger, sociable, a receiver of pilgrims, a lover of the poor. Therefore this wonderful man brought us much utility, not only from his presence, but also from his teaching, and because he had a great abundance of books beyond all who were in Alexandria, and he readily and willingly lent them to those who wished. He then adds concerning the same man's life and virtues: "And he possessed nothing: for in his whole house you would have seen nothing else than books, and stools, and a bed, and a table. But it was permitted to all to enter, and to ask those things which pertained to utility, and to read. And on each day I myself entered to him, and, by the testimony of truth, I never entered to him without finding him either reading, or writing against the Jews: for he burned with great zeal for converting that nation to the truth." And he adds that he lived such a life constantly for 33 years. Blessed Philip Neri used to say that a servant of God, zealous for the salvation of his neighbors, ought to be a man of all hours, so that at any time he might afford his ability to anyone; and he himself did this, and on account of this he gave the key of his bedroom to those coming, so that they could enter to him without knocking, whenever and as often as they wished, seeking aid or counsel. Finally, Pineda shows that the first teachers of wisdom, who zealously handed it down to posterity, and propagated it through many centuries, were Adam, Noah, Abraham, Joseph, Moses, David, in book III On the Affairs of Solomon, chapter XXVII.
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14. INEXHAUSTIBLE (in Greek ἀνέκλειπτος, that is, unfailing, inexhaustible) INDEED IS A TREASURE TO MEN. — He gives the reason why he communicates wisdom to others without envy, namely that his treasure is unfailing, like a spring or perennial well; whence the more water is drawn out or flows forth, the more succeeds and flows back again: wherefore do not fear, O teacher, to teach others, fearing lest your teaching fail, or not suffice for yourself, because by teaching your doctrine will grow for you, both from its very use and exercise, and from God's recompense and gift; just as the light of a candle, if it lights one candle and another, is not diminished, but increased; and just as the oil of Elijah, which when poured into many vessels was likewise multiplied the more, III Kings XVII, 12.
THOSE WHO HAVE USED IT HAVE BECOME PARTAKERS OF THE FRIENDSHIP OF GOD, In Greek πρὸς τὸν θεὸν φιλίαν διέθεντο, that is, they contracted or bound themselves to God, or with God, a friendship, namely a close and strict one; Vatablus, they joined friendship with God; Pagninus, they set apart friendship toward God. This is another reason why he willingly communicates his treasure of wisdom to others, namely that those who use it for the good of others by teaching, counseling, etc., on account of this remarkable charity, enter into a close friendship with God; for God is the first teacher of wisdom, who seeks other teachers as his companions, so that he may disperse it to all; wherefore he associates them to his fellowship and friendship, indeed to his office and rank of teaching: "for the most divine of divine works is to cooperate with God in the salvation of souls," says St. Dionysius; and it is the office of angels to illuminate, purify and perfect others. Hence it is clear that a true friendship exists between God and the just, which consists in charity: for first, through this we become "partakers of the divine nature," II Peter I, 4, and therefore in some way equals to God. Second, through this there is mutual love, and mutual communication of goods between God and the just. Third, through this the just singularly loves God, and is loved by God, and therefore purely for God's sake, not for his own utility. Fourth, through this the soul is intimately united to God, according to that passage, I Cor. VI, 17: "But he that is joined to the Lord, is one spirit." For true friendship requires and is sufficed by these four things, namely equality, mutual benevolence, singularity and union: thus St. Thomas, II II, Q. XXIII, art. 1, and there more fully Francis Suarez, Gregory of Valencia and others. COMMENDED ON ACCOUNT OF THE GIFTS OF DISCIPLINE (to be handed down and taught), — in Greek διὰ τὰς ἐκ παιδείας δωρεὰς συσταθέντες, that is, on account of those gifts which flow from discipline, constituted, composed, or commended: for through doctrine and discipline the ignorance of hearers is dispelled, errors are driven away, the mind is imbued with truth, vices are corrected, virtues are implanted, grace and eternal salvation are procured, all of which things teachers wonderfully commend to God, angels and men: wherefore wise men, friends, indeed counselors and masters were of kings and emperors, as Seneca of Nero, Apollonius of Augustus, Aristotle of Alexander the Great, Aristeas of Ptolemy Philadelphia, Lactantius of Constantine, Alcuin of Charlemagne. Others through the gifts of discipline receive all goods, which he asserted a little before to accompany wisdom and to flow from it; for these commend the wise man to all and make him both lovable and admirable. Properly συσταθέντες, which our author translates commended, is the same, says Cervantius, as standing, consisting, being raised up with God himself most friendly to them, erected from the dust of the earth, namely, placed, constituted according to God, stabilized, strengthened, otherwise about to fall from themselves into the abysses of errors: thus Plato in the Timaeus, and Polybius, lib. II. Furthermore, carefully received, cultivated, admitted into the assembly, intercourse, conversation and companionship, namely of God himself, with whom they are bound by the bond of love; which offices we perform toward those whom we have commended. Finally συσταθέντες are cohering, conspiring, concordant and consonant, certainly together with God and God's grace, and his gift, raising them to such a height of dignity, making them partakers of the divine nature, and the most beautiful harmony of goods most sweet: for systema among musicians is a constitution and full body of modulation, from consonances says, and have nothing from yourself, so that you may be neither proud nor ungrateful; say to your God: I am holy, because you have sanctified me, because I have received, not because I had: because you have given, not because I deserved. TO SPEAK ACCORDING TO JUDGMENT. — In Greek, εἰπεῖν κατὰ γνώμη: moreover γνώμη signifies many things. First, a judgment or opinion, for gnomae are called grave judgments, parables and proverbs: following this, Vatablus translates it, God gave me to speak judiciously. Second indeed, it signifies will, by which someone establishes and decrees something in his mind, whence Budaeus, and from him Jansenius: κατὰ γνώμην, he says, is to speak of one's own accord, freely and willingly: following this, St. Bonaventura explains it, as if to say, That I may pronounce firmly and certainly about things, not hesitating, not wavering, but as if having authority. Third, it signifies talent, judgment, counsel; whence some explain it, as if to say, God gave me the grace of speaking ingeniously, subtly and learnedly, but at the same time with useful and prudent judgment, which I suggest to my hearers everywhere: so that I everywhere set forth those things which are fitting to talent, counsel and the judgment of prudence; whence Clarius translates it, By God's gift I have it that I speak learnedly what I feel. Fourth, it signifies opinion and estimation, as if to say, God gave me to speak so wisely as is fitting to the opinion which men have conceived of me. Fifth, some think that γνώμη sometimes signifies a gnomon, an index and rule, such as the style in a clock, which by its shadow marks and indicates each hour, as if to say, I in all my utterances follow the light and guidance of reason and God, like the shadow and style in a clock; but this seems more remote. Sixth and genuinely, γνώμη signifies sense; whence Peter Nannius translates it, God gave me, that I may speak according to mind, and be able to express the judgment of my soul, namely that those things which I have wisely conceived in my mind, I may wisely speak with my mouth, not only as to the matter, but also as to the method and manner in which I have depicted them in my mind and thought; whence wise men, and excellent orators about to speak before princes or people, not only preconceive in their mind the points to be said, but also the order and manner in which they will say each thing, so that one may depend on another, as rings in a chain, and one may flow from another, as streams from a fountain. Moreover, to speak wisely requires three things: first, that one first premeditate those things, as I have already said; second, that one set them forth tastefully, pleasantly, cheerfully, gracefully; third, that one bring them forth with weight, forcefully, effectively and aptly for persuading: for the entire force and fruit of the orator and oration consists in persuading, says Cicero. Moreover, how foolish eloquence is without wisdom, the fable of the frog and the eel demonstrates, with apt epithets, elegant, in Cyril, book IV of Moral Apologies, chapter XVI, whose title is: Against those arrogant from eloquence: "A little frog born in a spring, he says, without voice with a tail, as the day proceeded while it grew, and having changed form, having lost its little tail, received the most restless bubbles of talkativeness; swimming— Morally learn here the dignity of doctors of wisdom, namely that beyond other just and learned men they are friends of God, because they make very many learned, that is, good, holy, and friends of God: for these teach without pretense what they have learned from God, because they teach for no other end than that which God and wisdom itself requires, namely for propagating the knowledge and worship of God, and for saving souls; for he who teaches for another end, for example for ambition or his own gain, uses wisdom falsely and deceitfully, indeed abuses it. Hence again the true doctor of wisdom shares his wisdom without envy, because nothing is so foreign to wisdom as envy: for the spirit of wisdom "is sweet, loving good, doing good, humane, kind," etc., as we shall hear verse 22; whence Ecclesiasticus, chapter XX, 32: "Hidden wisdom, he says, and invisible treasure, what profit is in both? Better is he who hides his foolishness, than the man who hides his wisdom;"; and the Apostle, Ephesians IV, 11: "And he himself gave some indeed apostles, and some prophets, and others evangelists, and others pastors and doctors (not for themselves, that they alone may be wise, but that they may teach others, namely) for the perfecting of the saints in the work of the ministry, in the building up of the body of Christ;"; whence he himself, I Corinthians IX, 16: "Woe is unto me, he says, if I evangelize not!"
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looking at her there, beheld a tailed eel, and soon, swelling with the wind of eloquence before her, began to render thanks for his arrogance of nature, saying: I give thee thanks, because thou hast not only taken from me the tail, the reproach of bestiality, but hast also bestowed upon me the eloquence of rational glory. But when the eel heard this, and noted the swelling of his pride from his bombastic fable, in order to confound the proud one, on the contrary she added: I indeed, sister, offer thanks to nature, because it has taken from me the most acute sound of boasting, and has given me in safe escape a longer tail of cunning. Why, dearest, art thou inflated with the pestilent wind of loquacity? Dost thou not observe that when an inflated tongue eructates eloquence, it bubbles forth foolishness? because, poisoned by the blast of pride, it soon puts wisdom to flight from the mind. But what is eloquence without wisdom, except an unpolished tongue, a furious power, a mouth without a forehead, equine madness, an uncomposed art, and a sweetness not a little poisonous? From which he concludes, and gathers this moral: I would therefore rather rejoice with the ant without the artifice of voice in prudence, than to rave with the sound of thunder with the ass, or to play captive with jubilation with the nightingale. I would certainly rather never speak forever, than by perpetual speech to be raised captive into pride. Which things said, she hid herself under the mud. Solomon therefore excelled equally in eloquence as in wisdom: and both that and this is a signal ornament of kings and princes, as he himself intimates here; whence concerning Calliope, who was the goddess of eloquence, thus sings Hesiod in the Theogony: She duly accompanies even kings who are to be revered. Eloquent were Julius Caesar, Augustus, Tiberius, Claudius the emperor, as Tacitus testifies, book XIII of the Annals, at the beginning, likewise Diomedes, Ulysses, Nestor, Pericles and Alexander the Great, whom Dio, book II On Kingship, thus introduces speaking to his father Philip: Rhetoric indeed is a work for a king: for thou art frequently compelled to write in reply, and to contradict Demosthenes the orator, very vehement and an impostor, and also others, who administer the republic at Athens. This is that image of the Gallic Hercules with Lucian: Drawing by very full golden chains a multitude of men, all bound by the ears, and indeed neither thinking of flight, nor altogether resisting, or striving with feet in a different direction, but willingly hastening bound nevertheless by chains of the supreme God's pierced tongue and, Although the hardest hearts, Abounding in eloquence draws them to his wishes. Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, used to say that he had subjected more cities by the eloquence of his orator Cineas than by arms, as Valerius Maximus testifies. Mystically St. Gregory, XXIII Moral. cap. X: It happens frequently, he says, that they speak boldly, but nevertheless according to what they say, they know not how to live; whence well AND TO PRESUME. — In Greek, ἐνθυμηθῆναι, that is to think and conceive in the mind those things which are worthy of the gifts which have been given to me by God and are given daily, or how it befits my gifts. To presume therefore is to preconceive, or to comprehend and embrace in the mind beforehand those things which are worthy of the matter to be spoken: for he who wishes to speak rightly ought first to premeditate what and how it should be said. Otherwise Hugo, he says, to think worthily of what is given, is to give thanks for the gifts received: for nothing is so worthy of a gift as the giving of thanks. Others say, to think worthily of what is given, is to think how those things which have been given to us we may aptly dispense to the advantage of others; better our man from Castro, he says, to presume is to preconceive things worthy of what is given: this pertains to the gravity of sentences, to which that faculty of speech corresponds: for there are, as Cicero says in De Oratore, those who think rightly, when nevertheless they cannot speak ornately and distinctly what they think. Solomon therefore rejoices in two things given to him by God, and in speaking eloquence, and to prefer, which the Vulgate said, to presume from things thought out those things which he was about to say, grave and worthy of such gifts, that is such as it befits gifts given by God, and their giver God, not light and ludicrous and useless things, but grave, serious and of much utility as being produced from wisdom. Cantacuzenus for διδομένων, that is things which are given, reads λεγομένων, that is things which are said, for in order that speech be congruous, it ought to be worthy of the things which are said. A certain wise man said, Wisdom XVII, 15: But let God give me to say these things according to my mind. For mind indeed is called from sense. And he who understands rightly, wishes to speak not from knowledge alone, but from sentiment, those things which he in no way desires merely by knowing to speak, but by feeling desires to experience what he says.
BECAUSE HE HIMSELF IS THE GUIDE OF WISDOM. — In Greek ὁδηγός, that is, a guide of the way or journey, by which namely we strive from earth to heaven and the heavenly life: just as the pillar of fire by night, and of cloud by day going before the camp of the Hebrews, was to them ὁδηγός, that is, a guide of the way, through the desert into the promised land, Exod. XIII, 21. God therefore is our ὁδηγός, that is, the guide of the way to heaven, a shower, says Cervantes, a teacher, a leader, a prince, a patron sweetly alluring, and by power strongly impelling, an assessor weighing all things by their proper weight in an equal balance, and greatly esteeming those whom he has to instruct and govern, a moderator, a ruler, a charioteer and a governor, an instructor and former of those whom wisdom has undertaken to imbue; as is said of the master of rhetoric, philosophy, theology, indeed the guide and prince, for example of medicine Galen, of philosophy Aristotle, of theology St. Augustine and St. Thomas, who as a guide excels those whom he leads, and goes before them in the way, just as a teacher before a boy, a guide before a soldier, a general before an army, a star before the Magi, shining forth by doctrine and example: for rightly is wisdom called a guide, which leads the bands of disciples like ranks of soldiers, likewise an emperor the first centurion, in gymnastics the exercise of gymnasts, as it were military. Among the Gentiles the presider and guide of the way, equally of wisdom and discourse, was Mercury, in Greek ἑρμῆς, that is, an interpreter and messenger, so called, as it were medicurrius, says Arnobius, and from him Giraldus, Syntagm. 9, that is, running in the middle, because discourse is in the middle among men: and therefore also called a messenger, because through discourse all things are announced, says St. Augustine, lib. VII De Civit. 14. Whence Julian the Apostate, as Ammianus testifies, rising at midnight always secretly supplicated Mercury, whom the Gentiles handed down to be the swifter sense in the world, the motion of minds arousing. But the true Mercury of the faithful is none other than God and Christ. And the corrector of the wise. — In Greek διορθωτής, that is, a moderator, director, erector, corrector, rectifier, one who disposes well, who namely moderates and directs him who is hesitant and uncertain what he should do or say, raises up him who falls, corrects him who errs, straightens him who is bent: for διορθόω is the same as I moderate, dispose, direct, erect, correct, repair, make straight: just as a pedagogue corrects a boy speaking, writing or walking improperly, that is, corrects, erects, directs him. For God bestows upon men both wisdom of heart, by which they think and choose what they are to say, and eloquence or moderation of speech: for he corrects, disposes and moderates what is to be said: whence he adds that in his hand are both we and our words. Again διορθόω is to move, as the wind moves ships, so that they tend straight to port, as Athenaeus testifies, lib. XIII: likewise to prosper, to restore to a better state, and to make use of happy success; whence Orthosia is called Diana (whom Pindar mentions in Olymp., Lycophron and Phavorinus, as Giraldus testifies, Syntag. 12 De Diis gentium) because she erects, establishes, directs, favors the life of man, and relieves not only the newborn but also those in childbirth, makes them free from pain, relieves the afflicted, directs them, and makes them happy; and Jupiter Orthosios from the same effects, namely of erecting and rousing those who are falling. God therefore is called διορθωτής σοφῶν, that is, first, "the establisher of the wise," then and recently of infants, says Cervantius, who constitutes, preserves and forms those standing and upright. Secondly, the erector of those, whom, if they stumble in the way, waver, totter, fall, he raises up and lifts, and brings back to their place. Thirdly, he who those, who are easily inclined or love to be turned aside from the path and way of wisdom by adverse blasts, he directs by his spirit as a ship to the port of salvation. Fourthly, he who the same, when caught and reproved, he corrects and amends, and thus restores them to their former state, integrity and safety, like a physician and surgeon, restores them, and confirms them purged of all stain, to whom all things prosperous and answering their wishes come to pass; and thus God makes a prosperous way for them of their salvation, Psal. LXVII, 20. Thus God corrected, or through Aaron directed, the defect of Moses' tongue, whom he was sending as a legate to Pharaoh for the liberation of the Hebrews, Exod. IV. Thus Christ corrected the ignorance of Nicodemus, John III, and of the Samaritan woman, John IV, of the scribes and Pharisees, of St. Peter, St. John and James, and of the other apostles and disciples, as appears throughout the gospels. Finally, God is the corrector of the wise, when he reproves them presuming upon wisdom, or boasting vainly of good works, and chastises and humbles them: thus Lyran, Hugo and Dionysius. Truly ethical: "If anyone is wise beyond measure, he is twice foolish. No one is wise less than he who is too much. Whoever is wise within measure, is truly wise." This is what the Church and every faithful person, imploring the aid of the Holy Spirit, who is the true and supreme teacher of wisdom, beseeches: And: Bend what is rigid, Warm what is cold, Guide what has gone astray.
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AND ALL WISDOM (in Greek, φρόνησις, that is, understanding, prudence, knowledge; it signifies therefore speculative knowledge, or rather prudence infused into him by God); and knowledge of works, and discipline. — Thus the Roman version; in Greek it is only ἐργασιῶν ἐπιστήμη, that is, knowledge of works; Prosper, book I On the Vocation of the Gentiles, chapter IX, reads, and knowledge of works and discipline; the Complutensians, and knowledge of works discipline. All these things come down to the same thing and signify the same thing, namely knowledge of works, as the Greek texts have it, that is, skill in mechanical arts and agriculture; therefore discipline is the same as knowledge, namely cognition or skill. Solomon signifies by wisdom both the speculative wisdom infused into him by God and practical or operative knowledge, namely of mechanical arts, such as architecture, practical mathematics, smithcraft, agriculture, navigation, etc. For he exercised these in the building of the temple, in the cultivation of fields, in the sending of ships to Ophir. Thus Cato, a leader of the Roman army, was skilled in agriculture, and wrote books about it, and so no art either of private or public affairs was lacking to him, as Livy says, book XLIII, xxxiv; hence Vitruvius dedicates his writings On Architecture to the emperor Augustus: "So that the majesty," he says, "of the empire might have knowledge of public buildings through their own works, and of excellent authorities." Tropologically, knowledge of works is that which teaches wisdom and virtue not so much by word as by deed and example, and is therefore most efficacious, concerning which St. Jerome in epistle 2 to Nepotian: "Let not thy works confound thy speech, lest, when thou speakest in the Church, someone silently answer: Why then dost thou not thyself do these things which thou sayest? A delicate master is he who disputes about fastings on a full belly;" and St. Ambrose, sermon 79 On the Holy Martyrs: "To do good is the first teaching: for when words cease, the work itself teaches man the best thing, which is seen; which, even if it does not stir the ears by voice, yet by its virtue pierces the hearts: for who, seeing a good deed done, does not rejoice, wonder, imitate, and, as if using a silent master, is taught by his example? Therefore deeds precede words, nay without deeds words profit nothing." More on the same matter there; St. Augustine, sermon 3 On the Words of the Lord: "In a teacher it is troublesome to say and not to do;" St. Gregory, Pastoral, part II, chapter III: "That voice more willingly penetrates the hearts of hearers, which the life of the speaker commends;" Tertullian, at the beginning of the book On Patience: "Words without deeds blush;" St. Leo the Pontiff, sermon on the Nativity of St. Lawrence: "Examples are more powerful than words, and it is more complete to teach by deed than by voice;" and St. Bernard, sermon 76 in the Song of Songs: "If a pastor be learned indeed, but not good, it is to be feared lest he nourish not with the fruitful doctrine, but harm with a barren life;" Blessed Peter Damian, sermon On the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul: "A good and perfect teacher (Paul) who makes faith credible by deeds better than by words;" Gueric, abbot of Igny, sermon 2 On Pentecost: "Suspect to me is this consolation, if I say and do not; if the resources of the tongue suffice, when the merits of life are lacking;" Ennodius to Bishop Maximus in an oration to be delivered to him: "Thou instructest the people more by doing than by speaking. Those admonitions of disciples would have been crude, which are offered by example."
THAT I MAY KNOW THE DISPOSITION OF THE WORLD. — In Greek σύστασιν κόσμου, that is, as Anastasius of Nicaea, Question XXXIX, and Jansenius say, the constitution of the world; others, the construction, so that namely I may know in what manner the world is constructed and constituted, of what parts it consists, and in what order arranged and connected. St. Ambrose, in the book On the Resurrection of the Faith, reads composition; Origen, homily 21 on Luke, the reason of the world; our Lorinus, constitution from its parts, and according to the various arrangement of things which are in the world, and their joining together, especially as regards the primary and principal parts of the world: for Solomon knew this fully from the first principles and causes by which things are constituted, which the word σύστασις indeed signifies. Again St. Ambrose, in the book On Solomon, vol. II, cap. 1: "Solomon knew," he says, "the entrance of worldly disposition, how all this heaven which we perceive was suspended by lofty sublimity; how this surrounding air was made, and poured forth, balanced in equal measure, poised in the middle; in what ways the earth, having slipped down with sluggish weight to the bottom, subsists; in what manner within certain bounds of shores the restless flood of the liquid element, having flowed forth, rages," etc.; thus he himself, expounding paraphrastically the passage of Wisdom of which we treat, alluding, as appears, to that of the Poet, I Metamorphoses: Hence it is clear that Solomon was not only a cosmographer, but also a geographer, such as Lipsius teaches a prince ought to be, Exempla Politica cap. VIII; and that Adam and Noah were such Arias teaches in the Apparatus; finally Abulensis in book III of Kings, question 41, teaches that the knowledge of Solomon was indelible, because it was not acquired through acts and species of objects, but infused by God, and that in a perfect degree, wherefore it could not be erased by contrary acts or deception. AND THE VIRTUES (in Greek, ἐνεργείας, that is, energy, force, efficacy) OF THE ELEMENTS, — namely what force each element has in acting. Repeat to all things, that I may know. "Solomon first delivered the doctrine of hot and cold, dry and moist things," says Anastasius of Nicaea.
OF THE VICISSITUDES PERMUTATIONS, AND COMMUTATIONS OF TIMES: — thus the Greek and Roman; therefore some read wrongly, consumptions of times (others, of all things), and add, changes of customs, and divisions of times: which two things it is probable are from another version, or from some interpretation written in the margin before, afterwards brought into the text; St. Ambrose, book II On Abraham, cap. VII, for all these reads only, divisions of times; but in the book On Solomon, cap. I, he reads, divisions and changes of times; Origen, homily 21 on Luke, curiosities of times, and translations of months. For vicissitudes in Greek is τροπῶν, that is, conversions; some wrongly translate customs, for thus it would need to be written with an acute accent τρόπων: for τρόποι are indeed customs, which do not pertain here: but now it is written τροπῶν with a circumflex accent, from τροπαί, that is, conversions, likewise solstices, because in them the sun changes and converts its course: for in the summer solstice from the tropic of Cancer it reflects its course to the tropic of Capricorn; but in the winter solstice from the tropic of Capricorn it leaps to the tropic of Cancer; for the sun does not proceed beyond these two tropics. Whence Vatablus translates, vicissitudes of solstices: thus Cantacuzenus, Clarius, Lorinus, a Castro. Hence also ἀπαρχίαι are called solstitial winds. Gaza expounds, tropical blasts, that is, which we call reciprocal or returning. By commutations of times understand the other vicissitudes of times, such as of days and nights, says St. Bonaventure, of summer and winter, of spring and autumn (which likewise Cicero, Tusculan Disputations I, calls fourfold commutations of times suited to the ripening of fruits, and to the tempering of bodies), likewise the successions of months, lunations, and the increases and decreases of the moon.
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torments, prison, exile, and other terrible things, when they came to him, became gentle." Finally, by θυμούς, that is the natures of animals, understand the natural differences of individual creatures, their properties, qualities, dispositions, instincts, opportunities for human use, and other such things: for, as St. Basil says, hom. 9 Hexam., "individual animals are distinguished from one another by diverse properties and in various ways not insignificantly; for the ox is indeed constant and vigorous, but the ass is sluggish; the horse is inflamed by lust, and seeks the female impetuously; the wolf cannot become mild; the fox is treacherous, and clever at contriving deceits by nature; the deer is timid, the ant industrious, the dog is gracious, and tenacious and mindful of friendship once formed: for at the same time individual animals were created with their own peculiar nature: with the lion animosity and a propensity to kindle wrath were assigned to it, a solitary life, devoid of society in those things which pertain to the same kind." THE FORCE OF THE WINDS. — In Greek πνευμάτων βίας, that is the violences of spirits, and violent impulses, which can be understood both of winds and of demons: for the force and impulse of demons is greater than that of winds; and therefore unless God broke them, no one of men could resist their temptation and impulse; whence Solomon is said to have written exorcisms to restrain and expel demons; much more did Solomon know the force and nature of winds, whence namely their origin, motion and violence, setting, cold, heat, moisture, dryness, healthfulness or morbid quality, which natural philosophers investigate with such great effort, and bring forth only probable accounts. Moreover, how great the force of winds is is evident from the tempests which they stir up on the sea, and the earthquakes which they cause in the world; whence the Poet: Where the gate is given, they rush forth, and sweep the lands with whirlwind. Hence by ancient wise men the hidden majesty of God was represented by this hieroglyphic: there was exhibited in a picture a man supporting himself on his knees, with eyes raised to heaven, or prone on his face, shuddering at the sound of the blowing winds, with this verse: Worship the sound of the blowing winds, that is, adore the sound of the blowing winds. Iamblichus interprets it, as if to say: Since you cannot see God at all, yet certainly you ought to venerate him as spread abroad through created things, and breathing in them with a certain silent awe. Moreover, St. Dionysius, Caelestis Hierarch. cap. XV, shows that God is conveniently designated by the name of wind, on account of the natural force of moving and animating, and the swift insuperable departure, and the unknown and invisible hiding places of nobler principles and ends: thus our Causinus, lib. I Parab. histor. cap. XXIV: see the sayings of Amos, cap. IV, vers. 13. THE THOUGHTS OF MEN. — God alone certainly knows and perceives the secret thoughts and volitions of the heart; angels therefore and wise men conjecture them only from physiognomic signs and similar conjectures, according to that of Proverbs XXVII, 19: "As in waters faces answer to faces, so the hearts of men to men;" and that of Ecclesiasticus XIX, 26: "By his look a man is known, and by meeting him a sensible man is recognized:" see the sayings in both places, and Aristotle in Physiog. Thus in the dispute concerning the child of harlots Solomon shrewdly conjectured from maternal love which was the true mother of the child, III Kings III, 16; and from the petition of Adonias asking that Abisag, who had warmed the aged David, be given to him as wife, he conjectured that Adonias was seeking the kingdom of David, III Kings cap. II, vers. 22. Our author by thoughts, in Greek διαλογισμούς, understands not the thoughts of individual men's minds, but universally the common dialogues, discourses, or reasonings of men. THE DIFFERENCES OF SHRUBS (in Greek φυτῶν, that is plants; St. Ambrose, lib. II De Abraham, cap. VII, reads herbs; lib. De Salom. cap. I, reads trees) AND THE VIRTUES OF ROOTS. — For Solomon "discoursed of trees, from the cedar that is in Libanus, even to the hyssop that springeth out of the wall, and he spoke of beasts, and of fowls, and of creeping things, and of fishes," III Kings IV, 33. See Pinedam, lib. III De Rebus Salom. cap. XXIII, where he teaches that Solomon was most skilled in medicine and natural magic, that is, he knew most exactly the natures, forces, properties, sympathies, antipathies of things, and moreover was able to divine and effect certain wonderful things, which to those ignorant of the causes of things would seem either fraudulent or bordering on miracle; which is the very proper account of natural magic, and which we can rightly interpret by the name of hidden and unforeseen things: see on these matters Eusebius, lib. IV De Praepar. 1.
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From what has been said our author rightly concludes from Castro that God, the bestower of good things, gives more abundantly and copiously than is requested, since to Solomon asking for wisdom to govern, He added knowledge of all natural things so abundantly, that only the first parent was inferior to him in this respect: for He bestowed upon him supreme eloquence, knowledge of morals, all arts, natural philosophy, astrology, chronology, natural history, logic, and finally all other things that can be known. Hear St. Ambrose, book On Solomon, chapter I, at the beginning: "So rich a possessor of wisdom was Solomon, when he had known all things which in the secrets of hidden dispositions were concealed, he pretends these to be impossible for him, namely he who had obtained wisdom from God, who knew the entrance of the arrangement of the world, how this whole heaven which we perceive was suspended by lofty sublimity," and other things concerning the elements, which I recited above; and he adds: "What is the principle of things, what the end and what are the means. Him again the divisions and changes of times did not escape, who had comprehended how to him the mutual succession of years, the orb returning, would succeed; what cause would produce the various courses of the stars, sometimes preceding themselves, or suddenly following; whence would be their rising or setting; and many other things, which he had learned wisdom teaching." For the artificer of all things taught me wisdom. — For by the art, idea and industry of divine wisdom all things were created, equally as they are conserved and governed, according to that, Proverbs VIII, 30: "When he prepared the heavens, I was present: when with a certain law and compass he enclosed the depths: when he established the ether above, and poised the fountains of waters: when he compassed the sea with its bounds, and set a law to the waters that they should not pass their limits: when he balanced the foundations of the earth; I was with him forming all things: and was delighted every day, playing before him at all times; playing in the world, and my delights were to be with the children of men." Moreover this wisdom can be understood both as created and infused into Solomon, and as uncreated, which is in God, whether it be essential and common to the three persons of the Holy Trinity, or notional and proper to the Word alone, or to the Son, which St. Augustine understood, book IV On the Trinity, chapter XX, and St. Ambrose, book On the Incarnation of the Lord, Sacrament at the end, Gregory of Baetica, book On Faith Against the Arians, Origen, book I Peri Archon, chapter II, and other ancients, who from this prove that the Son is not a creature, but the Creator, and therefore God; indeed thus the Council of Sardica explains it in the Epistle to all bishops, saying: "None of us denies the Son begotten before all things, the maker of archangels, and of the world and of mankind; because he says, Wisdom VII, 21: The artificer of all things taught me," according to that John I: "All things were made by him." Because the Son is begotten and proceeds from the Father through intellect, as the word of the mind, hence to him are appropriated art, idea, knowledge, wisdom, and that he himself is the artificer and principle of creatures, as St. Thomas teaches, I part., Question XLV, article 8. Therefore wisdom here is understood most generally and abstracts, and is common to both created and uncreated: and therefore these can be applied both to uncreated, whether essential or notional; and to created, or participated: whence the Wise One sometimes passes from uncreated to created, and does this especially at the beginning of chapter IX, where he begs that it be communicated and infused into him by God: for this cannot be other than a created gift. Hence again wisdom is here taken in the broadest sense for any knowledge of things, both heavenly and divine, and of things to be done from virtue and the precept of prudence, and to be effected through art: for wisdom is introduced here as the idea, art and artificer of all natural, artificial and moral things, wherefore it embraces not only all science, all ethics, but also any art whatsoever; whence verse 24, it says: "For wisdom is more mobile than all mobile things: and she reacheth everywhere by reason of her purity;" thus also wisdom is taken, Proverbs VIII, 22, and following, where it is said that through wisdom the heavens were created, the elements, and all other things, and through the same they are governed. Finally this wisdom, verse 23, is said to have all virtue, that is power and potency, namely that it can do all things and is omnipotent, likewise that it contains all spirits, and foresees and reaches all things everywhere, which properly belong to uncreated wisdom; yet they are attributed participatively to created wisdom, for this can be said to be omnipotent, because God applies, imparts and communicates this to creation and to all creatures: for He made all things in wisdom, and there is nothing in whose creation, order and disposition the marvellous wisdom of God does not shine forth. Yet truly and properly Solomon speaks here of uncreated and essential wisdom; which is a common attribute of divinity, or of God, and therefore common to the three persons of the Holy Trinity; for to this properly belong the gifts already enumerated, concerning which St. Augustine, book VII On the Trinity, chapters II and III: for through this God both created the world, and preserves it, and provides and foresees all things, while He sits in the divine seats. In this is a spirit of understanding, that is, this divine wisdom sends down a spirit from heaven into those who love it, which stirs their mind to understanding, dedicates them in holiness, and grants and bestows the other things which conduce to the salvation of men and the glory of God. Now since God bestows all these things upon man, and not only the Son, or the Holy Ghost, and since they are more aptly expounded of the divine attribute of wisdom, which is the artificer of all things and the attendant of the divine seats, which do not aptly befit the Son and the Holy Ghost; deservedly are these things to be explained of it, from which Solomon sought to have all ornaments and charisms attributed to himself, and by his example teaches us to seek: thus from Castro, indeed St. Augustine, book IV On Genesis according to the letter, chapter XII, and book I On the Incarnation of the Word, chapter XIII. Our Alvarez de Paz has a beautiful and pious contemplation on the artificer of all wisdom, volume III, book III, part III, decade III, contemplation 22.
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The Wise man here pours forth praises of wisdom through 26 epithets and eulogies, so that he may excite in all men the desire and study of it, and so that he may show that it is deservedly the artificer of all things, and that he could deservedly be taught all things by it. Many understand these things of the Holy Spirit, who is the third person in the Holy Trinity, and they wish here the properties and attributes of the Holy Spirit to be enumerated: for he is in uncreated and unbegotten Wisdom, namely in the Word and the Son, as in his origin, for he proceeds and is spirated from the Son, and he abundantly bestows wisdom upon his friends, 1 Cor. XII, 11; John XIV, 26, and XVI, 13: for the ancients understand the Son here by wisdom, as I have said, and rightly: thus St. Ambrose, lib. III On the Holy Spirit, cap. XIX and XXIII; St. Gregory, hom. 3 on Ezekiel; St. Augustine, epist. 102; St. Bernard, serm. 3 On Pentecost, who from this prove the divinity of the Holy Spirit and divine gifts. St. Bonaventure, Cantacuzenus, Lyra, Hugh, Holcot, Dionysius and many others, indeed Cantacuzenus asserts that the author spoke much more clearly than all the other prophets, who either preceded him or followed him, concerning the Holy Spirit: Lyra also and Holcot add that the manner is explained in which the author was directed in supernatural contemplation, namely through the Holy Spirit communicated by wisdom. For the Holy Spirit imparts to his own a spirit, that is, an impulse, to love the true and supreme good, which is God himself, and this through manifold offices and various virtues, which are designated by the following epithets. Finally, first, the Nazianzen, oration 44, gives similar, indeed the same epithets to the Holy Spirit: "Therefore he was always, he says, perceptible, not a participant; perfecting, not perfected by another; filling, not filled; sanctifying, not sanctified; deifying, not deified; himself always and with himself and with those to whom he is joined, the same and equal: invisible, free from time, enclosed in no place, immutable in quality, lacking quantity, form and touch, moving himself, and having eternal motion, powerful through his own will, almighty (although to the first cause, as all things that are of the Only-begotten are, so also those that are of the Holy Spirit are referred), life and life-giving, light and giver of light, goodness itself and fountain of goodness, upright Spirit, principal lord, sending, separating, building a temple for himself, showing the way, working by his judgment, and distributing graces, spirit of adoption, of truth, of wisdom, of prudence, of knowledge, of piety, of counsel, of fortitude, of fear." Secondly, if you understand wisdom as created here (as I said a little before it can be understood), these epithets likewise are fitting to the created spirit of it: for in created wisdom there is the spirit of understanding, that is, created intelligence, that is breathed or inspired by God: for this is what τὸ spiritus means, when it is said spirit of understanding, spirit of wisdom, spirit of counsel, spirit of piety, spirit of fear of the Lord: namely that these gifts and virtues breathed by God are in Christ and the saints, which impel them like spirit and wind to fear, counsel, understanding, and through these to God himself (for wisdom impels to God, and all the force and spirit of wisdom), as is clear from Isaiah XI, and Exodus XXVIII, 3, and XXXI, 3: see the things said there. Thirdly, plainly, properly and genuinely, just as wisdom here is understood as uncreated and essential, proper to God, and common to the three persons of the Holy Trinity, so also is spirit, for it itself is spirit, that is, a spiritual gift and attribute of God, and impels man as spirit to the knowledge and love of itself, that is, of God: thus St. Augustine, lib. IV On Genesis according to the letter, cap. XII, and lib. On the Nature of Good, cap. XXVIII, and lib. I On the Incarnation of the Word, cap. XIII. FOR THERE IS IN HER A SPIRIT OF UNDERSTANDING. — First, in Greek it is πνεῦμα νοερόν, that is, an understanding spirit; whence by St. Dionysius the Areopagite and by St. Gregory of Nazianzus angels are called νοεραὶ οὐσίαι, that is, intellectual natures, which are namely abstract intelligences, that is separated from matter, and incorporeal, and pure minds and understanding spirits; and thus some think that wisdom, which is an attribute of God, equally as the Holy Spirit, is here called a spirit of understanding, because it is immaterial, incorporeal, spiritual and understanding. Second, better St. Gregory of Nazianzus, oration 5 On Theology, interprets the intellectual spirit, as he himself calls it, as a most wise spirit; whence Vatablus translates, for there is in her a keen spirit; St. Ambrose in Symbol cap. VII, the spirit of the Lord understanding; St. Gregory, homily 5 on Ezekiel, the spirit of understanding. Third and most fully, the wisdom of God is called a spirit of understanding, or understanding, both because it understands all things, and is endowed with great power of understanding and penetrating all things even to their depths; and because it grants to angels and men the power of understanding, according to that passage, Job XXXII, 8: "The inspiration of the Almighty giveth understanding;" thus St. Augustine in the places already cited: for, as Pliny says, lib. II, cap. VII: "God is wholly eye, wholly sight, wholly hearing." Therefore by the spirit of understanding, which the uncreated wisdom of God, most understanding, nay the very understanding itself in the abstract, breathes upon us, understand the impulse and love of understanding and knowing those things which pertain to salvation, which are namely pleasing to God, and necessary or useful for spiritual progress: for to love, and to be solicitous that thou understand the things of God and of virtue, is the beginning of salvation, without which whoever is destitute is incapable of grace and glory: this is what Solomon having followed, Sirach says Eccli. IV, 12: "Wisdom inspireth life into her children," or breathes it in: similar is that passage of Virgil, VI Aeneid: Symbolically St. Bonaventure: "The spirit of understanding," he says, "is in wisdom," that is in Christ, according to his humanity dwelling in him, according to his divinity emanating from him. Tropologically our Alvarez de Paz, lib. IV On the Dignity of Perfection part I, cap. I and IV, accommodates all these attributes of wisdom to charity and the perfection of virtues (which is the highest wisdom). of divine things illuminates, and hence he was called the Seraphic Doctor. These two were in their age as it were the eyes, nay the suns. Truly Picus Mirandola in Apol. after the beginning: There is, he says, in John Scotus a vigorous and penetrating genius, in St. Thomas a solid and equal one, and therefore moderate, composed, and fitted for every honesty, virtue and sanctity. THE SPIRIT OF UNDERSTANDING, HOLY. — Hence many, as I have said, understand these things of the Holy Spirit, who in himself by essence and origin, or by the force of procession (for he proceeds as the love of the Father and the Son, which is most pure and most holy) is holy, and sanctifies angels equally as men; yet since the other things are properly understood of wisdom itself, which is proper to God and common to the three persons of the Holy Trinity, this epithet of holiness should also be attributed to God and to divine wisdom, that is to say, Divine Wisdom, and God himself, is a spirit supremely understanding and discerning, but in such a way that he is at the same time holy: for vain is wisdom and understanding which is destitute of holiness, for the end of understanding is holiness, so that the good of virtue which you understand, you may love it holily and embrace it with pious will, and carry out its works. Moreover, "holiness," says St. Dionysius, On the Divine Names, cap. XII, "is purity free from all wickedness, and altogether perfect, and in every respect immaculate;" holiness therefore is the love of God: for God is supreme purity, and it itself is the eternal law of things to be done, which is the object and rule of holiness, and that not by some quality coming from without, but by his own essence and substance; whence the seraphim continually cry out to him, Isa. VI: "Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of Sabaoth, all the earth is full of his glory;" and the Psalmist, Psalm CXLIV: "The Lord is just," he says, "in all his ways, and holy in all his works." Hence it follows that if a creature wishes to become holy, it ought to be joined to God by love, and the more it is joined to him, the more it is sanctified, for thus it more withdraws and separates itself from things and affections of the earth, which defile it, according to that word, Levit. XI, 44: "Be ye holy, because I am holy." Whoever therefore desires holiness, let him separate himself from creatures, and withdraw into the depths of his soul, where God dwells as in his temple, so that there, far from the noise of external things, in silence with his God he may dwell, love, worship and adore him. In like manner created wisdom and doctrine, if it be true and an imitator of the divine, ought to refer all its speculation and understanding to holiness, both its own and that of others, as to its aim and end, wherefore it makes the learned holy: for this reason God communicated this his spirit of wisdom, understanding and holiness to the Holy Fathers and to the doctors of the Church, such as St. Athanasius, St. Basil, St. Gregory of Nazianzus, St. Chrysostom, St. Jerome, St. Ambrose, St. Gregory, St. Bernard, and then to St. Thomas Aquinas, who was as holy as he was learned and understanding, and from this was called the Angelic Doctor; and to St. Bonaventure, who joined the ardor of charity to wisdom, and inflames the reader both with the love of God and with knowledge of things. UNIQUE, — μονογενές, that is, only-begotten, as St. Jerome translated it in Ezech. cap. XVI, which properly belongs to the Word alone or the Son, who is Wisdom begotten of God the Father; or of one kind, such as divine wisdom common to the whole Holy Trinity, that is to say, The uncreated Wisdom of God is of one kind, both because in itself it is unique and most simple, as being the same with divinity, thus Lyra; and because in its acts and operations it maintains one and the same tenor, norm and rule in common, namely the eternal law, and looks to one and the same end, namely the honor and glory of God. Yet the same is manifold on account of the immensity of perfection, which in itself, although one and simple, yet by its power contains all the perfections of all creatures, even of possible ones, which in number are infinite, and therefore extends itself to many, indeed innumerable species, acts and works, and as it were divides the very genus of wisdom: for all species and effects of wisdom agree in one genus and common notion of wisdom, and come together in the universal dictate and common laws of wisdom, according to that word, I Cor. XII, 4: "Now there are diversities of graces, but the same Spirit. And there are diversities of ministries, but the same Lord. And there are diversities of operations, but the same God, who worketh all in all:" see the things said there. If there were given one gem most pure and most beautiful, which at the same time were diamond, and carbuncle, and emerald, and sapphire, and topaz, and other things which are reckoned among riches, how precious and admirable it would be! O therefore most simple substance, who art all things, how worthy of being loved by us, and esteemed above all things thou art! Thou art wisdom, thou art goodness, thou art justice, thou art every other true perfection. The same thing is imitated by created, infused, and participated wisdom: for, as our a Castro says, just as divine wisdom, although it is one, operates all things in the world and refers such diverse virtues and works to one glory of God, so this spirit proceeding from that, makes all the duties of man and all offices of one kind, while it establishes one end for all things, directing all of them to this, that they may serve the divine will, and follow it as a rule, and all things are bound together by one bond of love, and are adorned as with precious gold, and from this aspect the spirit of wisdom has it, that it is peaceful: for thus St. James, Epistle cap. III, 17, called wisdom, which is from above, peaceful; and St. Paul, Ephesians IV, 3, writes: "Careful to keep the unity of the spirit in the bond of peace. One body, and one spirit, as you are called in one hope of your calling. One Lord, one faith, one baptism. One God and Father of all, who is above all, and through all, and in you all." Thus also St. Bonaventure, the Gloss, Lyra and Hugh. Tropologically Richard of St. Victor in the Canticles cap. XXXIII: The Spirit of God, he says, is unique and manifold, because although he is one, yet he visits and affects minds in diverse ways; now he prepares the soul with fears and desires, now he ceases not to advance the already prepared soul with his gifts. Not always with one affection, but with diverse affections he touches the soul, as according to its state and disposition it is necessary; whence now he kindles it to salutary compunction, now to love, now to thanksgiving, now to desires and the exercise of some virtue; now he touches the heart, now he hides himself, and again he finds a way to perfect the work. If we do not open, he waits at the door, and sometimes indeed he knocks more forcefully, sometimes however on account of our fault he ceases by just judgment. MANIFOLD. — In Greek, πολυμερές, that is multimembered, of many parts, consisting of many parts, as Aristotle calls the world. Gregory of Nazianzus, oration 5 On Theology, referring to this passage concerning the Holy Spirit, explains manifold as various and manifold in the faculty of acting, or because, although he is one, he diffuses himself through individual parts of the world as if through branches and multiplies himself, and operates various modes of wisdom in effecting and preserving them; or rather on account of the various graces and diverse gifts, and manifold offices, which although he is one, he exercises, whether in the universal Church, or in individual men. For this reason the Holy Spirit, descending upon the apostles at Pentecost, appeared above them in the form of divided tongues, or a cloven flame, that he might represent the multiplicity of gifts, which he was bestowing upon them. "Manifold (says St. Ambrose in the Symbol, cap. VII) is called, because it has many things in itself, and through all of them it is one, nor is it itself changed into any of those things which it operates, just as the image from a ring, which passes into wax, and does not leave the ring." Hear also St. Augustine, epistle 102 to Evodius: "It is indeed read, Wisdom VII, 22, and the spirit of wisdom is manifold, but it is also rightly said to be simple: for it is manifold because there are many things which it has; but it is simple, because it is nothing other than what it has. Just as the Son is said to have life in himself, and that same life is himself; but man came to the Word, not the Word convertibly came into man; and thus also the Son of God is said together with the man assumed: whence the same Son of God is unchangeable and coeternal with the Father, but in the Word alone: and the Son of God was buried, but in the flesh alone." That is to say, Christ, as God, is simple and immutable; as man, manifold, mutable and passible. Hear also St. Bernard, sermon 5 On Pentecost, adapting these things to the Holy Spirit: "Truly the Spirit is manifold, who is breathed upon the sons of men in so manifold a manner, that there is none who can hide himself from his heat; for indeed it is granted to them for use, for miracle, for salvation, for aid, for consolation, for fervor: for use indeed of life, common goods most abundantly bestowed upon both good and bad, worthy and unworthy alike, so that he seems here not to observe the limit of discretion: ungrateful is he who does not acknowledge the benefit of the Spirit even in these things. For miracle, in signs and wonders, in various virtues, which he works through the hands of any whatsoever: he himself is raising up ancient miracles, so that from present things he may establish faith in past things. But because to some he grants this grace also without their own profit, thirdly it is poured in for salvation when we turn back to the Lord our God with our whole heart. Moreover it is given for aid, when in all struggle he helps our infirmity: for when he bears witness to our spirit, that we are the sons of God, that inspiration is for consolation. It is given also for fervor, when breathing more vehemently in the hearts of the perfect, he kindles a mighty fire of charity, so that not only in the hope of the sons of God, but also in tribulations they glory, counting contumely as glory, reproach as joy, contempt as exaltation." Finally St. Peter Damian, book On the Lord be with you, chapter VI: "There is one Spirit," he says, "in the essence of majesty, manifold through the diverse gifts of charisms which he gives to the holy Church, whom he fills, so that it may be one in its universality, and whole in its parts;" whence he concludes, although the Church be diverse in the multiplicity of persons (add also certain rites), it is nevertheless forged in the one fire of the Holy Spirit, and therefore although it may appear divided by bodily location in its parts, the sacrament of intimate unity is in no way corrupted from its integrity. SUBTLE,—in Greek λεπτός, that is, thin, slender, lean, rare and attenuated, because it pervades and penetrates all things (whence St. Ambrose, book III On the Holy Spirit, chapter VII, reads penetrable) even the deep things of God, I Corinthians II, 10: this is what the Apostle says, Hebrews IV, 12: "For the word of God is living and effectual, and more piercing than any two-edged sword: and reaching unto the division of the soul and the spirit, of the joints also and the marrow, and is a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart." Appropriately after holy he subjoins subtle, because just as pure air, equally as light and subtle food generates a subtle intellect, as physicians teach, so likewise holiness, that is, separation from earthly things, makes man subtle, spiritual and divine: for, as is commonly said: "A fat belly does not beget a subtle sense." That saying of Horace is well-worn, book II Satires, satire 2: A body burdened with yesterday's vices, weighs down the mind itself also, and fixes to the earth that divine spark. So Gellius, book IV From Medicine, chapter XIX, teaches that boys, using more abundant food and sleep, become gross and dull. This spirit of subtlety in speculative matters, wisdom communicated to John Scotus of the Order of St. Francis before others, whom he cultivates and follows as his master in theology and philosophy; whence he is commonly called the Subtle Doctor; by Scaliger, Exercise 324, he is called the file of truth; by others, the whetstone of intellects, the phoenix of philosophers, and among philosophers a certain god; by others the miracle of subtlety, the Apollo of mysteries, the pillar of the seraphic religion, the glory of the Sorbonne. Cardanus doubts, book XVI On Subtlety, who is more subtle, Aristotle, or Euclid, or Scotus? Moreover this subtlety was partly natural to him from the subtlety of intellect, in which he excelled; partly supernatural, and the work of grace and the Holy Spirit, whose instrument and organ he was, being a religious man; whence John Major, in IV, distinction 38, Question X, calls him most humble, apostolic, most poor, indeed worthy of the supreme pontificate, and St. Bernard, Of Soria, in the report printed at Paris, in the year 1517, thus sings of him: Scotus is present, the lamp of faith, the Sibyl of Christ, the interpreter of God, the impregnable fortress of truth; the scribe of Jupiter, the eye of the world, the guest of the Thunderer, with the clear acuteness of genius he penetrated all things. Moreover this subtlety, intent upon things, rejects the elegance of words, whence Pico of Mirandola, in his letter to Hermolaus, comparing Scotus with Lucretius: "There is," he says, "to this man (Scotus) a tasteless mouth, to that one (Lucretius) a senseless mind; this man, most childish in speaking, perceives things which cannot be sufficiently praised by speaking: that man, most eloquent in speech, speaks abominable things." When he was reproached by someone concerning the study of contradicting, because he everywhere opposed himself to the holy Doctor St. Thomas, he answered subtly: "If he is a doctor, let him dispute with me; if he is a saint, let him pray for me: for I dispute with him in the study of truth, not of contradiction: for just as fire leaps forth from the collision of stones, so from the friction of minds through subtle disputations truth is drawn out and shines forth. Therefore the argumentation of one who contradicts is the mark of a subtle mind. Subtlety is more holy in practical matters, which subtly devises and discovers a thousand modes and practices of virtues, by which to please God more each day and to heap up great accumulations of merits: such as one may see in the lives of the saints; so that whoever reads them may easily learn and practice the same. This is situated chiefly in the subtle intention of each work, namely that each work be done with the best end, for instance for the love and honor of God: to which if you add other intentions and ends of other virtues, for example if you eat, study, labor, walk, pray, in order to honor and love God, moreover in order to exercise abstinence, patience and penance, in order to be able to benefit your neighbor, and similar ends, you will subtly and most easily increase virtues and their merits wonderfully. The sum of subtlety Here many insert another epithet of the Spirit of wisdom, namely modest: thus St. Bonaventure, Hugh, the Gloss and Holcot; but the Greek, Roman, and other more correct Latin texts do not have this. DISERTE,—in Greek, τρανόν, that is, first, clear, plain, perspicuous and diserte; Vatablus, illustrious; the reason a priori is that whoever understands and comprehends things well can easily and copiously speak of them, and thus is diserte: for wisdom begets eloquence; whence wisdom "makes the tongues of infants diserte," that is diserte, as is said in chapter X, verse 21, according to that, Psalm XLIV, 3: "Grace is poured forth in thy lips;"; and that Psalm VIII: "Out of the mouth of infants and of sucklings thou hast perfected praise," as he did in the mouth of St. Agnes, St. Prisca, St. Vitus, St. Celsus, and other boys and girls, who resisted tyrants for chastity and faith unto death and martyrdom; and thus they answered wisely and disertely, so that they made them speechless. This is what Christ promised to his own, saying, Matthew X, 19: "But when they deliver you up, take no thought how or what to speak. For it is not you that speak, but the Spirit of your Father that speaketh in you." Thus Nazianzen, oration 2, alluding to this, calls the Holy Spirit τρανόν, that is perspicuous and diserte, nay τρανωτικὸν πάντων, that is illuminating all things: because whatever light is in us, we have it from the illumination of the Holy Spirit; and because he explains and illuminates all things to us, so that we may be able to teach the same to others clearly and persuade them effectively, according to that which Isaias, chapter XXXV, verse 6, foretold, that "the tongue of the dumb shall be opened," as of the apostles, who, Acts II, 4, taught by the Holy Spirit, "began to speak with divers tongues the wonderful works of God, as the Holy Spirit gave them to speak;"; and ibid. VI, 10, the Jews disputing with Stephen could not resist the wisdom and the Spirit that spoke. Secondly, τρανόν can be translated, whole, solid, adult, true: thus the Complutensians, and Cantacuzenus, who expounds it thus, as if to say the Holy Spirit is indissolubly great, whole, perfect, and the maker of all greatness, amplitude, wholeness and perfection, having the power to contain the whole coagmentation of these things, and the most efficacious cause of great things. Therefore the Holy Spirit is whole, solid, adult, that is lively, vigorous, strong and efficacious in operating. MOBILE,—in Greek, εὐκίνητον (which word in Greek is placed before τρανόν, that is diserte), that is, well mobile, as St. Ambrose translated it, book III On the Holy Spirit, chapter XIX (although some codices of St. Ambrose have, good mobile, but incorrectly); Vatablus translates it, vigorous. Now first, our Lorinus thinks that wisdom and the Holy Spirit are said to be mobile, because they can easily be moved by us, that is bent and persuaded by prayers. Secondly, others refer τὸ mobilis to τὸ disertus, which preceded, as if to say: Wisdom and the Holy Spirit make those who partake of them eloquent, so that they have a mobile and fluent tongue for speaking and discoursing eloquently; but not in such a way that by hurrying they precipitate their words, as certain popular preachers do, in order to excite admiration of themselves, against whom Seneca inveighs sharply, epistle 40: "This popular oration," he says, "has nothing of truth; it wishes to move the crowd, and to seize undeliberate ears by force: it does not allow itself to be governed; it is carried away. But how can it govern, which cannot be governed? What? That this oration, which is applied to healing minds, ought to descend into us? Remedies cannot work unless they linger. Moreover it has much emptiness and vanity; it sounds more than it is worth. Those things which terrify me must be softened, those which irritate me must be calmed, those which deceive me must be dispelled; luxury must be restrained, avarice must be corrected. How can any of these be done hastily? What physician cures the sick in passing? What? That even pleasure itself such a noise of words rushing without discrimination does not have? But as in most things, which you would not believe could be done, it is enough to have learned of them; so for these men who have exercised their words, it is enough to have heard them once." Thirdly and genuinely, as if to say: Wisdom and the Holy Spirit is mobilis, that is, agile, moving and efficacious, both in itself, because namely it easily occurs to all parts and is at hand, so that things may be rightly done: for wisdom quickly suggests sound counsels, especially where danger or difficult work presses in, according to that saying of Boethius concerning God, book III of the Consolation, meter 9: then because it makes those who partake of it agile, cheerful and expeditious for all good, according to that of Ezekiel I, 20: "Whithersoever the spirit went, thither the wheels went also, following it: and the wheels were full of eyes round about. And the spirit of life was in the wheels;" and that of Paul, Romans VIII, 14: "Whosoever are led by the Spirit of God, they are the sons of God." Hence the Holy Spirit descended upon the apostles in the form of a spirit, that is, a vehement wind, to signify that he impels them to heroic works, and to the vehemence and efficacy of preaching, which no one could resist. "The grace of the Holy Spirit knows not slow undertakings," says St. Ambrose, on that passage, Luke chapter I: "And Mary arose in those days and went into the hill country with haste." Finally St. Gregory, homily 5 on Ezekiel, reconciles the stable with the mobile: "Therefore the Spirit of the Almighty," he says, "in order that his presence everywhere might be signified, is said to be both mobile and stable; because everywhere, even to those not knowing, he occurs. Holding all things therefore stable; exhibiting himself present to all, he is called mobile." Again he is stable in his promises, so that it is impossible for him to lie, mobile in fulfilling them; stable in stabilizing us against evils, mobile in communicating goods; stable in contemplation, mobile in action; mobile on the way, stable in the homeland. UNCONTAMINATED. — ἀμόλυντος, that is, uncontaminated, immaculate, unpolluted, as St. Ambrose reads it, lacking all stain and blemish, and all filth and darkness: for God is pure and clear light, and there are no darknesses in him, I John I, 5: for, as St. Ambrose says, book On the Holy Spirit, chapter XIX, and in the Symbol, chapter VII, "just as light does not receive darkness, so the Holy Spirit has by nature that it is incapable of all filth;" but also of all filth, as Cantacuzenus says, "it has the power of cleansing, and suffers nothing either to be or to remain contaminated, and shines upon all things without any envy, and deletes all stains." Hence the symbol of wisdom and the wise man is the bee, which is most pure, loves the pure, flees the impure, and so attacks and pierces with its stings those women who devote themselves to lust, as I said on Proverbs VI, 6. Most excellently St. Gregory of Nazianzus in his Verses: "To the extent of your strength," he says, "purify yourself, renew your life with splendid living: for thus you will perceive God comprehended by the intelligence of your mind. Nor is it without reason that it is commonly said, God hastens to his temple: for since he is pure, only a pure man can be his dwelling place." Hence that of Canticles IV, 11: "Thy lips, my spouse, drop as the honeycomb," because, as Richard of St. Victor explains it, "the lips of a devout soul flow with the liquid of spiritual sweetness, and pour this forth to others for edification. This honeycomb they gather from the various flowers of Scripture: these he seeks out, on these he sits, from these he draws out the sweetness of spiritual sweetness, he separates and despises knowledge that puffs up, he seeks rather edification, he chooses sweet-smelling sentences, not pompous eloquence." CERTAIN. — In Greek, σαφές, that is manifest, says St. Ambrose, clear, undoubted; Vatablus, evident; Our author, certain, so that neither he himself errs, nor does he lead himself into error: it therefore differs from τρανόν, in that σαφές is certain of the truth, so that in understanding one does not err; τρανὸν however is conspicuous and eloquent in speaking, so that it may teach others. Hence Philoponus, book I of the Posterior Analytics, near the end, thinks that σοφίαν, that is wisdom, is said from σαφεῖ, as it were ὀσαφίαν, because divine things, about which it is concerned, are by themselves and by their nature most certain and manifest. Hence St. Louis, king of France, when dying, among other teachings which he left to his son Philip, inserted this: "If you possess anything belonging to another, even if you received it from your ancestors, restore it without delay to the just possessor, when you are certain of it; but if the matter is doubtful, take care that wise men accu- And St. Thomas Aquinas in a letter by which he prescribes to someone seeking the manner of acquiring knowledge and wisdom: "I command you to be slow of speech: embrace purity of conscience: do not cease to devote yourself to prayer: show yourself lovable to all: seek nothing whatsoever concerning the deeds of others, etc.; make it so that you understand the things which you do and hear, assure yourself concerning doubtful matters:" understand as far as it is possible, for many things in this life are obscure and merely probable, in which certainty and evidence cannot be had: wherefore often in matters of action we ought to follow merely probable opinion: but this is certain in practice. For since we cannot have evidence, it is certain in practice that it is lawful to follow merely probable opinion. Cervantius adds: Sepia, he says, Aristotle was called, the prince and leader of philosophers, who, as if with ink poured over, sometimes concealed the truth, concerning which in Wisdom I, 11, is that saying, "obscure speech:" but here the Holy Spirit, and those taught by him, as certain doctrine without the clouds of errors or doubts, true, without the darkness of falsehood, sincere, without the deceits of hypocrisy, clear, without the dimness of ignorance, will draw; thus from participation in this becoming, certain, true, sincere and excellent spirit, they are such, hence the Holy Spirit is called by Christ the Spirit of truth, John XIV, 17. Some explain certain as firm, faithful, constant in promises, resolutions, words, and deeds. SWEET. — In Greek, ἀνεμπόδιστον, that is unharmed; St. Ambrose, inviolable; others, unharmed and rendering unharmed; others, prosperous; Vatablus, harmless, which cannot harm, and to which harm cannot come; thus also Cantacuzenus: which Our author profoundly translates, sweet, as if to say: So good and benign is the Spirit of wisdom, and the Holy Spirit himself, that not only does he harm no one, but strives to benefit all: so sweet is he, that he endeavors to keep all unharmed, to favor, console, uplift and promote; hence he is called Paraclete, that is consoler, and makes such saints, especially those who labor for the gain of souls. Thus by the pagans their Jupiter was called Apemius (which word alludes to ἀπήμων, who drives sad harms from the doors, or who averts damages and calamities: concerning which Pausanias in the Attic says: "On Hymettus is an altar of Rainy Jupiter, in Parthenete Jupiter of bronze; there is also an altar of Meilichius, to which to Jupiter, whom they call now Rainy, now Apemion, that is harmless, they make a sacrifice," etc. And by this sweetness in appearance, color and imitation, those endowed with this Spirit are seen to be clothed: for it is, says Holcot in this place: "The face of the Lord, servant; the mirror of the master, disciple; the moderator of the kingdom, king:" thus also the sweet are of the household of the Holy Spirit, who is himself most sweet, and seasons the talents, manners, words of his own with exceptional sweetness, so that they seem to breathe and pour forth nothing but honey and nectar from face and mouth, according to that of Paul, II Corinthians VI, 6: "Let us exhibit ourselves as the ministers of God, in much patience, etc., in longsuffering, in sweetness, in the Holy Ghost, in charity not feigned." And, Galatians VI, 1: "If a man be overtaken in any fault, you, who are spiritual, instruct such a one in the spirit of meekness, considering thyself, lest thou also be tempted. Bear ye one another's burdens, and so you will fulfill the law of Christ." Hence the Holy Spirit is called the kiss and sweetness of God; and as St. Bernard says, sermon 1 On the Holy Spirit, "the sweetest thing that is in God;" according to that of the Canticle I: "Let him kiss me with the kiss of his mouth." Hence also Wisdom says of herself: "My spirit is sweeter than honey," Ecclesiasticus XXIV, 27; and Wisdom XII, 1: "O how good and sweet art thou, O Lord, thy spirit in all things!" Namely: He has won every point who has mixed the useful with the sweet. Hence God appeared to Elias in a gentle spirit, III Kings XIX, 11: "Not, He says, in a spirit is the Lord, not in a commotion is the Lord, not in a fire is the Lord," but in the whistling of a thin breeze. LOVING GOOD. — In Greek, φιλάγαθον; Vatable, desirous of good, namely so that he might advance man in virtue and every good: "for charity (which is the companion of wisdom and the Holy Spirit) rejoiceth not in iniquity, but rejoiceth with the truth, believeth all things, hopeth all things, endureth all things," I Cor. XIII. Moreover φίλος in Greek, says Cervantius, first, is desirous of good; second, joined with good by the bond of friendship; third, pleasing, grateful, familiar, dear; fourth, kissing and caressing; fifth, drawing to itself by the charm of love. SHARP. — ὀξύ, which some take for ωκύ, that is swift, which Cantacuzenus following explains, as if to say, Wisdom and the Holy Spirit is present everywhere, and presents itself swiftly to those invoking him; indeed it goes before and anticipates their prayer, as he said in chapter VI, 14. The Gloss, Hugo and Bonaventura wrongly read for sharp, done, and connect it with the preceding epithet in this way: "Loving good done," or done, as others read, in the genitive. The Spirit of wisdom is said to be sharp, not dull or obtuse, first, because like a needle it has the sharpness of understanding and penetrating all things, even hidden, secret and obscure things, and is most perspicacious. Second, because it sharpens the apex of the intellect, and makes it possible to discourse acutely about any matter, and in speaking and discoursing equally as in acting be clever, skillful, cunning and shrewd: Cantacuzenus adds, that in the smallest things, which on account of their smallness cannot be divided, it is wholly present perfectly and thoroughly. Third, because like a sharp sword it cuts off evil from good, vice from virtue, deceit from truth, the imperfect from the perfect, self-love from divine love, so that it sharpens and rectifies the intention of the mind. Fourth, because it sharpens the edge of the will toward good, which is better and perfect, to be sought with all strength. Fifth, because by its sharp taste and flavor it penetrates, pricks and wounds the innermost senses of the soul: just as vinegar by its sourness sharpens the taste of foods and pricks and wounds the palate; and thus it excites appetite and desire, and as it were sharpens the stomach, according to that saying of Pliny, epistle 123: "For if I were to prepare a dinner for you, I would mix sharp and acute foods with sweet foods, so that that dull and sluggish stomach might be aroused by them:" such vinegar wisdom brings to the mind, when it chastises it for its errors and defects, either inwardly through inspiration, or outwardly through the sharp and biting reproof of a superior. Such was St. John the Baptist, and Christ the Lord; hence concerning him Isaiah sang, chapter XLIX, verse 2: "He hath made my mouth like a sharp sword: in the shadow of his hand he hath protected me, and he hath made me as a chosen arrow: in his quiver he hath hidden me." Sixth, sharp, that is keen, bilious, harsh, wrathful, indignant: for thus anger is called sharp, and the holy put on anger, when they are zealous for the honor of God, so that they might avert his offenses: for anger is the heat of virtue and zeal; thus in Acts XVII, 16, it is said: "But Paul, when he waited for them at Athens, his spirit was stirred within him, seeing the city wholly given to idolatry;"; in Greek, παρωξύνετο, that is was exacerbated, inflamed, irritated his spirit within him seeing the city existing in idolatry. WHOM NOTHING HINDERS. — In Greek, ἀκώλυτον, whose first and best version of the Vulgate interpreter is, whom nothing hinders; second that of the Complutensians, Dionysius, Holcot and others, who nothing or no one hinders; the Greek φιλάνθρωπον properly is the same as beneficent, namely so that not only does it benefit by itself, but also inspires in all others both the faculty and the will of benefiting; and so that we rightly use his benefits, we draw them from him himself, as from the most abundant fountain; and when it increases someone exceedingly with its goods and gifts, it does this for this purpose, says St. Leo, sermon 40, so that through the hand of the rich man it might be distributed to others: just as when we gather waters into a reservoir or basin, we do this so that from there through channels we might distribute them into the homes of many. Kings, emperors, pontiffs choose one or another, through whose hand alms might be made: but God appoints to this office as many as his goods he distributes: wherefore the ancients, as Eusebius testifies, book I On Preparation, and Pliny book II, chapter VII, venerated the beneficent as living images of God, and simulacra imbued with divine power, and indeed they were called kings Evergetae, that is beneficent, as Christ says, Luke XXII, 25. The sense is, that divine Wisdom, equally with the Holy Spirit, possesses such great providence and power that no one is able to hinder, prohibit, restrain, stop or impede it; but rather it itself impedes, stops, disperses and scatters all things and all that resist it: it is a kind of flowing; whence St. Ambrose reads, foreseeing, able; and Cantacuzenus: "Its power," he says, "cannot be resisted, it penetrates bodies, souls, minds; it is not hindered by anyone's hardness or rejection: 'And there is none that can hide himself from the heat thereof,' Psalm XVIII, 7. There is no malice so great as to overcome the goodness of wisdom, as is said in this chapter, last verse. Thus Saul could not resist it, but heard from it: 'It is hard for thee to kick against the goad,' and therefore from Saul he became Paul, Acts IX. No heart, however hard, to the grace of God BENEFICENT. — In Greek φιλάνθρωπον, that is, benign; Pagninus and Montanus, inclined, swift and vehement in bestowing benefits; doing well, rightly, correctly, easily, happily, fitly, excellently doing, working, benefiting; St. Ambrose, manifest, one who is liberal to his own, and makes them likewise liberal. "He giveth to all men abundantly, and upbraideth not," James I, 5. Thus Christ "went about doing good and healing all that were oppressed by the devil," Acts X, 38: for good is diffusive of itself, hence God, because supremely good, supremely also communicates himself and his things even to the wicked and ungrateful, as St. Dionysius teaches, On the Divine Names, in Good. It is therefore the proper work of God and divinity to do good; hence that passage in the Third Epistle of John XI: "He that doth good is of God;" and that of Paul, or rather of Christ: "It is more blessed to give than to receive," Acts XX, 35; and that of the Nazianzen, Oration On Care for the Poor: "Be a god to the wretched: for by no other gift does man approach God more than by beneficence, as the Nazianzen and St. Leo teach there, sermon 40. For God is an immense sun of beneficence, diffusing the rays of his goodness into all things and all. The Greek φιλάνθρωπον properly means the same as benefactive, namely in such a way that he not only benefits through himself, but also inspires in all others both the faculty and the will of doing good; and so that we rightly use his benefits, we draw this from him as from the most abundant fountain; and when he remarkably increases someone with his goods and gifts, he does this for this purpose, says St. Leo, sermon 40, that through the hand of the rich man he may distribute them to others: just as when we gather waters into a reservoir or basin, we do this so that from there through channels we may distribute them into the homes of many. Kings, emperors, pontiffs choose one or another through whose hand alms may be given: but God appoints to this office as many as he distributes his goods: wherefore the ancients, as Eusebius testifies, book I On Preparation, and Pliny, book II, chapter VII, venerated beneficent men as living images of God and simulacra imbued with divine power, and indeed called kings Evergetae, that is, beneficent, as Christ says, Luke XXII, 25.
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HUMAN, BENIGN. — In Greek it is one word φιλάνθρωπον, that is, a lover of men; whence φιλανθρωπία by Paul, Tit. cap. III, 4, is called that remarkable love of Christ toward men, by which He made Himself man for their sake, that is, a kinsman and brother of men. Human therefore is the same as loving men, so that he applies himself entirely to their salvation. For divine Wisdom created the whole world for the sake of man, gave him angels as guardians; indeed He sent the Word into flesh, and the Holy Spirit into the apostles and other faithful, and bestowed upon them innumerable gifts, and bestows them daily. Hence Philip the Solitary, lib. III Dioptra, cap. III and V, notes that God is nowhere said to be φιλάγγελον, as He is said to be φιλάνθρωπος: for "nowhere did He take hold of angels, but of the seed of Abraham," says the Apostle, Hebr. II, 16. Wherefore St. Chrysostom teaches that God loved men more than angels, hom. 21 in Gen., indeed loves them more each day, especially when He sets Himself before men in the Eucharist as food: there indeed "He pours out the treasures of His divine love toward men into men," as the Council of Trent says, sess. XIII; indeed St. John, cap. XIII: "When He had loved His own, he says, who were in the world, unto the end (both of life and of love, that is, with extreme love) He loved them." STABLE. — Both because the spirit of wisdom, equally as the Holy Spirit, is always the same, and is consistent with itself, and is immutable; and because He is faithful, and infallibly accomplishes what He has promised; and because He makes the souls which He inhabits stable, constant and persevering in good purposes and works, so that they may be confirmed in them, and may be holy and sanctified. CERTAIN. — In Greek, ἀσφαλής, that is, firm, fortified, safe from every enemy, adversity, danger, and therefore secure, as follows. St. Ambrose translates it, whole; St. Bonaventure, constant in good. "Certain" therefore here signifies something different from a little before: there indeed in Greek it is σαφής, that is, manifest, clear, evident; here however it is ἀσφαλής, that is, safe, cautious, free from danger, whole, well fortified and guarded, certain that he will suffer no harm; likewise not at all stumbling, with no false step, not dangerous, one who knows not how to stumble or be deceived, who cannot be frustrated or frustrate; but is firm and certain in all things, to whom you can entrust yourself and all your possessions without doubt; whereas men, even wise and powerful ones, often stumble, waver, fall, trip. The Gentiles gave to Neptune the god of the sea the epithet Asphalii, that is, safe and secure, on account of the safe station of ships in harbors, protected from storms and trustworthy, and erected a temple to him near the harbor, as Pausanias testifies, lib. III and VII. But this epithet Asphalii belongs to none but the Wisdom of God and the Holy Spirit. SECURE. — In Greek, ἀμέριμνον, that is, without care; St. Ambrose, without anxiety, tranquil, quiet, because he is safe and well fortified, as was said before, and provides those secure, tranquil and joyful with His own: for "a secure mind is like a continual feast," Prov. XV, 15. The saints therefore in whatever dangers, temptations and tribulations sleep securely in the providence and care of the Holy Spirit, just as an infant sleeps in the bosom of its mother, according to that of St. Peter, I epist. cap. V, 7: "Casting all your care upon Him, because it is a care to Him concerning you." Hence "the just" man, directed and protected by the Holy Spirit, "as a confident lion" in whatever terrors "shall be without fear," Prov. XXVIII, 1: nor does he fear, but rejoices to lose the present life, so that he may merit the blessed and eternal one, Matth. X, 28: see Isaiah, cap. IV, vers. 6, and cap. XXXII, vers. 18, and cap. XLVIII, vers. 22. HAVING ALL VIRTUE. — In Greek, παντοδύναμον, that is, almighty, or he who can do all things, as St. Ambrose reads it; or endowed with omnipotence, as the same St. Ambrose translates it, book III On the Holy Spirit, meaning that the Wisdom of God can do all things, and thus makes his own as it were omnipotent, according to that saying of Paul: "I can do all things in him who strengtheneth me," Philip. IV, 13; because "if God be for us, who is against us?" Rom. VIII, 31. For the Wisdom of God and the Holy Spirit can create all things, equally as govern them, both those that are of nature and those that are of grace; both those that are of art and those that are of virtue; both those that are of right, power and dominion, and those that are of medicine and health: for to all diseases both of body and of mind it exhibits the most wholesome and most efficacious remedies. Finally, it can arm the most powerful armies of angels, men, animals and all creatures against its impious enemies, as he said at the end of chapter V. Whence he clothed the apostles with virtue from on high, Luke XXIV, 49, so that they might approach and overcome all princes, peoples, philosophers, all the delights of the world equally as terrors, all the torments and sufferings of martyrdom with a stout heart. The ancient mythologists and hieroglyphists represented this force of divine wisdom through the spear of Pallas. Hear Pierius, Hieroglyphics 42, chapter XIX. That we behold Pallas armed everywhere indicates that arms avail little unless they are administered through wisdom: for how many and how great calamities have commanders with foolish and precipitate genius brought upon themselves and the commonwealth, so that to pass over other matters, those notable defeats at Trebia, at Trasimene, at Cannae easily showed. Moreover, the spear in the hand of Pallas shows the force of genius and readiness; whence you may read in Martianus: This is what the Psalmist sings, Psalm XXXII, 6: "By the word of the Lord the heavens were established, and all the virtue of them by the spirit of his mouth," where St. Basil and Cyril understand by the spirit the Holy Spirit. FOREVER LOOKING UPON ALL THINGS. — Vatable, looking upon all things; in Greek πανεπίσκοπον, that is, he who beholds all things, or is the observer of all things, as St. Ambrose reads it in the cited passages; or surveying all things, as St. Gregory reads it; or literally the bishop of all things, that is, inspector, meaning that the Wisdom of God and Providence, equally as the Holy Spirit, acts as the bishop of the whole world: for like a bishop from the highest watchtower of his eternity it inspects and surveys all things, and even scrutinizes all the secrets of hearts, and visits whether they rightly discharge their duty. Again it looks upon all and provides for them with necessary and useful things: thus Cantacuzenus. Finally, it inspires in each one care and providence for the future, so that each one may look to his own salvation and future happiness: for "we look upon present things, we look forward to future things," as Donatus says. Let therefore the bishop do the same in his diocese, the king in his kingdom, the duke in his dukedom, the magistrate in his city, the father of a family in his house, and each faithful one in his soul: thus each one in his office and degree will imitate the Wisdom of God. Whence St. Augustine, tract. 31 in John, addressing each faithful one, even a layman: "When therefore, he says, you hear, brethren, the Lord saying: Where I am, there also shall my minister be, do not think only of good bishops and clerics; you also minister to Christ according to your measure, by living well, by giving alms, by preaching his name and doctrine as you are able, so that each one, even a father of a family, may acknowledge by this name that he owes a paternal affection to his family for Christ; and for eternal life may admonish all his own, teach them, exhort them, correct them, bestow benevolence, exercise discipline; thus in his house he will fulfill an ecclesiastical and in a manner episcopal office ministering to Christ, so that he may be with him forever." Alluding to this the Church on Saturday after Pentecost thus prays and beseeches: "We beseech thee, O Lord, graciously pour forth the Holy Spirit, by whose wisdom we are made, and by whose providence we are governed." For, as St. Chrysostom says, sermon 1 On the Holy Spirit: "He is the spiritual sun of our minds, the light of our inner man, the morning star in the eye of the heart."
AND WHO TAKETH ALL SPIRITS: INTELLIGIBLE, CLEAN, SUBTLE: — thus the Roman; but the Greek texts all read these in the genitive, which is turned into Latin by the accusative, and refer them to one and the same office of the spirit of wisdom: for thus they have, "And who taketh all intelligible spirits (Vatablus, rational), clean, most subtle;" thus Nazianzenus reads it, oration 37, when he says, "penetrating through all spirits, intellectual, pure, most thin (that is through angelic, as I think, hosts) just as also through prophetic and apostolic;" and St. Ambrose: "and through all things, he says, penetrating intelligible spirits": thus also some Latin Bibles read it, and St. Bonaventure, Rabanus, Vatablus, Clarius, Jansenius, and Cantacuzenus, who through the three last epithets of spirits, think to denote the three hierarchies of angels, over which the Holy Spirit rules, as if to say the Holy Spirit taketh, that is perfecteth (and therefore dwelleth and resideth in them) intelligible spirits, that is angels endowed with most perfect intelligence, such as are all of the first hierarchy, namely cherubim, seraphim and thrones; likewise all clean spirits, that is all angels of the second hierarchy, namely dominations, principalities and powers, who on account of the purity of their affections are free from all passion and disturbance of mind, and therefore fit for ruling and commanding; finally the Holy Spirit taketh all most subtle spirits, that is all angels of the third hierarchy, such as virtues, archangels and angels, who because they are most subtle spirits, hence are invisible to us. This reading is favored by the fact that the spirit of wisdom itself was called a little before νοερός, that is intelligent, likewise undefiled, that is clean, finally subtle. Therefore it does not seem that this should be repeated in this place, but should be read in the plural, intelligible, clean, subtle, and referred to created spirits, such as are angels. But most Latin manuscripts constantly read in the nominative, intelligible, clean, subtle, thus the Edition corrected by the Romans reads it: for the Wise man concluding repeats and inculcates three principal epithets of divine wisdom and the Holy Spirit, which are the reason why he taketh all spirits. It is an easy slip from ε to ω, so that for νοερόν is written νοερών; for καθαρόν, καθαρών; for λεπτοτατόν, λεπτοτάτων, that is, for intelligible is written intelligibles; for clean, cleans; for subtle, subtles. The sense therefore is, as if to say the spirit of wisdom, equally as the Holy Spirit taketh, that is intimately pervadeth, penetrateth, occupieth, containeth and embraceth all spirits, both of men and of angels, because he himself is supremely intelligent, clean and subtle, nay is himself the uncreated and immense intelligence, cleanness (or purity) and subtlety, and therefore all the intelligence, cleanness and subtlety of all created spirits, namely of men and angels, floweth and streameth from him as from a perennial fountain, as I said a little before. These therefore all he taketh and containeth in himself, first, because he containeth in himself all their gifts and perfections, not only eminently, but also formally; yet infinitely more fully and perfectly, than they are in men and angels, as being his creatures, whom he as Creator surpasseth and transcendeth infinitely. Secondly, because he searcheth and perceiveth all their most secret thoughts, volitions, intentions. Thirdly, because he purgeth, illuminateth and perfecteth all, illuminating their intellect with his light, and inflaming their will with love; thus he acteth and impelleth those and the other powers of the soul to all good. Finally he himself giveth to all essence and properties, nay whatsoever they have, whether it be natural or supernatural. Moreover he communicateth to them the power of penetrating and taking any spirits whatsoever, by giving them the gift of discerning of spirits, through which they may perceive and discern the secret intentions of hearts. Furthermore this Spirit is called intelligible, in Greek νοερόν, that is endowed with supreme understanding, understanding all things, and causing all things to be understood by us. Clean, because he is wholly free not only from sins and stains, but also from matter, and is the most pure spirit, thus St. Bonaventure; likewise because he purgeth and cleaneth all the filth of men, vices, and scelera through grace; he holdeth, occupieth and comprehendeth the spirits of the wisdom of God, and he himself is the Holy Spirit.
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Note, in Greek it is, διὰ πάντων χωρεῖν πνευμάτων, which our translator first rendered, who may contain all spirits; the Syrian, and contains all spirits; the Arabic, passing through chaste spirits; secondly, St. Ambrose, penetrating through all things of spirits; thirdly, Vatable, and penetrating all spirits; fourthly, Pagninus and Montanus, capable of all spirits; fifthly, Jansenius, proceeding through all spirits; sixthly, Lorinus, penetrating through all spirits; seventhly, eighthly, ninthly and tenthly, Cantacuzenus, pervades through all spirits, accomplishes and completes, whom all infinitely surpass; eleventhly, others translate, containing all spirits, as a place contains what is placed in it; twelfthly, comprehending, perceiving and understanding all spirits, or passively comprehended, perceived, understood by all spirits; thirteenthly, uniting all spirits; fourteenthly, proceeding through all spirits: for all these things χωρεῖν signifies. Therefore the spirit of the wisdom of God, and the Holy Spirit comprehends all spirits, even if they are most wise and most cunning, in His wisdom, contains their excellences in Himself, holds them in His hand as wisdom, so also in power, penetrating and pervading all things of theirs, and indeed perfecting and uniting them; and reducing the nine hierarchical orders to the harmony of one heavenly court, holding them subject; and although the heavenly militia are distributed as it were into phalanxes and armies, Luke II, and each of them is equivalent to an entire army, according to that Psalm XXXIII: "The angel of the Lord shall encamp (in Hebrew, Tann chone, that is, shall pitch camp) round about them that fear Him. Properly, as I said verses 21 and 22, all these epithets belong to divine wisdom, which is an attribute of divinity common to the whole Holy Trinity, and which is to God as it were the idea, art and artificer of all things to be done, both in natural things, and in moral and supernatural things; whence concluding he adds: "For wisdom is more mobile than all mobile things." Yet the same are rightly attributed to the Son, who is the Wisdom of the Father begotten, as St. Ambrose, St. Augustine, St. Gregory of Nazianzus, Chrysostom, Basil and others teach; and to the Holy Spirit, who essentially does not differ, indeed is the same as divine wisdom, say Cantacuzenus and Hugh: for the Holy Spirit properly is "the Spirit of understanding, holy," as he said verse 22. Finally, some understand by spirits the gifts of the Holy Spirit: for these, as His own, the Holy Spirit contains in Himself, and distributes and communicates to His chosen and beloved as He wills. Since therefore the Godhead, as St. Cyril teaches in the Council of Ephesus, superior to every place, measure, circumscription, magnitude, can be grasped and comprehended by none, but rather grasps and comprehends all things, that attribute of wisdom brings forth and confirms His very divinity. Which words Elias of Crete explaining thus says: "Although indeed the prophets and apostles were dispersed, some in one place, others in another, and did not dwell in the same places, yet in the same moment of time the Holy Spirit was present to all, in some effecting the office of prophecy, in others infinite indications of divine things. Here I cite Nazianzus from the version of Billius: do not wonder, reader, that the words of Nazianzus here differ from those which I cited from another version at the beginning of the preceding verse. St. Thomas objects, I part. Question IX, art. 1, ad 2: The first and uncreated wisdom is God Himself; but God is immutable and immobile; how therefore is wisdom here said to be "more mobile than all mobile things?" He responds, "that wisdom is said to be mobile in a similitudinary way, in that it diffuses its likeness even to the ultimate things: for nothing can exist which does not proceed from divine wisdom by a certain imitation, as from the first effective and formal principle, just as artificial things proceed from the wisdom of the artificer. Thus therefore in that the likeness of divine wisdom proceeds gradually from the highest things, which participate more of its likeness, even to the lowest things, which participate less, there is said to be a certain process and motion of divine wisdom in things? as if we should say the sun proceeds even to the earth, in that the ray of its light reaches even to the earth; and in this way Dionysius expounds it in the Celestial Hierarchy, cap. 1, saying that all process of divine manifestation comes to us from the Father of lights moved." Morally, the wisdom of God and the Holy Spirit make their own, whom they possess, mobile, agile and swift to all good, according to that Psalm CIII, 4, and Hebrews I, 7: "Who maketh His angels spirits, and His ministers a flame of fire;"; and that Canticle II, 8: "Behold He cometh leaping upon the mountains, skipping over the hills:"; thus the Blessed Virgin, full of the Word and the Holy Spirit, "went into the hill country with haste," Luke I, 39: thus Magdalene, Peter and John ran to the sepulchre, John XX, 4: thus Abraham with Sarah and his servant ran to receive the guests, Genesis XVIII, 2: for "no one is slothful in the house of the wise," says St. Ambrose, lib. I On Abraham, cap. V.
AND YET IT REACHES EVERYWHERE BECAUSE OF ITS PURITY: — The Greek texts add "and it passes through all things," that is, it penetrates and pervades all things: thus Vatable, because it wisely effects all things, disposes, preserves, orders, nourishes, cherishes, vivifies, governs: for these are the acts of providence, which is a part of the wisdom of God; or, as Pagninus and Arias hold, it is capable through all things, or it comprehends all things, as it were the place and foundation of all things: see what is said at the end of verse 23. Purity, understand with St. Bonaventure first as abstraction from all material dross; second, with Lyran, Rickel, Holcot, as separation from all defect and unworthy admixture with that pure act; third, understand purity with Caren as the light of knowledge; fourth, with Lorinus, as the simplicity of the purest nature like light, in which there are no shadows, 1 John 1:5. The reason therefore why wisdom is more mobile than all mobile things, and reaches and penetrates all things, is its complete purity and cleanness: for this begets the highest subtlety, which penetrates and pervades all things, just as vapor (for the Wise One adds this example) by its subtlety penetrates water, earth, air and heaven; the wind does the same; and just as the soul, because it is subtle, insinuates itself into all the members of the body, and an angel, because it is spiritual, pervades all bodies. Finally, just as the sun, says Castro, when it is in the sky, is said to proceed even to the earth, so far as its rays reach to it, and it permeates all things with its light, even foul places, and is not stained in the least: so in that the likeness of divine wisdom gradually proceeds through effects from the highest to the lowest, it is said to move and pervade all things, and yet is not defiled in anything by foul things, in which it also shines forth, because of its purity. This becomes clear in the permitting of sins, from which divine wisdom draws forth so many good things, so many advantages to men, and brings forth so much glory to God, that it is more certain than that I should need to explain it. For the wisdom of God, which is nothing other than God himself, has nothing of matter, nothing of dross, nothing of mixture, nothing of potentiality, as angels have, but is the purest act, and therefore is not terminated by any places or limits, but penetrates all things, and expands itself through all things. Whence Damascene, book I On the Faith, chapter VIII, teaches that the essence of God fills, contains, embraces, possesses beforehand, pervades all things without contamination of its filth or stain; indeed, it is far more sublime and lofty than every place and substance which it fills, and therefore is separated, hidden and set apart from all things. Hence Holcot draws out that God can be adored in every creature, since He really exists in it, and contains and preserves it, as it were its soul and spirit; but on account of the danger or suspicion of idolatry it is not expedient, wherefore God alone is to be adored in those things which either God, or the Church by institution, proposes for this purpose, that He be adored in them: see Bellarmine, books I and II On the Cult of Saints, and Gabriel Vasquez, book II On Adoration, disputation 1.
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He speaks properly, as I have often warned before, of wisdom, which is an attribute of God and of the Godhead, and therefore is common to the three persons of the Holy Trinity; this therefore is vapor, that is similar to vapor, in the manner of vapor, of power, in Greek δυνάμεως, that is of the power of God, which namely the power of God exhales and breathes forth from itself as it were, as its own vigor, as Origen says, I Peri Archon, cap. II, and from him St. Augustine, or whoever is the author, lib. I De Incarn. Verbi, cap. XIII, who therefore there for vapor translates vigor: for such is the vapor of God, namely vigorous and efficacious, whereas the vapor of a creature is nothing but evanescent smoke; whence Eccles. I, 1, for vanity of vanities, and all things are vanity, Aquila translates, vapor of vapors, and all things vapor. Wisdom therefore properly is not vapor exhaling from God, since in God there is no vapor, no exhalation, no accident, but all things are one and the same with God and God's essence; it is called vapor, however, in an anthropopathic manner according to our way of conceiving, by which we conceive divine things by analogy from things which we see in creatures; whence just as in man wisdom is a quality and accident, which arises from the soul joined with learning and study, so likewise we conceive in God the Godhead to be as it were a substance; wisdom however to be as it were a quality and property flowing from the Godhead, and as it were evaporated and exhaled. Now vapor denotes, first, that wisdom is of the same substance with God, for vapor is of the same nature as the thing from which it evaporates, as Aristotle teaches, sect. XIII Probl., and De Sensu et sensili, cap. II; second, that it arises from God without mixture of bodies, without dregs and stain, and is altogether pure and clean, for thus vapor arises from a body; third, that it is mobile, subtle and sublime: for such is vapor, which therefore ascends upward from the earth into heaven; fourth, that it is living and vigorous, and has in itself whatever is excellent in God: for thus vapor especially from fragrant or distilled things (wherefore, Eccli. XXIV, 20, wisdom compares itself to vapor and to the odor of balsam, cinnamon, and frankincense, that is of incense) draws in and imbibes all their juice; whence it smells wonderfully, and is most fragrant. Hence he says that wisdom is "vapor of the power of God," that is to say, Wisdom draws in and imbibes the whole force of divine omnipotence, from which as it were it exhales. The sense therefore is, vapor is the power of God, etc., that is to say, Wisdom is something subtle and fragrant, which is breathed forth from God, and refreshes man with a certain divine vapor and odor, so that he may smell God, and his life and speech may breathe forth something divine. Second, it is the same as vapor, inasmuch as from God, and from God's power and powerful operation in creatures it emanates and is exhaled: for he proves that which he said, that wisdom has all power, and touches and pervades all things, that is to say, as our a Castro says: Just as from the exhalation of waters, as Cicero says, lib. II De Nat. deorum, vapor arises from the heat of the sun, or a certain thin exhalation, which then flowing down to the earth makes it fertile: so from the omnipotence of God operating in all things, and producing them, immediately there proceeds a most subtle and pure wisdom, which distinguishes all things made by God's power, adorns them and makes them beautiful, to be known by the intelligent, and makes them fertile in wonderful ways. He supposes therefore the power of God operating all things to be wisdom, as a beautiful thing is its form, and as arrangement is to the invention of speech, and as the invisible orb is its own adornment and arrangement and distinction, and just as from the proportion of the parts of a body and of the world beauty and form proceeds, so from the works of God's omnipotence proceeds the beauty of his wisdom, in the manner of a certain vapor. Plato learned this very thing from Solomon, who thought wisdom to be vapor, or heat and celestial and divine fire; whence in the Protagoras he feigns Prometheus a most prudent man (ἀπὸ τῆς προμηθείας, that is from providence, named) to have stolen fire from heaven, by which he might warm, animate, vivify men on earth formed and fashioned from clay as it were, so that already existing, nay made sharers of divine nature, they might lead life wisely, that is justly and holily: for this fire is wisdom. He then adds Jupiter sent Mercury from heaven to earth, so that he might instill shame and justice in men, namely those things which are the ornaments and bonds of cities, and which ward off injuries and reconcile friendships. And Plutarch, in the book On Isis, denies that men can receive any greater gift, or God can give any greater gift, than truth: for this is proper to God, while other things, as if not proper and peculiar to himself, God bestows upon men; moreover, neither silver and gold bring beatitude to God, nor thunder and lightning bring power to him, but both of these attribute to him knowledge and prudence. Thirdly, the Fathers understand by wisdom the begotten, namely the Son, for to him belong the analogies of vapor already mentioned; whence Dionysius: As, he says, vapor is raised from water by the power of the sun, so the Son proceeds from the omnipotent Father: hear Eusebius, book IV of the Demonstration, chapter III: "Therefore there must be one son of one Father: for if a kind of fragrance proceeds from some subject matter, one and the same fragrance which is diffused into all, a sweet odor, not diverse and multiple, must be acknowledged. Since therefore that first and only good, which is God the ruler of all, produced the divine and vital fragrance, which can be apprehended by mind and thought alone, it is right to understand this as one, wrong to understand it as multiple. For what can there be which is indeed different from this, which is similar to the Father in all things, which is not more submissive and inferior? which is by no means to be introduced into our theology of the Son. For vapor is the power of God, and a mere flowing forth of the glory of the almighty: for from a fragrant body, for example from some ointment, or even from flowers and perfumes, which are born from the earth, a certain fragrant breath, besides that first subject body, is poured forth into all that it surrounds externally; and while it spreads more widely, it also fills the very air. Not indeed by any privation, or diminution, or cutting, or division of that which is the first subject body; but with that remaining in its own seat, and preserving the same nature with itself, and producing that fragrance, nothing worse than before, the fragrant and sweet kind itself which is created (that is generation, or the begotten and son, according to that in Acts XVII, 28: For we are also his offspring; since therefore we are God's offspring, etc.) with its own seat and nature, by this very thing, as much as it can be, imitates that which is most similar to the nature of the one generating." Hence again you may understand by vapor the breath which is breathed forth from the mouth; whence Nannius translates it, since it is breathed forth by divine power, according to that which Wisdom says of herself, Ecclesiasticus XXIV: "I came forth from the mouth of the Most High, the firstborn before all creation." For the Son is that good word which the eternal Father eructated from his mouth. Finally, subtly Origen, in the first book of the Periarchia, chapter II, and from him St. Augustine, or rather a follower or admirer of St. Augustine, in book I of the Incarnation of the Word, chapter XIII, expounding all these things concerning begotten Wisdom, that is the Son, thus discourses: "But he says that wisdom is the vapor not of the glory of the almighty, nor of eternal light, nor of the inactivity of the Father, nor of his goodness: for it was not fitting that vapor be ascribed to any of these; but he says that wisdom is the vapor of the power of God with every property. The power of God is to be understood, by which it is vigorous, by which all visible and invisible things, it either institutes, or contains, or governs, because it is sufficient for all things, whose providence it bears, because as if united to all it is present. Therefore of this whole power so great and so immense, the vapor, and, so to speak, the vigor itself made in its own subsistence, although from that very power, as will proceeds from mind; yet that very will of God is nonetheless made the power of God. Therefore another power is made subsisting in its own property, as the word of Scripture says: The vapor indeed of the first and unbegotten power of God. "He then adds that the Son is coeternal with the Father, as vapor is coeval with the nature of the thing evaporating, and concludes: "According to the Apostle saying in I Corinthians I, 18, that Christ is the power of God, now not only the vapor of the power of God, but power from power is to be called." Mystically and participatively, these things are adapted to the Blessed Virgin, who is the vapor of charity and the brightness of divine purity; whence St. Ildefonsus, Oration I On the Assumption: "Whence, I beseech you," he says, "do you sons imitate the seal of your faith, Mary, whom, as fire does iron, the Holy Spirit has wholly melted, made incandescent and set on fire, so that in her the flame of the Holy Spirit alone is seen, nor is anything felt save only the fire of the love of God." And St. Bernard, sermon on that passage, A great sign: "Far otherwise," he says, "did Mary merit to be touched not summarily, but rather to be covered on all sides, and as it were enclosed in the very fire itself (namely, the fire of the love of God: for this is the subject of the discourse); most bright indeed and most ardent is the garment of this woman, whose all things are known to be so excellently irradiated that nothing in it—I do not say dark, or less bright, but not even lukewarm, or not most fervent—may be suspected;" the same sermon, On the Praises of the Virgin: "In her circuit," he says, "strong hosts of spiritual virtues guarding one another in their own order (since by thy ordinance the day endureth), but also the militia of innumerable blessed spirits, delegated to the ministry of so great a princess, we in no way doubt; namely, those who would guard the bed of Solomon most pleasing, and would provide that no alien guest invade the lodging prepared for the eternal king." St. Anselm follows St. Bernard in the book On the Excellence of the Virgin, chapter III: "To no one," he says, "is it doubtful that the most chaste body and most holy soul were wholly protected from every stain of sin by the constant guardianship of angels, inasmuch as it was the court which its own and the Creator of all God was about to inhabit corporeally, and from which He was about to take man into the unity of His person by ineffable operation."
AND IT IS A CERTAIN EMANATION OF THE SINCERE CLARITY OF THE ALMIGHTY. — In Greek ἀπόρροια τῆς τοῦ παντοκράτορος δόξης εἰλικρινής, that is, a limpid stream of the Almighty's glory, thus Nannius: for ἀπόρροια is a flowing, an effluence, an outflow, a river, a stream, which flows forth, gushes and flows down from a spring or source: for ἀπορρέω means I flow, I flow down, I flow forth. Vatablus, it flows forth sincerely from the majesty of the Almighty; St. Anselm, in his tract On the Holy Spirit, reads emanation of the Almighty's glory; Our author here and elsewhere renders glory as clarity: for both signify the clear and glorious majesty of God; whence the Arabic version renders it, and glory containing all things; the Syriac, and stability, or firmness in his glory. He compared wisdom to a vapor exhaling from something vaporous, now he compares it to a stream or river flowing forth and flowing down from a spring. He does the same in Ecclesiasticus XXIV, 33, where he compares wisdom to the four rivers of paradise, namely the Tigris, the Euphrates, the Phison and the Geon; and in verse 40 he says: "I wisdom have poured out rivers: I have gone about as the lowest part of the earth, and as a water that goeth not away, and as a river overflowing the land. I said: I will water my garden of plants, and will water abundantly the fruits of my meadow: and behold my stream became a river, and my river came near to the sea. For I make doctrine to shine forth to all as the morning light, and I declare it afar off. I penetrate all lower parts of the earth, and look upon all that sleep, and shine upon all the hope of those that live. I occupy all things in the heavens and the earth, and all depths." Moreover, that wisdom remains and flows forth from God as limpid water from a spring, he notes first, the identity of wisdom in substance with God: for water flowing forth from a spring is of the same substance as the water of the spring itself; again secondly, the purity of wisdom, for what is purer and more limpid than water, which washes away all impurity; thirdly, that the emanation of the Almighty God signifies that wisdom is omnipotent equally as God: hear from Origen, I Periarch. cap. II, St. Augustine, On the Incarnation of the Word, cap. XIII, who understands by wisdom the Son: "But because he said glory to be of the Almighty, of whose glory the emanation is said, that is, wisdom, this is understood, that wisdom also has a share in the omnipotence of glory, through which God is called Almighty. Through wisdom, which is Christ, God holds all powers, not only the authority of the one ruling, but also the willing service of those subject; " and after some things: "God the Father is almighty, because he holds all powers, that is, of heaven and earth, of sea and of all things in them. But he bears these powers through his Word, because in the name of Jesus every knee is bent of those in heaven, on earth and under the earth; and if every knee is bent to Jesus, without doubt Jesus is almighty, to whom all things are subject. And he it is who exercises power in all things, and through whom all things are subject to the Father: for through wisdom, that is, through word and reason, not by force and necessity are all things subject. And therefore in this very thing, that he holds all things, his glory consists; and this is the most pure and most limpid glory of omnipotence, when all things are subject with reason and wisdom, not by force and necessity." Sincere, — εἰλικρινής, that is true, not painted over, sincere, not feigned, pure, clear, transparent, open, manifest, and examined, compared and proved by the rays of the sun (which is called thus), so to speak. Wisdom is an emanation, or outflow of the Almighty's glory sincere, or most pure: for wisdom flows forth, or emanates, as a most pure stream from the most pure fountain of God's glory, or majesty: for how would it not be pure when it proceeds from so pure a fountain? therefore nothing polluted falls into it, on account of its purity, as had been said. Origen and Augustine in the aforesaid places understand this also of the Son of God: for the Son of God is an aporrhœa of the most pure and limpid glory of the almighty God, because the almighty emanates from the almighty, and the glorious from the glorious, not by a mutable and perishable glory, but by the most pure and limpid glory, which proceeds from immutable good, and which befits God by his nature. Hear St. Augustine: "Indeed the most pure and limpid glory of wisdom has been said quite fittingly in relation to the expression of his glory, which is not called pure, nor sincere glory: for every nature, which is convertible and mutable, even if it be glorified in the works of justice, or wisdom, by this very fact that it has justice or wisdom as an accident, and what is accidental can also depart, its glory cannot be called sincere and limpid. But the Wisdom of God, which is the only-begotten Son, since in all things it is inconvertible, and immutable, and all substantial good is in it, which certainly can never be changed and converted, therefore its glory is proclaimed pure and sincere." Finally Pineda, lib. III De Reb. Salom., cap. XXVI, by wisdom understands the theology given to Solomon by God together with natural sciences, and he adapts all these things beautifully to it: "Vapor," he says, "is of the virtue of God," so to speak. Since the very virtue and magnitude of God's power cannot be communicated and infused into man, hence from that supreme magnitude something thin, something subtle and fragrant is breathed forth, which is divine, and smells of God. When man is suffused with it, that is when he is imbued with theology, he is refreshed by a certain divine vapor and odor. If man does not then have the Power of God, nevertheless he smells it, nevertheless he knows it, nevertheless he is held to be divine. And likewise "an emanation of some sort of the clarity of the almighty God sincere," so to speak. The stream of the Almighty's glory is limpid, as was said, both on account of what follows: "Nothing polluted runs into it:" which is the same as if he said, nothing of pollution flows into it: I would believe it was said with a certain allusion to the Nile, which neither flows forth clear nor limpid, but bursting forth from a most obscure source, nor flows white and bright, but blackened and turbid. Thus Pineda.
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The sense is, as if to say, Wisdom is brightness, that is, the splendor of God and of the Godhead, which is eternal and uncreated light, that is, immense and luminous and glorious majesty. Just as therefore a ray and splendor emanate from the sun, so from God and the Godhead emanates wisdom, which like a divine ray shines forth. Again, just as the purest thing that proceeds from the light of the sun is brightness or splendor, which penetrates all things without being tainted or obscured by anything: so from the light of the intelligible sun of God proceeds the purest wisdom illuminating all things, penetrating all things like splendor, and thus shines forth in all things, so that there is nothing that can taint it or obscure it. Hear St. Augustine, book IV of On the Trinity, chapter XX: "Brightness of eternal light, what else is it than light of eternal light? For brightness of light, what is it but light, and therefore coeternal with the light from which it is light? But he preferred to say brightness of light rather than light of light (namely the Latin translator) lest that which emanates be thought more obscure than that from which it emanates. And lest the light which begot appear less, it was said, it is brightness of light: for light does not emanate from what is less." Philo, book I of On Monarchy: "Just as light is illuminated by nothing, but shows itself, so God, who cannot be illuminated by any works of men, by his divine essence alone illuminates himself"; Thalassius to Paulinus the presbyter: "What light is to those who see and are seen, that God is to those who understand and are understood"; Plato in the Alcibiades: "Just as mirrors are more evident than the pupil of the eye, and purer, so also God is something purer and more splendid than the best part of our soul"; St. Basil in John chapter V compares God to the sun, whose beauty and brightness all admire; but if anyone wishes to gaze upon him more closely, he will not only see him less, but will also lose the keenness of his eyes and be blinded. He speaks properly of essential wisdom, which is an attribute of God common to the three persons; yet he speaks concomitantly of notional wisdom, which is the Word or the Son, as the Fathers teach throughout, indeed the Apostle in Hebrews 1, 3: For the Son proceeds from the Father as splendor or ray from the sun; whence splendor, which is of the same substance with the light of the sun, coeval with it, and inseparable from it, and unfailing, denotes the Son to be consubstantial and coeternal with the Father, inseparable from him, and unable to fail, as St. Chrysostom teaches in the epistle to the Hebrews, chapter 1, verse 3; St. Augustine, The Wise man here shows the nobility of wisdom from its origin, which is God himself, and from its supreme conjunction with God; whence first, he compared it to vapor exhaling from something hot; second, to a stream flowing from a fountain; third, here to the splendor which the sun emits: for God the Father is as it were light and sun emitting splendor, as St. Dionysius teaches, chapter IV of On Divine Names; fourth, to a mirror without blemish; fifth, to an image. Alluding to this, our Lyric poet, learnedly and elegantly sings thus of divine wisdom: Divine mistress of lands and sea, Pure offspring of the serene, The secret radiance of mind, and daughter of gleaming light. A Godhead born equal to the Father without a mother — Brightness of aspect without cloud of truth, Offspring of genius, genial ardor of the nourishing heart. O sacred grace of the world, O fair maker of nature's face, Example of the Father's mind, serene shower of liquid light, Interpreter of the Father, and like his voice, Born from the fertile mouth of the Begetter, Vein of virtues, generous mother of the beautiful and honest. Generated by the celibate birth of the Father, To be generated by the celibate birth of the mother, Light, and truth once spoken, abundance of truth. nus, tract. 20 in John; Damascenus, book I of On Faith, chapter IX, and St. Basil, book II Against Eunomius, whom hear: "The Son has the whole Father in himself, as an image begotten, and splendor of the majesty of God shining forth from all his majesty; and it is absurd that the majesty of God should not have splendor, and should not have been always with God." Hence in the Nicene Creed the Son is called light from light, God from God. This similitude of splendor and wisdom is in many respects similar, but not in all: for splendor is an accident of the sun, whereas wisdom is the essence of God. Again, splendor is numerically distinct (indeed, as some wish, it differs even in species and essence) from the light of the sun; but wisdom is numerically the same as the Godhead. Furthermore, the splendor of the sun is increased, diminished, weakened and dulled by clouds and other opaque bodies; but the wisdom of God cannot be increased, diminished or dulled, but endures always in the same manner. Moreover, the Son is properly the splendor of the Father, as God, and also participatively, as man: for in the humanity of Christ the glory of the Godhead shines forth, because "in him (Christ, as he is man) dwelleth all the fulness of the Godhead bodily," as the Apostle says in Colossians II, 9; whence Honorius III, cap. Sane cum olim, de Celebr. Missarum, commands the Eucharist to be carried with light preceding, because it itself is the brightness of eternal light; and Julius III, in the bull of the erection of the Confraternity of the Holy Sepulchre, Const. 38: "When," he says, "in the ministry of the altar our Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, who is the brightness of eternal light, is immolated, it is fitting that this be done not in the darkness of night, but in light, namely at dawn, or in clear light:" see what is said in Hebrews cap. I, vers. 3. Tropologically, brightness denotes wisdom and that the wise are bright, sincere, secure, truthful, faithful, not suspicious, false, doubtful, deceitful: for, as Seneca says, epist. 3: "Many have taught how to deceive, while they fear being deceived; and nothing is more to be guarded against than to appear distrustful;" and with some things interjected: "To give credence to no one is the same vice as to believe all." Hear St. Bernard, serm. 17 in Canticles: "Wisdom," he says, "admits nothing ambiguous and obscure. Of the worst mother, ignorance, the worst two daughters are, falsity and doubtfulness: the former more wretched, the latter more miserable; the former more pernicious, the latter more troublesome; when the Spirit speaks, both yield, and there is not only truth, but certain truth: for it is the spirit of truth (to which falsity is contrary) and of wisdom, which, since it is the brightness of eternal life (St. Bernard explained the effect of eternal light, namely that it is life participated from the fountain of eternal life, according to that, John I, 4: In him was life, and the life was the light of men, etc.), and everywhere reaches on account of its purity, admits not the obscure of the ambiguous." The same thing St. Gertrude experienced by vision: for, as her Life has it lib. II, cap. XXII, she saw God like a solar mirror, rays vibrating into her soul: "When," she says, "O Lord, thou hadst applied to me in thy truth thy most desired face, bringing with thee the abundance of all blessedness, I perceived from thy divine eyes through my eyes a certain light incomprehensibly sweet entering into my inmost parts, which, penetrating all my viscera, seemed to work in each of my members a certain virtue above measure admirable. For it seemed to exhaust the marrow of my bones, and then the very bones with flesh to annihilate, so that the whole substance of my soul seemed to be nothing other than that divine splendor, which, wandering through the whole soul and its recesses, brought to it an inestimable and most joyful serenity." A singular example of this brightness equally as of wisdom was St. Bernard himself, who represented internal brightness by the brightness of his countenance, garments, words, gestures and actions; whence the author of his Life depicts him lib. III, cap. I with such bright colors of all virtues: "The first and greatest miracle which he exhibited was himself; serene in countenance, modest in bearing, circumspect in words, fearful in work, assiduous in sacred meditation, devout in prayer, and, as he himself admonished others, persuaded by frequent experience, trusting in prayer more than in his own industry or labor in all matters. Magnanimous in faith, longsuffering in hope, profuse in charity, supreme in humility, distinguished in piety. Prudent in councils, efficacious in business, yet never less than in leisure leisurely. Joyful at reproaches, modest at services. Sweet in manners, holy in merits, glorious in miracles, abounding finally in wisdom and virtue, and" Finally, divine wisdom, exercising divine operations in the Blessed Virgin and the saints, makes them themselves mirrors, in which the purity, charity, holiness, and majesty of God shine forth: thus St. Bonaventure and Holcot, who adapt these things to the humanity of Christ: For Christ, inasmuch as he was man, he says, was a flat mirror by teaching plainly, a concave mirror by dying humbly, a convex mirror by rising powerfully. In the concave the lowest and highest things appear in inverted order, and fire is accustomed to be kindled from the rays striking there; what is more inverted and paradoxical than God being born, suffering, crucified, dying? Whence in this meditation the fire burns forth, Psalm XXXVIII, 4. In Rhodiginus, lib. XV, cap. XII, Apuleius writes that "Socrates frequently sent his disciples to mirrors, so that being taught by them they might beware lest they dishonor the beauty of the body by the baseness of their morals;" and Pythagoras "ordered himself to be contemplated in a mirror not by the light of a lamp, but by the bright sun," that is, to compare himself with the most learned. But wisdom commands the faithful to gaze upon these mirrors of the life of Christ, the Blessed Virgin, and the saints, and to compare their own morals with them, and to make them equal as far as possible, so that they themselves may likewise exhibit to others similar mirrors of holiness. Finally, chastity is a mirror, in which God himself shines forth in the creature.
AND A MIRROR WITHOUT SPOT OF THE MAJESTY OF GOD. — For majesty in Greek is ἐνεργείας, that is, energy, efficacy, operation, in which the majesty and magnificence of God shine forth; whence Origen and from him St. Augustine, On the Incarnation of the Word, chapter XIII, reads, and a spotless mirror of the operation, or virtue of God, as if to say: Divine Wisdom is a mirror without spot, that is, most smooth, most polished, most pure, most limpid, clearly representing the essence and majesty of God, and His power and energy, in which namely you clearly behold the operating power, energy and efficacy of God, because wisdom itself exerts and makes manifest the efficacious power by which God operates all things in this world, which, unless wisdom were at hand, would not at all come into operation, and thus the efficacy of God's operating power would not be shown forth. Again Origen interprets the same thing of the Word and the Son, book I of the Periarches, chapter II, and St. Augustine following him in the place already cited: For the Son is produced and begotten through the intellect of the Father, as the word of the mind, and therefore a perfect image, or mirror, in which the thing understood and known shines forth. Hear Origen and Augustine: "But wisdom is also called a spotless mirror of the operation of God's paternity. Therefore, the operation of God's power, what it is, must first be understood: which is a certain vigor, so to speak, by which the Father operates either when He creates, or when He provides, or when He judges, or when He arranges and dispenses each thing in its own time: for just as in a mirror by all the movements and all the acts of him who gazes into the mirror, he is moved or acts, by those very same acts or movements the image also, which is formed through the mirror, is moved or acts, in no way at all declining; so also does He wish that wisdom be understood of itself, when it is called a spotless mirror of the paternal virtue and operation of God; just as also the Lord Jesus Christ, who is the Wisdom of God, pronounces of Himself, saying: Because the works which the Father doth, the Son also doth in like manner; and again He says: For the Son cannot do anything of Himself, but what He seeth the Father doing. Since therefore in no way at all does the Son differ from the Father in the virtue of works or is changed, nor is the work of the Son other than the Father's; but one and the same, so to speak, movement in all things is, for this reason He called Him a spotless mirror, and by this no dissimilarity of the Son is understood from the Father, when in AND THE IMAGE OF HIS GOODNESS. — As if to say: The Wisdom of God is so good and beneficent that it is a clear image representing the goodness of God. You will say, it represents to us also the power, providence, justice of God; why therefore did He say of goodness, rather than of justice, or of power? It is answered, because to God as the supreme good, goodness is proper, and goodness is the cause why He communicates Himself and His things to creatures, and pours them forth upon them so liberally. Just as therefore an image expresses the face of him whose image it is, so divine wisdom poured forth and diffused into created things clearly represents divine goodness, which is the cause and reason why God communicates Himself, and diffuses Himself into all created things, giving them that they may be, and at the same time that they may be good and beautiful. Again the Fathers attribute the name of image to the Son: "For He is the image of the invisible God," Colossians I, 15, "and the figure (in Greek character) of His substance," Hebrews I, 3: see the things said there: wherefore He perfectly expresses the goodness of God the Father, nay, He has the same goodness with Him, says St. Augustine, in the place already cited; and from His immense goodness the Father communicates Himself wholly to the Son, and therefore the Son is the image of His goodness. Furthermore, three gifts of the Word are here noted, which every prince ought to pursue, namely wisdom, power, goodness, which as it were like sisters accompany one another; hence the poets depicted the goddess of wisdom, namely Pallas or Minerva, γλαυκώπα, that is, with grey eyes, armed, and the discoverer of the olive and oil: for grey eyes, reflecting the most pure cerulean color of the sky, denote perspicacious wisdom, arms denote power, olive denotes goodness and beneficence. Moreover, the wisdom of God makes men good, indeed in the same degree in which it makes them wise, it makes them likewise good, that is, friends of God and deiform, and imitators of divine goodness; so that they appear to be certain earthly gods, expressing in themselves the gifts and virtues of God the heavenly, and living images of God in the earth. "Whence also in the operation of the Father," says St. Augustine, On the Incarnation, cap. XIII, "which he bestows on all, a clearer and more magnificent thing is found, when each one through participation in Christ according to that which wisdom is, and according to that which knowledge is, and sanctification is, makes progress, and comes to higher degrees of advancement, and through this, in that one is sanctified by participation of the Holy Spirit, one becomes purer and more sincere, and more worthily receives the grace of wisdom and knowledge, so that with all the stains of pollution and ignorance cast out and cleansed away, one receives such great progress in sincerity and purity, that what one has received from God to be, is such as is worthy of God; because he bestowed it purely to be, and so perfectly, that what is is as worthy as he is who made it to be. Thus indeed virtue will always be, and remain eternal, and will perceive from God the one who is such as he wished him to be whom he made:" thus St. Augustine, or whoever is the author, for the style shows this is not the work of St. Augustine, but of some disciple of his, who affected his manner, as the learned doctors of Louvain rightly observed in their censure of this book. Add that this author has transcribed almost word for word many things which I have already cited from him from Origen, lib. I Periar. cap. II, as will be seen by whoever reads and compares both. Finally, Pineda, lib. III De Reb. Salom. cap. XXVI, understands by wisdom the theology infused into Solomon by God: "For this," he says, "is the brightness and splendor of eternal light, namely the theology of God and the blessed: and a mirror without spot of God's majesty. For just as things reflected fall into a mirror, so that the image of them may be seen to be seen: so indeed in the human mind, especially if it presents itself clear to God and to wisdom, God presents himself to be beheld, his majesty, power, virtue and the other attributes of divine nature; "and the image of his goodness," not only in that theology speaks of God's goodness, but in that it seems to require that, just as wisdom in God is joined with supreme sanctity, so also the same wisdom joined with sanctity should be in the human soul, and should reflect divine goodness and sanctity. For this reason it is compared with a river, with a stream, and with an emanation, to signify that wisdom thus flows forth from that immense ocean of wisdom and divinity, so that although it spreads through the human soul, and through the widest fields of things to be known and all creatures, yet finally it must return to its source, and end in God the first fountain of wisdom. If this does not happen, if some wise man becomes foolish, if he does not seek God, does not worship him, it is no less wonderful than when "the Jordan was turned backward." For by the same reasoning concerning Solomon becoming foolish it was said in III Kings XI, 9: "The Lord was angry with Solomon, because his mind was turned away (turned backward) from the Lord God of Israel." Mystically, you may apply all these wonderful and magnificent praises of wisdom to the Blessed Virgin: for she herself, after Christ and through Christ, beyond all men and angels, is "the vapor of the power of God and a certain emanation of the brightness of the almighty God sincere;" she is "the brightness of eternal light and a mirror without spot of God's majesty, and the image of his goodness;" she possesses all virtue, foresees all things, and contains all intelligible spirits, even the cherubim and seraphim: for she herself is the sea of wisdom and the abyss of purity, goodness and all graces: nay, the Fathers say that her grace and consequently her glory are as it were infinite, for just as the dowry and dignity of the motherhood of God is as it were infinite, so likewise it demands for her as it were infinite grace and glory: for, as St. Thomas says, III part., Quest. VII, art. 10, in the mother of God there was grace proportioned to such dignity. Hear the Fathers. St. Epiphanius, oration On the Praises of the Virgin: "The grace," he says, "of the Holy Virgin is immense;" the divine Anselm, in the book On the Excellence of the Virgin, cap. VIII: "Whoever wishes to consider," he says, "the immensity of your grace and your glory, O Virgin, the senses fail, the tongue grows weary;" Damascene, oration 2 On the Dormition of the Virgin: "The Virgin," he says, "treasure of life, immense abyss of grace;" most clearly the blessed Bonaventure in the Mirror, cap. V: "Immense," he says, "was the grace with which the Virgin was filled: for an immense vessel cannot be full unless that which fills it be immense: but Mary's vessel was most immense, from which she was able to contain him who was greater than heaven." And after some remarks: "You therefore are most immense, more capacious than heaven, because him whom the heavens could not contain, etc. You are more capacious than the world: because him whom the whole orb does not contain, etc. If therefore Mary was so very capacious in her womb, how much more in her mind! and if the capacity was so immense, it was indeed necessary that that grace, which was able to fill such capacity, should be immense." Blessed Peter Damian, sermon On the Nativity of the Virgin: "The glory," he says, "which received her as she passed from this world, knows no beginning, knows no end." But receive all these things with a grain of salt, for just as the motherhood of God is a dowry and dignity entitatively and absolutely finite, inasmuch as it falls upon a pure and mere creature, whose capacity is limited and finite, and not capable of an absolutely infinite gift, so likewise absolutely finite is the grace and glory which fittingly corresponds to and is owed to this motherhood. It is therefore called by the Fathers immense and infinite, not absolutely, but in a certain respect, namely objectively and relatively, first, because it regards an infinite object, namely God: for through him the Blessed Virgin is truly the mother of God, just as the vision of God, although in itself it is a finite quality, yet with respect to the object, namely God, toward which it tends, is said to be infinite, as St. Thomas teaches, I part. Quest. XXV, art. 6, ad 4. Secondly, with respect to our intellect, because the abundance of the grace and glory of the Virgin surpasses it, so that we are unable to conceive and equal her in mind, and plainly to comprehend her: for men say by hyperbole that to be infinite which they themselves are unable to comprehend and define, or definitely to assign. Thirdly, because with respect to men and angels it is infinite: for all men and angels created by God in such excellence of nature and grace, and more who could be created, in no way approach the dignity and excellence of the motherhood and the mother of God, and consequently neither to her grace and glory: for God measures out to angels and men that measure of grace which their capacity and the ordinary law of God demands: wherefore by that measure he confers grace upon them, so that there always remains much more grace to be given, of which their nature is still capable. It is added that according to distinguished philosophers and theologians, who hold that the degrees of intensity of grace, and of any habit and power whatsoever, are not homogeneous but heterogeneous, so that for example the second degree of intensity of grace is of a different nature and kind from the first, and the third of a different kind from the second, and so on in consequence, it must plainly be said that if any were given grace and degrees of grace that are heterogeneous, that is, of a diverse and higher nature than ours, those were given to the Blessed Virgin: because her maternity is heterogeneous and of a higher order than every other created dignity, and because her acts were most intense and most excellent. Which if true, it follows that, although infinite angels were created by God with their gifts and graces, they would never nevertheless attain to the grace of the Blessed Virgin: for she herself surpasses in the number of degrees of grace each and every angel created and creatable; and since these degrees are held to be heterogeneous, all the lower ones, even though many and very many, never attain to the dignity and excellence of the higher ones, as being of a higher order and of a different nature, just as bronze, however much, never attains to the dignity of gold. Let us suppose therefore for example that the highest angels individually have grace as 50, but the Blessed Virgin as a thousand; the fifty-first degree of her grace, since it is of a higher order, will surpass in dignity all the degrees of grace of all the angels, as being those which do not exceed 50, and are therefore of a lower order, condition and nature. Much more will the 52nd degree of grace of the Blessed Virgin surpass them, and more the 53rd, 54th, and the rest thereafter: because the higher they are, the more noble they are likewise and more perfect, and therefore of a higher order, and more surpass the degrees lower than themselves, than these surpass others subject to them, just as angels of the first hierarchy surpass angels of the second hierarchy more than these surpass angels of the third: because the more anyone approaches God, the higher he rises and the more he is perfected and as it were expanded. This is clear in the heavens, which the higher they are, the greater circumference, capacity and magnitude they have. From this you may gather first, that in the Blessed Virgin there is a fullness of grace in a singular sense and manner, inasmuch as the capacity of a creature has been filled in the aforesaid manner, according to the ordinary law of God: this is what St. Cyprian wished to convey, in his sermon On the Nativity of Christ, saying: "To the Mother of God fullness of grace is due;" and Sophronius, in his sermon On the Assumption: "To others grace is given in parts, but to Mary the whole fullness of grace pours itself forth:" which words are used by St. Bernard, Bonaventure, Damian and others. Second, concerning the Virgin St. Anselm says: "It was fitting that the Virgin should shine with that purity than which nothing greater can be understood under God;" understand Christ under God. Whence St. Bernard: "Rightly therefore Mary is said to be clothed with the sun, because she penetrated the most profound abyss of God's wisdom, beyond what can be believed, so that, insofar as the condition of a creature without personal union permits, she appears immersed in that inaccessible light;" and St. Ambrose, whom Dionysius the Carthusian cites: "The incomprehensible," he says, "worked incomprehensibly in his mother." The reason a priori is the dignity, both of motherhood and of mediatorship: for the Mother of God was rightly constituted by Christ as mediatrix of God and of all men, wherefore she receives grace not singular to herself alone, but universal, as a head to be poured forth upon all the faithful. This is taught by St. Anselm, in his book On the Excellence of the Virgin, chapter IX: "Who therefore," he says, "considering these things, could estimate with what praise she is worthy, who alone before all others had to be made mediatrix of such great benefits? and a little earlier: "Pure," he says, "holiness, and most holy purity of his most pious heart, transcending all the purity and holiness of every creature, by incomparable purity merited this, that she should most worthily become the restorer of the lost world." And St. Lawrence Justinian, in his sermon On the Annunciation: "Great indeed," he says, "was the grace of Mary, overflowing and complete, which gave glory to the heavens, brought joy to the angels, poured peace upon the world, taught faith to the nations, and put an end to vices. How is not Mary, according to the oracle of Gabriel, full of grace, who became the ladder of paradise, the gate of heaven, the intercessor of the world, the true mediatrix of God and men?" And St. Bonaventure in the Mirror: "All rivers," he says, "enter into the sea, while all the charisms of the saints enter into Mary: the river of the grace of angels enters into Mary, the river of the grace of the apostles enters into Mary," etc. And finally, when he has gone through all the conditions of the saints: "What wonder," he says, "if all grace flowed together into Mary, through whom so great grace flowed forth to all? For blessed Augustine says: Thou art full of grace, Mary, whom thou hast found with God, and thou hast merited to pour forth throughout the whole world." Hear also Sophronius, in his sermon On the Assumption: "With such gifts," he says, "it was fitting that the Virgin be endowed, that she should be full of grace who gave glory to the heavens, poured God and peace upon the earth, faith to the nations, an end to vices, order to life, and discipline to morals. What wonder, if she has full and overfull joy and glory in the kingdom, she who has full and overfull grace in exile? What certainly is wonderful, if both in heaven and on earth her fullness is above every creature, from whose fullness all nature grows green?" I have collected more on this matter in Ecclesiasticus XXIV, and Proverbs XXXI, 10 and following.
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AND REMAINING IN HERSELF (stable, immobile and immutable) RENEWETH ALL THINGS, — because she always works new things, always produces new effects, both in nature and in grace: thus in spring she produces new flowers, in summer new crops, in autumn new fruits, in winter new snows, rains and ice; thus she renews all the ranks and states of men, suggesting new men to replace the old, and correcting and reforming the deformed old ways through new religious men.
AND THROUGH NATIONS INTO HOLY SOULS IT TRANSFERS ITSELF. — For nations, in Greek it is γενεάς, that is generations, that is first, ages and centuries, as if to say Wisdom through individual centuries communicated itself to holy souls, chosen and beloved by itself. There was no century lacking in wisdom and holiness, but in any whatsoever there were always some men wise and holy, friends of God and prophets, selected and consecrated by God; whence Vatablus translates it, and through the vicissitudes of ages transferring itself into holy souls. Second, by generations you may understand with Our [translation], the races and nations of men, who are born on earth, as if to say There is no nation in which wisdom has not had or does not have some of its disciples, friends and prophets, both those properly so called, who namely pronounce future and secret things; or by catachresis, prophets that is men eminently wise and holy: for such indeed were the prophets of old. For God is not an acceptor of ages, persons, or nations, "but in every nation, he that feareth him, and worketh justice, is acceptable to him," Acts X, 35. These therefore God constitutes, in Greek κατασκευάζει, that is first, builds and constructs, as it were royal basilicas, and living temples of God; second, instructs, adorns, arranges, as it were sacred oracles of God; third, teaches, prepares, directs, as it were teachers of the world, to teach and convert him; fourth, fortifies and arms against all assaults of men and demons; fifth, proves, confirms, establishes, stabilizes with virtues and miracles, as it were with certain seals of his own.
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An elegant apologue of the sun and the eagle exists for this and the preceding opinion, seasoned with the salt of wisdom, in Cyril, book I of Moral Apologues, chapter II, whose title is: Man is nothing to himself without wisdom: "The eagle, ascending into the brightness of the clearer air, having inspected the sun with fixed gaze at its marvelous beauty, soon struck it with such a question and said: What are you, O admirable vessel, so fair? But it answered: I know not. Then she marveled more, namely because she had found the darkness of this ignorance in the source of this light, and added: How is it that in your splendors other things are seen, and you, not knowing yourself, do not see yourself? To which it said: Indeed I am not lacking in wisdom: for only those things which are conversive in themselves rejoice in knowledge of themselves. To this the eagle, arguing thus, said: How then has the glory of such brightness been lost to you, the dignity of such preciousness, the causality of such power, and the perpetuity of such solidity? From the fact that you know not yourself, you are nothing to yourself, for indeed prudence is nothing to the foolish, brightness to the blind, and eloquence to the deaf. Then the Titan answered: Although I am nothing to myself, yet I am to him to whom all things belong, which is a certain greatest vessel of wisdom: for he himself, being wise, since by knowing himself alone he is his own, is constituted lord of the wisdom even of all things which are not his own and lack understanding." He soon subjoins a clear reason and says: "For man, by participation in that same wisdom (Gen. I, 28), adorned from the divine image, has been set over all things of the visible world from the very beginning: namely for this reason, that all things belong to the wise man, whom the validity of metals and gems does not overcome; nay, even the power of riches serves him as an aid. Wherefore (Prov. III, 15), wisdom is more precious than all riches, and all things that are desired are not able to be compared to it. Having heard these things, she, immediately inflamed with love of wisdom, asked the sun to show by the light of definition what that wisdom was. To which he readily assenting, said: Wisdom indeed is that truth of mind by which the highest, which is God, is beheld by right faith and held by chaste love: for he who is endowed with this is already lord of the world and possessor of himself. These things having been carefully noted, she, rejoicing in her own, returned." he subjoins. Moreover, to and above the whole disposition of the stars it hangs and is bound with what follows, compared to light it is found prior, as if to say: If beyond the order and light of the stars you compare wisdom to the primordial light, like the sun illuminating the whole world in the very beginning of the world, surely that wisdom will be found prior to that light, both in time and in dignity, as if to say: If you compare wisdom not only to the stars but also to the light which was first and greatest in the world, it will be found prior and more powerful.
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For malice in Greek is κακία, that is, malice both of fault and of punishment, namely both iniquity and adversity and calamity, as if to say: Neither fault nor punishment nor any affliction whatsoever overcomes the wisdom of God. Moreover, the abstract can be taken for the concrete, as if to say: Malice, that is, the wicked and impious persecuting the pious, cannot overcome their wisdom and virtue, so long as they do not abandon it of their own accord; hence some read: but malice does not come upon wisdom. AND ABOVE EVERY DISPOSITION (in Greek θέσιν, that is, thesis, position, situation, collocation, ordination) OF THE STARS. — First, Castro expounds it, as if to say: Wisdom is placed above every situation of the stars, it surpasses the stars and heavens in height, because it sits with God in the most high throne of His divinity. Second, the same and others explain it better, as if to say: Wisdom by its splendor, order, appearance, disposition surpasses the splendor, order, appearance, disposition of all the stars; whence Vatablus translates: and surpasses the whole series of the stars, and compared to light is found more powerful: he names the disposition of the stars, because in their situation and disposition there is a wonderful order, and wonderful beauty, so much so that the array of the stars is arranged like the array of camps; whence it is called the militia of heaven, and the army of God Sabaoth, Judges V, 20; Isaiah XXIV, 21; Deuteronomy XVII, 3. Again, the stars are disposed in heaven as lights and eyes in the head: whence by the poets they are called the eyes of heaven or of Jupiter.
COMPARED TO LIGHT IS FOUND TO BE PRIOR. — Prior in time, that is to say earlier, because wisdom was in God from eternity, and is coeval with Him, whereas light was created at the beginning of the world and of time; then in dignity and excellence, whence Vatablus translates it as superior. Concerning the beauty of the sun, of the stars, of light, I have spoken in Genesis I and Ecclesiasticus XLIII, 1 et seq. This sense is required by reason, which it finds. For indeed a woman is rendered for a woman, a prudent one for a foolish one, a humble one for a proud one: she who for the tree of death offers you a taste of life, and for that poisonous food of bitterness, brings forth the sweetness of eternal fruit. Change therefore the word of wicked excuse into a voice of thanksgiving, and say: Lord, the woman whom thou gavest me, gave me of the tree of life, and I did eat, and it became sweet above honey to my mouth, because in it thou didst give me life." The same in a sermon On the Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit: "Wisdom," he says, "overcomes malice, while God's power crushes Satan and God's wisdom, which is Christ," etc.; which I shall more conveniently recite in the following chapter, verse 1. The same, sermon 85 in the Canticles, gives the reason: "Virtue," he says, "is the vigor of the mind standing immovably with reason; or virtue is the vigor of the mind, which in itself compels or directs all things according to reason;" and after many things he adds: "And if anyone should define wisdom as the love of virtue, he would not seem to deviate from the truth. But where love is, there is no labor, but savor; and perhaps wisdom is named from savor, because coming to virtue it renders it as it were a certain seasoning that is savory, which by itself seemed somewhat insipid and harsh. Nor would I think it reprehensible if anyone should define wisdom as the savor of good. We have lost this savor almost from the very beginning of our race: from which the palate of the heart, with the sense of the flesh prevailing, the poison of the ancient serpent infected, the soul began not to taste good, and a noxious savor began to enter. He adds the reason: "Because the malice of the serpent circumvented the foolishness of woman; but whence malice seemed to have conquered for a time, thence it grieves to be conquered in eternity: for behold again the wisdom of woman has filled heart and body, so that we who through woman were deformed into foolishness, through woman may be reformed to wisdom. And now continually wisdom overcomes malice in the minds into which it has entered, exterminating the savor of evil which she brought in with a better savor. Wisdom entering, while it infatuates the sense of the flesh, purifies the intellect of the heart, heals and restores the palate." Furthermore St. Bonaventure in the Mirror, chapter III: "Some," he says, "read here prior, some purer: both befit our star Mary, for Mary is prior, that is to say superior, or more worthy; Mary also is purer than the sun and stars and light, because in both dignity and purity she surpasses the sun and stars and all corporeal light, indeed even spiritual light, that is to say the angelic creature, of which it is said, Genesis I, 4: God divided the light from the darkness, that is to say the angels standing from the fallen. By this light indeed Mary is prior and purer than the angels: prior in dignity, and purer in holiness. Whence Anselm exclaiming says: O blessed above women, thou who surpassest the angels in purity, exceedest the saints in compassion: thus Bonaventure. Wherefore St. Ephrem, in an oration On the Mother of God, speaking of her: "O more glorious," he says, "than all the heavenly hosts, crown of all saints and virgins inaccessible in splendor, princess of all, leader of all, most sacred maiden. Through thee we have been reconciled to my God." Tropologically, light, indeed the sun, suffers its defects, for now it exults as a giant crowned with the bright hair of its rays; but now it labors as Hercules, surrounded by blind darkness: but wisdom, that is to say virtue, unconquered amid any adversities whatsoever, remains like itself. Hear Tertullian, book On Spectacles, chapter XXIX: "Do you want strength and boxing and wrestling? They are at hand, not few but many. Behold impurity conquered by chastity, perfidy cut down by faith, cruelty bruised by mercy, petulance overshadowed by modesty; and such are the contests among us, in which we ourselves are crowned. But do you want strength and blood of some kind? You have that of Christ." St. Bernard gives an example, homily 2 on Missus est, of Adam and Eve, Christ and Mary: for those indeed as foolish were conquered by the malice of the serpent and of pride; but these as wise conquered both their foolishness and the malice of the serpent: "What were you saying," he says, "O Adam, Genesis III, 13: The woman whom thou gavest me, gave me of the tree, and I did eat? These are words of malice, by which you increase rather than diminish guilt. Yet wisdom overcame malice, when the occasion of pardon, which God attempted to draw from you by questioning, but could not, in the treasury of his unfailing
Machine translation from the Latin, not reviewed.
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… Adam is considered "the προτόπλαστος, the πατέρα κόσμου, the only one created, the one who came forth from the earth, the seed from which all mankind descends" (Wis. 10, 1; 7, 1; Tob. 8, 8). From a single woman sin has its beginning (Sir. 25, 24). Mankind is a conglomerate of "bènè 'Adhâm" (Deut. 32, 8; Eccl. 3, 21 etc.). …
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In Wis. 7:7-30, one also reads: « I prayed and the Spirit of Wisdom came down into me. I preferred this wisdom to scepters and crowns... …
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… F. understands by the logos the expressions: the Name, the Glory, etc. (Somn., I, 62, 227) and the rabbinic speculations on the Word of God (Decal., 32-36); he calls it (cf. Sap. 7, 8; Proc. 8, 25), God's instrument in creation (Cher., 125-27); image of God (Fug., 101); his firstborn son (loc. cit., 109, etc.). …
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Even clearer are the personifications of the Wisdom of God (ḥokmāh, σοφία) found in Prov. 8-9 and in Eccli. 24. In Sap. 7:21 the personified divine Sophia is even called "artificer of all things," and further on (vv. 25-26) "a breath of the power of God, a pure emanation of the glory of the Almighty... a …
7:22
… (ibid. 8:27-31). In Ecclus. 24:1-47 the same concepts are given in a somewhat different form: wisdom is something eternal and intrinsically divine; and its personification is accentuated even more (cf. ibid. 24:3-4). This concept takes a new step in Wis. 7:22-8:1, where wisdom is described as "intelligent (νεξός), holy, unique, manifold, immaterial, noble, perspicacious, immaculate, diaphanous, almighty, which watches over all things, which …
7:25
… Nevertheless, traces of a distinction of terms within the Godhead are found there, especially in the Sapiential Books; Divine Wisdom is described there as assisting and cooperating with God (Prov. 8:22); in Eccl. 24:5: "I came forth from the mouth of the Most High before every creature," and in Wis. 7:25 it is said: "Brightness of eternal Light..., spotless mirror of the majesty of God, image of his goodness." It will not be out of place to note, moreover, that in these same books …
image applied to the divine Wisdom in Sap. 7:25-26 is taken up in Hebr. 1:3, applied to the Son of God made man, and more clearly in II Cor. 4:4 and Col. 1:15. This last text has, in its entire context (Col. 1:13-17), undeniable affinities …
7:27
… infused c. of which Sacred Scripture speaks is not fundamentally the supernatural friendship between God and the righteous man, as also among the adopted children of God. The affirmative answer is already contained in the Old Testament: Judg. 8:22; Wis. 7:27; Ps. 138:17 (according to the Septuagint and the Vulgate); and above all in Jesus' declaration: «You are my friends, if you do what I command you. I no longer call you servants, …
… potens (reminiscences of I Cor. 4, 13; 13, 13, and Hebr. 10, 37; 11, 19), h(a)ec est speciosior sole et super omnem stellarum dispositionem luci comparata inbenitur prior (Sap. 7, 29), dum sit una omnium potens et in se permanens omnia innodans (Sap. 7, 27 with innodans in place of innovat of the Vulgate) natus anno XXVIII regis Ge(n)sirici pridie idus septembres Vitalis pr(e)sb(yter) vidi annis XXXVIII requi(esco) ho(die) hic positus …
7:29
… spero D(omi)-n(u)m qui cuncta creasti tibi ut cineres istos suscites ipse potens (reminiscences of I Cor. 4, 13; 13, 13, and Hebr. 10, 37; 11, 19), h(a)ec est speciosior sole et super omnem stellarum dispositionem luci comparata inbenitur prior (Sap. 7, 29), dum sit una omnium potens et in se permanens omnia innodans (Sap. 7, 27 with innodans in place of innovat of the Vulgate) natus anno XXVIII regis Ge(n)sirici pridie idus septembres …
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · original Douay-Rheims (Douay 1609-10), transcription by EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Public domain.