Prescriptions against worldly vanities: mortification, patience, and seeking wisdom.
It is in vaine to seke, and vnpossible to know al natural thinges. 2. It importeth to leade this shorte life in mortification, 4. paenance, 8. and patience: 12. seeking wisdom, with competent temporal meanes; 15. prouiding for the next world; 24. not yelding to concupiscence.
1What needeth a man to seek things that are above him, whereas he knoweth not what is profitable for him in his life, in all the days of his pilgrimage, and the time that passeth like a shadow? Or who can tell him what shall be after him under the sun?Che bisogno ha egli l'uomo di andar cercando quel che è sopra di lui, mentre egli non sa quel che sia per essergli utile nella sua vita pei giorni tutti di suo pellegrinaggio, e per quel tempo, che passa come ombra? E chi potrà far sapere a lui quel, che dopo di lui sia per avvenir sotto del sole?VVHAT nedeth a man to seke thinges greater then himself, wheras he is ignorant, what is profitable for him in his life, in the number of the dayes of his peregrination, and the time that passeth as a shadow? Or who can tel him what shal be after him vnder the sunne?Quid necesse est homini majora se quærere, / cum ignoret quid conducat sibi in vita sua, / numero dierum peregrinationis suæ, / et tempore quod velut umbra præterit ? / aut quis ei poterit indicare / quod post eum futurum sub sole sit ? 2A good name is better than precious ointments: and the day of death than the day of one’s birth.Val più il buon nome che i balsami più pregiati, e il dì della morte (val più) che il dì della nascita.Better is a good name then precious ointments: and the day of death, then the day of natiuitie.Melius est nomen bonum quam unguenta pretiosa, / et dies mortis die nativitatis. 3It is better to go to the house of mourning, than to the house of feasting: for in that we are put in mind of the end of all, and the living thinketh what is to come.È meglio andare nella casa dove si fa duolo, che nella casa dove si fa banchetto; perocché in quella si rammemora il fine di tutti gli uomini, e il vivo pensa a quello che deve essere.It is better to goe to the house of mourning, then to the house of banketing: for in that the end of al men is signified, and he that liueth thinketh what shal be.Melius est ire ad domum luctus / quam ad domum convivii; / in illa enim finis cunctorum admonetur hominum, / et vivens cogitat quid futurum sit. 4Anger is better than laughter: because by the sadness of the countenance the mind of the offender is corrected.Lo sdegno è preferibile al riso; perocché colla severità del volto si corregge l'animo di chi ha peccato.Anger is better then laughter: because by sadnes of the countenance, the mind of the offender is corrected.Melior est ira risu, / quia per tristitiam vultus corrigitur animus delinquentis. 5The heart of the wise is where there is mourning, and the heart of fools where there is mirth.Il cuore de' saggi sta dove' è tristezza, e il cuore degli stolti dov'è allegria.The hart of wisemen where sadnes is, and the hart of fooles where mirth.Cor sapientium ubi tristitia est, / et cor stultorum ubi lætitia.
6It is better to be rebuked by a wise man, than to be deceived by the flattery of fools.E meglio l'essere ripreso dai saggi, che ingannato dall'adulazione degli stolti:It is better to be rebuked of a wiseman, then to be deceiued with the flaterie of fooles.Melius est a sapiente corripi, / quam stultorum adulatione decipi; 7For as the crackling of thorns burning under a pot, so is the laughter of a fool: now this also is vanity.Perocché il riso dello stolto è come lo stridere delle spine, che bruciano sotto il pajuolo: e in questo pure è vanità.Because as the sound of thornes burning vnder a potte, so the laughter of a foole: but this also is vanitie.quia sicut sonitus spinarum ardentium sub olla, / sic risus stulti. / Sed et hoc vanitas. 8Oppression troubleth the wise, and shall destroy the strength of his heart.La calunnia conturba l'uomo saggio, e abbatte la fortezza del cuore di lui.Oppression trubleth the wise, and shal destroy the streingth of his hart.Calumnia conturbat sapientem, / et perdet robur cordis illius. 9Better is the end of a speech than the beginning. Better is the patient man than the presumptuous.La fine dell'orazione è migliore, che il principio. L'uomo paziente è migliore dell'arrogante.Better is the end of a speach, then the beginning. Better is the patient man then the arrogant.Melior est finis orationis quam principium. / Melior est patiens arrogante. 10Be not quickly angry: for anger resteth in the bosom of a fool.Guardati dall'essere corrivo allo sdegno, perché l'ira posa in seno dello stolto.Be not quickly angrie, because anger resteth in the bosom of a foole.Ne sis velox ad irascendum, / quia ira in sinu stulti requiescit. 11Say not: What thinkest thou is the cause that former times were better than they are now? for this manner of question is foolish.Non dire: Chi sa il perché i tempi passati furon migliori, che quelli d'adesso? Imperocché una tale interrogazione è stolta.Say not: What is the cause thinkest thou that the former times were better then they are now? for this maner of question is foolish.Ne dicas: Quid putas causæ est / quod priora tempora meliora fuere quam nunc sunt ? / stulta enim est hujuscemodi interrogatio. 12Wisdom with riches is more profitable, and bringeth more advantage to them that see the sun.La sapienza colle ricchezze è più utile, e giova quel più a quelli, che vivono.Wisdom with riches is more profitable, and doth more profite them that see the sunne.Utilior est sapientia cum divitiis, / et magis prodest videntibus solem.
13For as wisdom is a defence, so money is a defence: but learning and wisdom excel in this, that they give life to him that possesseth them.Perocché siccome protegge la sapienza, così protegge il denaro; ma il sapere, e la sapienza han questo di più, che danno la vita a chi le possiede.For as wisdom protecteth, so money protecteth. But lerning and wisdom haue this much more, that they geue life to their owner.Sicut enim protegit sapientia, sic protegit pecunia; / hoc autem plus habet eruditio et sapientia, / quod vitam tribuunt possessori suo. 14Consider the works of God, that no man can correct whom he hath despised.Considera le opere di Dio, e come nessuno può correggere chi è riggettato da lui.Consider the workes of God, that no man can correct whom he hath despised.Considera opera Dei, / quod nemo possit corrigere quem ille despexerit. 15In the good day enjoy good things, and beware beforehand of the evil day: for God hath made both the one and the other, that man may not find against him any just complaint.Godi del bene nel giorno buono, e armati pel giorno cattivo; perocché questo come quello gli ha fatti Dio, onde non trovi l'uomo da querelarsi con giustizia contro di lui.In the good day enioy good thinges, and beware before of the euil day. For as this, so that also hath God made, that man finde not against him iust complants.In die bona fruere bonis, / et malam diem præcave; / sicut enim hanc, sic et illam fecit Deus, / ut non inveniat homo contra eum justas querimonias. 16These things also I saw in the days of my vanity: A just man perisheth in his justice, and a wicked man liveth a long time in his wickedness.Vidi ancor questo cose ne' vani miei giorni. Il giusto perisce nella sua giustizia; e il malvagio vive lungamente nella sua malizia.These thinges also I saw in the dayes of my vanitie: The iust man perisheth in his iustice, and the impious liueth a long time in his malice.Hæc quoque vidi in diebus vanitatis meæ: / justus perit in justitia sua, / et impius multo vivit tempore in malitia sua. 17Be not over just: and be not more wise than is necessary, lest thou become stupid.Guardati dal voler essere troppo giusto; e non voler essere più saggio, che non bisogna, affin di non diventar stupido.Be not iust too much: neither be more wise, then is necessarie, lest thou be come more dul.Noli esse justus multum, / neque plus sapias quam necesse est, / ne obstupescas. 18Be not overmuch wicked: and be not foolish, lest thou die before thy time.Guardati dalla molta empietà, e dalla stoltezza, perché tu non abbi a morire prima del tuo tempo.Doe not impiously much: and be not foolish, lest thou dye not in thy time.Ne impie agas multum, / et noli esse stultus, / ne moriaris in tempore non tuo.
19It is good that thou shouldst hold up the just, yea and from him withdraw not thy hand: for he that feareth God, neglecteth nothing.Egli è ben fatto, che tu porga aiuto al giusto: ma non ritirar la tua mano neppure da quello; perocché chi teme Dio, non trascura cosa veruna.It is good that thou hold vp the iust; yea and from him withdraw not thy hand: because he that feareth God, neglecteth nothing.Bonum est te sustentare justum: / sed et ab illo ne subtrahas manum tuam; / quia qui timet Deum nihil negligit. 20Wisdom hath strengthened the wise more than ten princes of the city.La sapienza fa il saggio più forte, che dieci principi della città.Wisdom hath streingthned the wise aboue tenne princes of the citie.Sapientia confortavit sapientem / super decem principes civitatis; 21For there is no just man upon earth, that doth good, and sinneth not.Non vi è certamente sulla terra uomo giusto, il quale faccia il bene, e non pecchi.For there is no iust man in the earth, that doth good, and sinneth not.non est enim homo justus in terra / qui faciat bonum et non peccet. 22But do not apply thy heart to all words that are spoken: lest perhaps thou hear thy servant reviling thee.Ma tu, non badare minutamente a tutte le parole, che si dicono, affinchè non ti avvenga di sentire il tuo servo dir male di te:But to al wordes also, that are spoken, do not applie thy hart: lest perhaps thou heare thy seruant cursing thee.Sed et cunctis sermonibus qui dicuntur / ne accomodes cor tuum, / ne forte audias servum tuum maledicentem tibi; 23For thy conscience knoweth that thou also hast often spoken evil of others.Perocché è noto alla tua coscienza, che tu pure sovente hai detto male degli altri.For thy conscience knoweth, that thou also hast cursed others.scit enim conscientia tua / quia et tu crebro maledixisti aliis. 24I have tried all things in wisdom. I have said: I will be wise: and it departed farther from me,Tutto io tentai per amore della sapienza: dissi: io farò acquisto della sapienza, ed ella andò lontano da meI haue proued al thinges in wisdom. I haue sayd: I wil become wise, & it departed farder from meCuncta tentavi in sapientia. / Dixi: Sapiens efficiar: / et ipsa longius recessit a me, 25Much more than it was: it is a great depth, who shall find it out?Anche più, che non era. Ed oh profonda profondità! Chi ne toccherà il fondo.much more then it was: and a depe profunditie, who shal finde it?multo magis quam erat. / Et alta profunditas, quis inveniet eam ? 26I have surveyed all things with my mind, to know, and consider, and seek out wisdom and reason: and to know the wickedness of the fool, and the error of the imprudent:Mi volsi a considerare coll'animo mio tutte le cose per apparare, e conoscere, e cercare la sapienza, e la ragione; e per ravvisare l'empietà dello stolto, e l'errore degli imprudenti:I haue vewed al thinges with my minde, that I might know, and consider, and might seke wisdom, and reason: and that I might know the impietie of the foole, and the errour of the imprudent:Lustravi universa animo meo, / ut scirem et considerarem, / et quærerem sapientiam, et rationem, / et ut cognoscerem impietatem stulti, / et errorem imprudentium:
27And I have found a woman more bitter than death, who is the hunter’s snare, and her heart is a net, and her hands are bands. He that pleaseth God shall escape from her: but he that is a sinner, shall be caught by her.E riconobbi come amara più della morte ell'è la donna, la quale è un laccio di cacciatore, e il suo cuore è una rete, e le sue mani sono catene. Colui, che è caro a Dio, fuggirà da lei, ma il peccatore vi sarà preso.and I haue found that a woman is more bitter then death, who is the snare of hunters, and her hart a nette, her handes are bandes. He that pleaseth God, wil auoide her: but he that is a sinner, wil be caught of her.et inveni amariorem morte mulierem, / quæ laqueus venatorum est, / et sagena cor ejus; / vincula sunt manus illius. / Qui placet Deo effugiet illam; / qui autem peccator est capietur ab illa. 28Lo this have I found, said Ecclesiastes, weighing one thing after another, that I might find out the account,Ecco quel, ch'io trovai (disse l'Ecclesiaste) in paragonando una cosa coll'altra, affin di trovare la ragione,Loe this haue I found, sayd Ecclesiastes, one thing and an other, that I might finde reason,Ecce hoc inveni, dixit Ecclesiastes, / unum et alterum ut invenirem rationem, 29Which yet my soul seeketh, and I have not found it. One man among a thousand I have found, a woman among them all I have not found.Cui cerca tuttora l'anima mia, e non l'ho trovata. Tra mille trovai un uomo. Tra tutte quante le donne nessuna io ne trovai.which yet my soule seketh, and I haue not found it. A man of a thousand I haue found one, a woman of al I haue not found.quam adhuc quærit anima mea, / et non inveni. / Virum de mille unum reperi; / mulierem ex omnibus non inveni. 30Only this I have found, that God made man right, and he hath entangled himself with an infinity of questions. Who is as the wise man? and who hath known the resolution of the word?Questo solo trovai, che Dio fece diritto l'uomo; ma questi si involse in immense questioni. Chi è che si rassomigli al saggio! E chi è che comprenda lo scioglimento della questione.Only this I haue found, that God made man right, and he hath intangled himself with infinite questions. Who is such a one as the wise? and who hath knowne the resolution of the word.Solummodo hoc inveni, / quod fecerit Deus hominem rectum, / et ipse se infinitis miscuerit quæstionibus. / Quis talis ut sapiens est ? / et quis cognovit solutionem verbi ?
7:1
Calmet
Above him. We are intent on things which regard us not, while we neglect the important concerns of heaven. Hebrew may be joined with the preceding. (Calmet)
Haydock
Protestants, (11.) "seeing there are many things which increase vanity, what is man the better? (12.) for who knoweth?" etc. (Haydock)
Calmet
Some strive to obtain riches or honours, which will prove fatal to them. (Calmet)
Worthington
None can perfectly know the nature of things either present or future. (Worthington)
7:2
Calmet
Name. "It is necessary for the sake of others," (St. Augustine, de B. Vid. xxii.) particularly for those who have to direct souls. (St. Gregory in Ezechial) (Calmet)
Worthington
In this second part is shewn that felicity is procured by a good life. (Worthington)
Calmet
Death. Speaking of the just, for death is the beginning of sorrows to the wicked. (Calmet)
Some nations mourned on the birth-day of their children. (Val. Max. 2:6.; Eurip[Euripides?] in Ctes.)
7:3
7:4
Calmet
Anger. That is, correction, or just wrath and zeal against evil, (Challoner) is preferable to a misguided complaisance, Proverbs 27:6. (Calmet)
Worthington
Anger, when rightly used, helps us to correct our faults. (Worthington)
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Mourning. They submit willingly to correction, (St. Jerome) or think seriously on the dangers of sin and God's judgments.
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Calmet
Wise man. Much prudence is requisite to correct with fruit, and to persuade the sinner that he is under a mistake. (Calmet)
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Calmet
Laughter. It is loud and soon over, Ecclesiasticus 21:23., and Luke 26:5. (Calmet)
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Montanus
Oppression. Literally, "calumny." The most perfect can hardly bear it. Hebrew, "oppression (or calumny of others. Calmet) will make the wise insane, and a present will ruin the heart." (Montanus)
Haydock
Avarice blinds us. (Haydock)
Deuteronomy 16:19., "a corrupt judge examines ill the truth."
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Speech. Hebrew, "thing." The best projects often are seen to fail.
Beginning, as the auditor is on longer kept in suspense.
Calmet
Presumptuous. Rashness must not be confounded with courage. (Calmet)
Worthington
Hasty and immoderate anger is hurtful. (Worthington)
7:10
Bosom, as in its proper place. The wise may feel its impressions, but he immediately makes resistance.
7:11
Calmet
Foolish. Men endeavour to excuse themselves by the manners of the age. But there have always been both good and evil, Ecclesiastes 1:10. (Calmet)
Menochius
Corruption was prevalent in former times as well as now. (Menochius)
7:12
Calmet
With. Hebrew also, "above, or much as riches." (Calmet)
St. Ambrose
These are impediments in the hands of the reprobate, while they promote virtue in the good." (St. Ambrose, Luke viii. n. 85.)
Calmet
The man who has only wisdom, cannot do as much good as those who are also rich. (Calmet)
Worthington
The moderate use of riches helps the servants of God, while they do not set their hearts upon them. (Worthington)
The sun, to men on earth.
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Calmet
Them. Money may procure necessaries for the body; (Haydock) but wisdom gives a long and happy life, Proverbs 4:10., and Baruch 3:28. (Calmet)
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Council of Trent
Despised. God never neglects first. (Council of Trent, Session 6:11.)
He detests sin, and at last abandons the obstinate, though he never fails to offer sufficient graces. A person who is of an unhealthy constitution, or involved in sin, cannot be cured by man alone. Yet we must not cease to preach, etc., while we expect all from God, who gives the increase, 1 Corinthians 3:7.
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St. Bernard
Complaint. Prosperity and adversity succeed each other, that we may be neither elated nor dejected too much. (St. Bernard, ep. xxxvi.)
Haydock
If we enjoy the advantages of nature, we must be thankful; if we feel pain, we must cheerfully submit to God's will. (Haydock)
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Vanity, during this miserable life.
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Challoner
Over just, viz., By an excessive rigour in censuring the ways of God in bearing with the wicked. (Challoner)
Alcuin † AD 804
Give not way to scruples, (St. Bernard) nor to self-conceit. (Alcuin.)
Calmet
Become. Hebrew, "perish," being oppressed with majesty. (Lorin.) (Tirinus) (Calmet)
7:18
Calmet
Overmuch. No sin can be tolerated. (Calmet)
But as all offend in many things, (ver. 21.; Haydock) they are encouraged to rise again with diligence and sorrow.
7:19
Calmet
From him. Who is otherwise withdrawn, etc. Hebrew, "take hold of this, and not neglect that: for he who feareth God, will walk with all them." He will avoid all extremes both of virtue and vice. (Calmet)
Haydock
Protestants and Montanus, "he shall come forth of them all," and advance towards heaven. (Haydock)
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City. It has the advantage over more strength, Ecclesiastes 9:16.
7:21
Haydock
Not. 1 John 1:8. Crates said it was "impossible to find one who falls not." (Laert. vi.) (Haydock)
Calmet
We must not flatter ourselves with impeccability, ver. 18. (Calmet)
Menochius
See Seneca. Clem. 1:6. Peccavimus omnes, etc., and de Ira. 1:28. (Menochius)
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St. Ambrose
Thy. We must be satisfied with a good conscience, as we cannot control the thoughts and words of all. (St. Ambrose, Of. 1:1.)
7:24
Calmet
Me. This is a proof of having made great progress in wisdom, since the half-learned are the most presumptuous. (Calmet)
7:25
Haydock
Much. Protestants, "that which is far off, and exceeding deep, who can find it out?" (Haydock)
7:26
Olympiod
Reason. Of all things. In this natural wisdom consists. Septuagint, "and number." He examined the pretensions of philosophy, which attempted thus to predict future events; but found that it was all deceit, like a harlot. (Olympiod.)
Menochius
He explored the qualities of different things, as an arithmetician counts numbers. (Menochius)
7:27
Calmet
Her. He speaks by experience, (St. Jerome) as none perhaps ever fell more terribly victims of impure love. (Calmet)
Haydock
Though a plurality of wives was then permitted, Solomon did wrong in marrying strangers; and in suffering himself to be deluded by them, so as to erect temples to their respective idols. (Haydock)
Calmet
All the attractions of women are replete with danger, and can only be overcome by God's grace, and by flight, 1 Corinthians 4:8., and Proverbs 7:22., and 22:14. (Calmet)
7:29
Worthington
Man. The superior part of the soul rarely thinks of good; but the sensual part always inclines to evil. (Worthington)
Calmet
Solomon found danger from all women, (St. Jerome) and there is none who may not prove fatal to those who are off their guard. (Calmet)
Haydock
Yet some are doubtless innocent, like the blessed Virgin [Mary]. (Haydock)
7:30
Worthington
Right. He fell by his own free-will. (St. Augustine, City of God 14:11.) (Worthington)
The great corruption of the world is not, therefore, to be attributed to God, Ephesians 4:23. Our first parents were led by curiosity to examine whether the fruit was good, etc., (St. Cyril, Cat. ii.; Chaldean; Bossuet) or mankind, in general, make useless enquiries.
Calmet
And he. Hebrew and Septuagint, "they," etc. (Calmet)
Calmet
Of the word. That is, of this obscure and difficult matter (Challoner) if this sentence have any connection with the preceding. It is placed at the head of the next chapter in Hebrew. (Calmet)
7:4
Anger.... That is, correction, or just wrath and zeal against evil.
7:17
Over just.... Viz., By an excessive rigour in censuring the ways of God in bearing with the wicked.
7:18
Be not overmuch wicked.... That is, lest by the greatness of your sin you leave no room for mercy.
7:30
Of the word.... That is, of this obscure and difficult matter.
7:1
None can perfectly knovv the nature of al thinges present, of to come.
7:2
The 2. part. True felicitie is procured by good life, and consisteth in the eternal sight of God. Anger rightly vsed, is commendable & beneficial to correcte our owne faultes and others.
7:3
Concordance Prou. 22.
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But hastie, or immoderate anger is sinful and hartful.
7:12
Likewise moderate riches profite the seruants of God, so that they •ette not their mind vpon them.
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Concordance 3. Reg. 8. 2. Par. 6. Prou. 20. 1. Ioan. 1.
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The preacher.
7:29
Mans reason which is the superior part of his soule, rarely thinketh good.
Sensualitie stil inclineth to euil.
7:30
God made man right, & he of his owne wil •el from God. Sec S. Aug li. 14. c. 11 ciuit.
The obscure thing.
7:2
St Dionysius of Alexandria † AD 265 Exegetical Fragments 1.2
25 . For who eats and drinks from his own resources?” That the discourse does not deal now with material meats, he will show by what follows; namely, “It is better to go to the house of mourning than to go to the house of feasting.”
St Ambrose of Milan † AD 397 Selections from the Letters of St. Ambrose 63.24
106. Compassionate those who are bound with chains, as though bound with them. Comfort those in sorrow; for, “It is better to go into the house of mourning than into the house of rejoicing.”
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom 40
… When, for instance, was David to be admired; when he rejoiced, or when he was in anguish? When, the people of the Jews? groaning and calling upon God, or exulting in the wilderness, and worshipping the calf? Wherefore Solomon too, who best of all men knew what pleasure is, saith, “It is better to go to the house of mourning, than to the house of laughter.”
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 A Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles 16
… Let there be some person rejoicing exceedingly, and gay, and giving a loose to jollity: what more unseemly, what more senseless than this? Let there be one sorrowing and dejected: what more truly philosophic than this? For, “It is better,” we read, “to go into the house of mourning, than into the house of laughter.” (
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 Homilies on 1 Timothy 14
It is of great benefit even to see the poor. “It is better,” he saith, “to go to the house of mourning, than to the house of feasting.” (
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Gospel of St. John 60
… On this account, he who had gone over every kind of luxury said, “It is better to go into the house of mourning than into the house of mirth.” (
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 City of God 17.20
… For that this Ecclesiastes, in this sentence about eating and drinking, which he often repeats, and very much commends, does not savor the dainties of carnal pleasures, is made plain enough when he says, “It is better to go into the house of mourning than to go into the house of feasting.”
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St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies on the Statues to the People of Antioch 15.4
… for that fear is a good thing, what we have said hath made manifest. But hear Solomon thus uttering a lesson of wisdom concerning it; Solomon, who was nourished in every luxury, and enjoyed much security. What then does he say? “It is better to go to the house of mourning than to the house of laughter.”
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St Ambrose of Milan † AD 397 Concerning Repentance 2.6
… And, lastly, Ezekiel was bidden to weep for Jerusalem, and he took the book, at the beginning of which was written: “Lamentation, and melody, and woe,” two things sad and one pleasant, for he shall be saved in the future who has wept most in this age. “For the heart of the wise is in the house of mourning, and the heart of fools in the house of feasting.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 City of God 17.20
… which he often repeats, and very much commends, does not savor the dainties of carnal pleasures, is made plain enough when he says, “It is better to go into the house of mourning than to go into the house of feasting.” And a little after He says, “The heart of the wise is in the house of mourning, and the heart of the simple in the house of feasting.”
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St Basil the Great † AD 379 The Letters 51
How do you think my heart was pained at hearing of the slanders heaped on me by some of those that feel no fear of the Judge, who “shall destroy them that speak leasing”? I spent nearly the whole night sleepless, thinking of your words of love; so did grief lay hold upon my heart of hearts. For verily, in the words of Solomon, slander humbleth a man.
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St Basil the Great † AD 379 The Letters 223.1
… In my own case this is now the third year of my silence, and my boast has become like that of the Psalmist, “I was as a man that heareth not and in whose mouth are no reproofs.” Thus I shut up in the bottom of my heart the pangs which I suffered on account of the calumnies directed against me, for calumny humbles a man, and calumny makes a poor man giddy.
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John Cassian † AD 435 The Conferences of John Cassian 16.27
… And there is something like this that Solomon says: “Be not hasty in thy spirit to be wroth, for anger reposes in the bosom of fools;” and: “Be not quick to rush into a quarrel, lest thou repent thereof at the last.”
Pope St Gregory I the Great † AD 604 The Book of Pastoral Rule 3.9
… since, when any one is impatient of being looked down upon in this world, he endeavours to shew off any hidden good that he may have, and so through impatience is drawn on to arrogance; and, while he cannot bear contempt, he glories ostentatiously in self-display. Whence it is written, Better is the patient than the arrogant (
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St Jerome † AD 420 Against Jovinianus 1.29
… We planted in marriage, let us by chastity pluck up that which was planted. “A time to embrace, and a time to refrain from embracing: a time to love, and a time to hate: a time for war, and a time for peace.” And at the same time he warns us not to prefer the law to the Gospel; nor to think that virgin purity is to be placed on a level with marriage:
John Cassian † AD 435 The Twelve Books on the Institutes of the Cœnobia, and the Remedies for the Eight Principal Faults 8.1
… “for,” says one, “mine eye is disturbed by reason of anger.” Nor can we become partakers of wisdom, even though we are considered wise by universal consent, for “anger rests in the bosom of fools.”
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John Cassian † AD 435 The Conferences of John Cassian 2.11
… ‘Because sentence is not speedily pronounced against the evil, the heart of the children of men is full within them to do evil:’
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St Jerome † AD 420 The Letters of St. Jerome 79.3
3. These remarks are intended to shew that the youth of whom I speak used his kinship to the royal family, his abundant wealth, and the outward tokens of power, as helps to virtue. For, as the preacher says, “wisdom is a defence and money is a defence”
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St Gregory of Nyssa † AD 395 Against Eunomius 1-2.14
… What, then, is the reason why he says that the Father alone has supreme being? For one can hardly think it is from ignorance that he wanders off into these conceptions, being one who, in the many displays he makes, claims to be wise, even “making himself overwise,” as the Holy Scripture forbids us to do
St Jerome † AD 420 The Letters of St. Jerome 48.2
… Am I then a mere novice in the Scriptures, reading the sacred volumes for the first time? And is the line there drawn between virginity and marriage so fine that I have been unable to observe it? I could know nothing, forsooth, of the saying, “Be not righteous overmuch!”
St Jerome † AD 420 The Letters of St. Jerome 48.8
8. In the sequel we go on to speak thus: “The apostle, in concluding his discussion of marriage and of virginity, is careful to observe a mean course in discriminating between them, and, turning neither to the right hand nor to the left, he keeps to the King’s highway, and thus fulfils the injunction, ‘Be not righteous overmuch.’
St Jerome † AD 420 Against Jovinianus 1.14
14. He has ended his discussion of wedlock and virginity, and has carefully steered between the two precepts without turning to the right hand or to the left. He has followed the royal road and fulfilled the command
St Jerome † AD 420 Against the Pelagians 1.28
A. Do you expect me to explain the purposes and plans of God? The Book of Wisdom gives an answer to your foolish question: “Look not into things above thee, and search not things too mighty for thee.” And elsewhere,
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St Athanasius of Alexandria † AD 373 Defence of His Flight. (Apologia de Fuga.) 14
… come to thy grave like ripe corn, gathered in due time, and like as a shock of corn cometh in in his season .’ And Solomon confirming his words, says, ‘The souls of the unrighteous are taken away untimely .’ And therefore he exhorts in the book of Ecclesiastes, saying, ‘Be not overmuch wicked, neither be thou hard: why shouldest thou die before thy time
St Ambrose of Milan † AD 397 Concerning Repentance 1.1.2
2. For he who endeavours to amend the faults of human weakness ought to bear this very weakness on his own shoulders, let it weigh upon himself, not cast it off. For we read that the Shepherd in the Gospel carried the weary sheep, and did not cast it off. And Solomon says: “Be not overmuch righteous;”
Pope St Leo I the Great † AD 461 Letters 167
… What form or what measure of justice you ought to mete out to them I leave to your own discretion advising you, however, with the exhortation of love that to the healing of the sick you ought to apply spiritual medicine, and that remembering the Scripture which says “be not over just
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St Jerome † AD 420 The Letters of St. Jerome 133.2
… What says the chosen vessel? “God had concluded all in unbelief that he might have mercy upon all;” and in another place, “all have sinned and come short of the glory of God.” The preacher also who is the mouthpiece of the Divine Wisdom freely protests and says: “there is not a just man upon earth, that doeth good and sinneth not:”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 A Treatise Concerning Man’s Perfection in Righteousness 37
He has also adduced this passage of Scripture, which is very commonly quoted against his party: “For there is not a just man upon earth, that doeth good, and sinneth not.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Lectures or Tractates on the Gospel According to St. John 95.2
… Since in that divine utterance also, where we read, “Be not made righteous over-much,”
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St Jerome † AD 420 Against the Pelagians 1.12
… but that, if negligence comes over them, they may fall; and that a man always occupies a middle place, so that he may slip from the height of virtue into vice, or may rise from vice to virtue; and that he is never safe, but must dread shipwreck even in fair weather; and, therefore, that a man cannot be without sin. Solomon says,
John Cassian † AD 435 The Conferences of John Cassian 23.5
… “It is good for me to cling to God, and to put my hope in the Lord.” And Ecclesiastes also declares that this cannot be done without fault by any of the saints, and says: “For there is not a righteous man upon earth, that doeth good and sinneth not.”
John Cassian † AD 435 The Conferences of John Cassian 23.18
… Wherefore also that most wise Ecclesiastes reviewing in his mind all the actions and purposes of men declares without any exception: “that there is not a righteous man upon earth, that doeth good and sinneth not,”
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Origen † AD 254 Origen De Principiis iv.section24
… And on this account, therefore, Solomon, the wisest of men, beholding by his wisdom the nature of things, says, “I said, I will become wise; and wisdom herself was made far from me, far further than it was; and a profound depth, who shall find?”
St Athanasius of Alexandria † AD 373 Festal and Personal Letters of Athanasius 52.2
2. Considering therefore how it is written in the Book of Ecclesiastes, ‘I said, I will be wise, but it was far from me; That which is far off, and exceeding deep, who shall find it out
St Gregory of Nazianzus † AD 389 Select Orations of Saint Gregory Nazianzen 28
… Thus Solomon, who was the wisest of all men, whether before him or in his own time, to whom God gave breadth of heart, and a flood of contemplation, more abundant than the sand, even he, the more he entered into the depth, the more dizzy he became, and declared the furthest point of wisdom to be the discovery of how very far off she was from him.
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St Gregory of Nazianzus † AD 389 Select Orations of Saint Gregory Nazianzen 2.75
… I said, I will be wise, says Solomon, but she (i.e. Wisdom) was far from me beyond what is:
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 A Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles 19
… What equal to Timothy? tell me that: and yet to him says Paul, “Give attention to reading, to exhortation. ( 1 Tim. iv. 13 .) For it is not possible, I say not possible, ever to exhaust the mind of the Scriptures. It is a well which has no bottom. “I said,” saith the Preacher, “I am become wise: and then it departed from me.”—(
St Jerome † AD 420 Against the Pelagians 1.28
… how unsearchable are His judgments, and His ways past tracing out! For who hath known the mind of the Lord? or who hath been His counsellor?” Your questions are such as he elsewhere describes: “But foolish and ignorant questioning avoid, knowing that they gender strifes.” And in Ecclesiastes (a book concerning which there can be no doubt) we read,
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John Cassian † AD 435 The Conferences of John Cassian 8.25
… Conference from the deep sea of questions to a safe harbour of silence, in which deep indeed, as the breath of the Divine Spirit drives us further in, so is there ever opened out a wider and boundless space reaching beyond the sight of our eye, and, as Solomon says, “It will become much further from us than it was, and a great depth; who shall find it out?”
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St Athanasius of Alexandria † AD 373 Festal and Personal Letters of Athanasius 52.2
… For although a perfect apprehension of the truth is at present far removed from us by reason of the infirmity of the flesh, yet it is possible, as the Preacher himself has said, to perceive the madness of the impious, and having found it, to say that it is ‘more bitter than death
Pseudo-Clement The Second Epistle of the Same Clement 10
… Not thus , my brethren, not thus let us conduct ourselves; but let us be mindful of that word which is spoken concerning a woman: “Her hands lay snares, and her heart spreadeth nets; but the just shall escape from her, whilst the wicked falleth into her hands.”
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St Jerome † AD 420 Against Jovinianus 1.29
… for thou dost not inquire wisely concerning this.” And he gives the reason why the latter days are better than the former: “For wisdom with an inheritance is good.” Under the law carnal wisdom was followed by the sword of death; under the Gospel an eternal inheritance awaits spiritual wisdom. “Behold, this have I found,
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St Athanasius of Alexandria † AD 373 Against the Heathen (Contra Gentes) 7
… but what she is is evidently the product of her own disorder. 5. For she is made to see God, and to be enlightened by Him; but of her own accord in God’s stead she has sought corruptible things and darkness, as the Spirit says somewhere in writing, “God made man upright, but they have sought out many inventions
St Athanasius of Alexandria † AD 373 On the Incarnation of the Word 3
… but men, having despised and rejected the contemplation of God, and devised and contrived evil for themselves (as was said in the former treatise), received the condemnation of death with which they had been threatened; and from thenceforth no longer remained as they were made, but
St Cyril of Jerusalem † AD 386 The Catechetical Lectures of S. Cyril 2.1
… The planting was good, the fruit coming from the will is evil; and therefore the planter is blameless, but the vine shall be burnt with fire since it was planted for good, and bore fruit unto evil of its own will. For God , according to the Preacher, made man upright, and they have themselves sought out many inventions
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 City of God 14.11
… For though God is said to change His determinations (so that in a tropical sense the Holy Scripture says even that God repented ), this is said with reference to man’s expectation, or the order of natural causes, and not with reference to that which the Almighty had foreknown that He would do. Accordingly God, as it is written, made man upright,
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Sermons on Selected Lessons of the New Testament 11.2
… He only can make of an evil man a good man, who is good eternally. “Heal me, and I shall be healed; save me, and I shall be saved.” Why then do those vain ones say to me in words vain as themselves, “Thou canst save thyself if thou wilt”? “Heal me, O Lord, and I shall be healed.” We were created good by The Good; for “God made man upright,”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Sermons on Selected Lessons of the New Testament 46.6
… if you take the world for men, the whole world did he who first sinned make evil. The whole mass was corrupted in the root. God made man good; so runs the Scripture, “God made man upright; and men themselves found out many cogitations.”
John Cassian † AD 435 The Conferences of John Cassian 7.4
… We ought not then to ascribe this wandering inclination of our heart either to human nature or to God its Creator. For it is a true statement of Scripture, that “God made man upright; but they themselves found out many thoughts.”
John Cassian † AD 435 The Conferences of John Cassian 13.12
… Otherwise we should have to admit that he was formed like some irrational and insensate beast: which is sufficiently absurd and altogether alien from the Catholic faith. Moreover as the wisest Solomon says: “God made man upright,” i.e., always to enjoy the knowledge of good only, “But they have sought out many imaginations,”
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St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 A Treatise Against Two Letters of the Pelagians 2.2
… The Manicheans deny that to a good man the beginning of evil came from free will; the Pelagians say that even a bad man has free will sufficiently to perform the good commandment. The catholic Church condemns both, saying to the former, “God made man upright,”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 A Treatise on Rebuke and Grace 9
… rebuked, as if we were able to give it to ourselves, and of our own choice would not give it?” And they do not observe that, if they are not yet regenerated, the first reason why, when they are reproached because they are disobedient to God, they ought to be dissatisfied with themselves is, that God made man upright from the beginning of the human creation,
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1. WHAT NEED HAS MAN TO SEEK GREATER THINGS, WHEN HE KNOWS NOT WHAT CONDUCES TO HIM IN HIS LIFE, IN THE NUMBER OF THE DAYS OF HIS PILGRIMAGE, AND IN THE TIME WHICH PASSES LIKE A SHADOW? OR WHO CAN TELL HIM WHAT SHALL BE AFTER HIM UNDER THE SUN? — Hebrew: What is there left to Adam, that is, to man? The Author of the Greek Catena: All things, he says, which are in this world ought to be vain, and nothing other than a shadow, and all things after death are to be obscured by blind oblivion and buried. For "greater things" in Hebrew it is יותר iother, which is the same as iitron, of which I spoke at chapter 1, verse 3, and properly signifies what remains, what is left over and superfluous, likewise more, excellent, distinguished. Ecclesiastes repeats this word frequently, so as to show the vanity of individual things, from the fact that they are fleeting and evanescent, and there is nothing which leaves behind it iitron, that is, any remainder, but all things like a vapor, a shadow and a dream immediately pass away, dissolve and vanish. Hence first, some understand by "greater things" things alien, as if to say: Your concern, not alien things: for these, because they do not pertain to you, surpass you, and are greater than your state and care; secondly, others say: "Greater things," they say, "are those which transcend your understanding and strength, such as curious, subtle, sublime matters, which do not help us toward virtue and blessedness, according to that passage in Ecclesiasticus III, 22: 'Seek not the things that are too high for thee, and search not into things above thy ability: but the things that God hath commanded thee, think on always.' Whence that saying of Ptolemy in the Preface to the Almagest: 'He who extends his knowledge beyond the skill which is in himself, is like a weak shepherd with many sheep.' Third and genuinely, understand by "greater things" future things: for these indeed iother, that is, things remaining to man after death, likewise superfluous things, which the greedy man ceases not to heap up in great abundance and magnificence, as if to say: Do not, O greedy man, extend your cares into future ages, so that you may establish your wealth and family, and make it ample and splendid through many centuries, and thus render it as if eternal. For these greater things are beyond you. Let it suffice you during life to acquire necessities for food and clothing, and leave the care of future things to God and to your descendants, and say: Let that care remain for our grandsons. Why here, wretched man, do you heap up wealth, lands, status, dignities, benefices, offices, as if you were to live here forever, when you are soon to die, and must leave all these things to the earth? Why do you look for great things here? What you see here is small. Why do you hope for long things? Whatever you see here is brief: think of eternal things. Thus the Wonderworker. Wisely St. Ephrem, in his treatise On Penance, after the middle: "Vanity," he says, "of human things is an heir, because its own is distraction and various occupation. Avarice and pleasure, and luxury and ambition have begotten a daughter, distraction; and she shows herself benevolent to her mother beyond her strength. Overcome the cunning of the serpent, and preserve benevolence toward the Lord. Take those things which are of vanity, and give them to God, so that you may escape being heir to your own things in the future age. Apply your faculties and monies to God, and the vanity of inheritance shall be driven away." Following the Wonderworker, Olympiodorus and others refer these things to astrologers and diviners, who from the stars and similar things endeavor to conjecture future things, whom often the greedy and the powerful, who seek great things, consult, and by the just judgment of God are deceived by their flattery, while they receive lies and false oracles of riches and honors from them. "How many things," says Cicero, in book II of On Divination, "I remember were said to Pompey, how many to Crassus, how many to this very Caesar by the Chaldeans, that none of them would die except in old age, except at home, except with glory, so that it seems wonderful to me that anyone still exists who believes those whose predictions he sees refuted daily by fact and events." For Pompey, defeated by Caesar, fleeing into Egypt, was miserably slain by a slave before his wife and children; Crassus was killed by the Parthians at Carrhae; Caesar was slain in the Senate by his own men. Truly Attius in the Astyanax: I believe nothing in augurs, who enrich the ears of others with words, so that they may enrich their own homes with gold. Therefore Solomon sets down this maxim, so as to censure the curiosity, avarice and inconstancy of the greedy man. Therefore he assigns it for a threefold end and threefold reason: the first is, that the curiosity of the human mind and a certain itching to know may be restrained, whether of future things, or of those which do not pertain to us; the second, that the concupiscence of the eyes may be condemned, namely of things which are pleasing to the eyes, the most splendid; the third, that the inconstancy of human concupiscence may be noted, never content with the lot constituted for it by God. Thus Pineda. WHEN HE KNOWETH NOT WHAT IS GOOD FOR HIM IN HIS LIFE. — The Hebrew: what is good in life; the Syriac: what is better; so also the Arabic. The Chaldean: for who is there that knoweth what is good for a man in this age, unless he labour in the law which is of eternal life; for the law always liveth, and leadeth its keeper to eternal life. He proveth that greater things ought not to be sought by three arguments: the first is this, drawn from the lesser, i.e., Why doth a mortal man eagerly and arrogantly seek greater things, who doth not comprehend lesser things? Why doth he scrutinize the future, who is ignorant of the present? Why doth he investigate curious matters, who doth not recognize what is necessary for him to live this life honourably? This is what the Wise Man saith in chapter IX, 16: "We do hardly guess aright at things that are on earth: and with labour do we find the things that are before us. But the things that are in heaven, who shall search out?" Many are worthy to be laughed at by some old woman, as Thales was, stumbling with their feet while lifting their eyes on high to contemplate superior things, paying no attention to those things which are before their feet. Scarcely is there one who knoweth what is most useful to him in this life, whether a wife, whether possessions of money, and things of that sort, as Olympiodorus saith. And yet these very things which appear good and pleasant to man are often harmful, sad, and fatal to him, and bring him a thousand cares, sorrows and anguishes; so that truly man knoweth not whether it be better to have a wife, riches and lands, or to be without them: much more therefore is he ignorant of greater and future things. Whence Socrates was unwilling to discourse concerning heaven and the stars, saying: "The things above us are nothing to us," as Laertius testifieth in his Life. BY THE NUMBER OF THE DAYS OF HIS PILGRIMAGE. — "Number," i.e., fewness; for this is of small number and easily numbered. The Hebrew: by the number of the days of his vanity, which namely quickly depart with man and vanish: of vanity therefore, that is, of a vain life, which quickly like smoke passeth away and vanisheth. Whence the Arabic rendereth it, the number of the days of the life of his vanity hath passed away by deception; Campensis: by the number of the days in which here one liveth in vanity, i.e., The number of the days of thy life, O covetous man, is short, why therefore dost thou make it shorter by thy vain cares and anguishes? Hear Seneca, in the book On the Brevity of Life, XVII: "It is necessary therefore that the life of those be most wretched, not only most brief, who prepare with great labour what they may possess with greater, who laboriously obtain what they wish, who anxiously hold what they have obtained: meanwhile there is no account taken of time which never returneth again. New occupations are substituted for old ones, hope exciteth hope, ambition exciteth ambition, an end of miseries is not sought, but the matter is changed. Honours have tormented us, the affairs of others take away more of our time;" and chapter XV: "The life of the wise man therefore is ample: not the same end that includeth others includeth him; he alone is released from the laws of mankind; all ages serve him as they do God. Hath some time passed? he comprehendeth it by remembrance; is it present? he useth it; is it to come? he provideth for it. The comparison of all times into one maketh for him a long life: theirs is most brief and most anxious, who forget the past, neglect the present, fear the future. When they have come to the end, the wretched understand too late that they have been occupied so long while doing nothing." You who are wise, therefore, spend this brief life on your own affairs, on present things, and on what is salutary for you, not on those of others, not on future things, not on vain, useless or harmful things. This is the second reason by which he proves that greater and future things ought not to be scrutinized, as if to say: Man in this life is a pilgrim, and journeys continually, so that he may reach his heavenly homeland; why therefore is he so anxious about the comforts of this life, so brief and fleeting? For on a short journey, only a small provision is needed. A pilgrim abroad is a guest and a stranger; why therefore does he linger in lodging, and establish his seat and homeland in it? A pilgrim, whether he will or not, passes through, and lodges but one night in the inn; for at the break of dawn he journeys onward: why therefore do we fix all our cares and thoughts on this earthly pilgrimage, which is nothing but an inn of a single night as it were? A pilgrim, feeling the labor and weariness of pilgrimage, longs for his homeland; why do we not, enduring so many labors and sorrows continually in this pilgrimage of life, long for heaven, the seat where fate shows us quiet rest? Live therefore for yourself, not for posterity; live for God, not for mammon; live for heaven, not for the world; live not for time, but for eternity. See St. Basil in Psalm IV, and homily 23 On not adhering to worldly things. Thus all the saints esteemed themselves pilgrims here, saying with David: "I am a stranger and a pilgrim, as all my fathers were;" as Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob journeyed as pilgrims in Chanaan, "being confident that they are pilgrims and guests upon the earth. For they that say these things do signify that they seek a homeland," says the Apostle, Hebrews XI, 9 and 13. See the sayings there. Hence St. Augustine wisely infers, lib. I On Christian Doctrine, cap. IV: "How therefore, if we were pilgrims, who could live happily except in our homeland, and desiring to end that pilgrimage and its misery, would wish to return to the homeland, would it not be necessary to use either terrestrial or marine vehicles by which we might travel to reach the homeland which we were to enjoy; but if the pleasures of the journey and the very motion of the vehicles delighted us, turned to enjoying those things which we ought to have used, we would not wish to finish the journey quickly, and entangled in perverse sweetness we would be estranged from the homeland, whose sweetness would make us blessed: thus in this life of mortality journeying from the Lord. If we wish to return to the homeland where we can be blessed, we ought to use this world, not to enjoy it, so that the invisible things of God, understood through those things which are made, may be perceived, that is, so that from bodily and temporal things we may grasp eternal and spiritual things." See Climacus, grade 3, and St. Cyprian, book On Mortality. AND TIME, WHICH LIKE A SHADOW PASSES AWAY. — Hebrew, and God will place them (your days) like a shadow; Septuagint, he made them in shadow; Syriac, he (man) passed them like a shadow; Chaldean, all the number of the days of the life of his vanity, in which he lived in the time of his death, are reckoned as a shadow; Zurich, which he passes through (others, completes) like a shadow; Campensis, For God made the days of man like a shadow. There is a third reason proving that one ought not to seek greater things, namely because we live here for a short time, so that, content with modest things, we should strive for virtue and the accumulation of merits, by which we may attain blessed eternity. Time is rightly compared to a shadow: first, because just as a shadow accompanies the motion of the sun, so also does time; for the daily motion of the sun makes the day, the monthly motion the month, the annual motion the year. Whence also in clocks the number of hours is indicated by the shadow of the style or index. A shadow therefore is air lacking the sun, which happens by the obstruction of some body, especially clouds; second, because, just as a shadow, as the sun rises, decreases, so much so that at midday it is small and almost nothing: so, as time increases, the years of life decrease and diminish, so that when that reaches its highest point, as it were to the zenith, these are finished and cease; third, just as a shadow appears to have great bulk, for example the shadow of a man in the morning is far greater than the man and represents a giant, yet in reality it has very little substance, indeed nothing, since a shadow is nothing but the privation of light: so likewise time has little existence; for it does not exist in itself, but only through a single point, or present instant, namely through a single now, which joins future time with past time. Hence Gabriel Vasquez held that time is not a real being, but a being of reason, because time does not exist in itself, but in the mind of man counting it, because it consists in the number and reckoning of parts, for example of hours succeeding one another and continuously flowing: whence properly the parts of time are the past and future, which in reality do not exist; fourth, because just as a shadow passes most swiftly, so also does time: for it passes equally, as a shadow follows the sun; but the sun is most swift, so much so that in any hour it travels a million miles and more: therefore time passes with equal swiftness; whence that saying: "Time flies irrevocably;"; fifth, just as a shadow is dark, so also our life is enveloped in darkness, miseries and errors; sixth, the time of our life is as it were a shadow of God's eternity, because from that, as a shadow from the sun, it flows forth, according to that in Psalm 89:8: "Thou hast set our years in the light of Thy countenance."; Hence in turn death is called "the shadow of life," because death follows life like a shadow, just as life itself like a shadow follows the sun of eternity. And of divine life, and because death is dark, sad, disastrous, horrible like a shadow; seventh, just as a shadow never remains stable, but is continually changed, grows or decreases according to the rising or setting of the sun: so also man never remains in the same state, but is changed and varied through each day, indeed each moment; eighth, just as the sun rising to the highest point of the sky gradually diminishes its shadow, finally at midday it destroys and disperses it: so also man diminishes the days of his life by living, and when he reaches the highest point of his day, he entirely destroys and consumes it. Hence St. Jerome reads, he will make them as a shadow; others, he perfected or consumed them like a shadow; ninth, a shadow is the lightest thing, which, vanishing, leaves no trace of itself on the earth: so also man when dying. Hence the Bride in the Song of Songs 2:17, sighing said: "Until the day break, and the shadows decline, that is until the day of eternity break, and the shadows of time and mortality decline," says St. Gregory. OR WHO SHALL BE ABLE TO TELL HIM WHAT SHALL BE AFTER HIM UNDER THE SUN? — namely what kind of children, grandchildren, heirs the miser and rich man shall have; what shall become of his riches and estates, when he does not know what shall happen to himself in the following year, indeed in the following day: for perhaps he will be stripped of all his goods and even of life itself. Thus Olympiodorus. The fourth reason is this, why man ought not to seek greater and future things, namely because with all his care and study he cannot know and foresee future things, and provide and look out for them. For these are uncertain and depend on the future chances of things, and therefore are subject to a thousand changes, as we experience daily, which therefore to foreknow, to predetermine, to order and to govern belongs to God alone. For this is the work proper and adequate to divine Providence. Hence it is clear that Solomon by greater things understood future things, and that he is dealing here with the scrutiny and providence of future things, as I said at the beginning. For these things pertain to the excessive cares and anxieties of the miser about future things, as I said at the end of the preceding chapter. Whence the Hebrew, Chaldean, and Pagninus attach this section to it; but they begin the seventh chapter from verse 2, and there likewise they begin the third section of the book. Yet it is better that the Latin and Greek texts begin chapter VII from this section, because it itself is a convenient transition and connection of the preceding chapter with the seventh. For in general it shows man that he ought not to seek greater and future things, but should use present things honestly and modestly, as much as the brevity of life requires, so that after himself he may leave behind a name of honesty and virtue for the example of others. Whence he adds, A good name is better than precious ointments. Thus St. Jerome.
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2. A GOOD NAME IS BETTER THAN PRECIOUS OINTMENTS; AND (that is thus, likewise better is) THE DAY OF DEATH THAN THE DAY OF BIRTH. — There is an elegant paronomasia טוב שם tob seem misseemen, as if to say, A good name is better than ointment; for seemen indeed signifies both oil and ointment, as St. Jerome says. Whence Symmachus translated, a good name is better than sweet-smelling ointment; but the Septuagint, the Arabic and the Syriac, a good name is (the Arabic adds, one) above good oil. Hence the Hebrews begin the third part of the book, and therefore mark Tob with a capital teth; for many comparisons follow here, by which better things are compared with less good things, which all begin with tob, that is, good, or better. The Hebrews also establish at this place the midpoint of the book; whence from the beginning to here they count 112 verses, and they compute the same number from this place to the end of the book. This maxim is rightly connected to the preceding one, as a conclusion drawn from it, as if you were to say, says St. Jerome: "Consider, O man, your brief days, and because you will soon cease when the flesh is dissolved; make for yourself a longer-lasting fame, so that just as ointment delights the nostrils with its odor, so all posterity may be delighted by your name." It signifies therefore two things: first, as if to say, In this life do not strive for riches or any other vanity, but for name, fame and glory: for these are more excellent and more fragrant than riches, indeed than ointments and precious things; second, as if to say, Strive for virtue: for this brings forth name and fame, and this smells more sweetly than any balsam; for the name and fame that is produced by riches, nobility, learning or any other vain thing is thin, painted and evanescent; whence it quickly slips away and vanishes. "Glory obtained by artifice, since it is not true glory, is neither lasting," says Plutarch in Cato. And Cicero, in the second book of Duties: "The foundation," he says, "of lasting commendation and fame is justice, without which nothing can be praiseworthy;"; and Seneca, epistle 79: "Glory is the shadow of virtue, and it will accompany even the unwilling." Hence Lyra explains it, as if to say, Honest good, such as a good name, is to be preferred to the delightful, such as ointment. For by ointment every kind of pleasure is signified, says Olympiodorus. Therefore virtue, and from it name and glory, are aptly compared to precious ointments, which, as Pliny testifies, lib. XII, cap. XXV, and lib. XVI, cap. XXXII, the Orientals, especially the Jews, used in banquets, both for cooling, for fragrance, and for the fomentation, soothing, health and vigor of the limbs: first, because, just as ointment warms, refreshes and strengthens the body, so fame does the soul. Whence the Thaumaturgus translated, a good reputation is sweeter to the soul than oil to the body. For fame delights the soul, and its powers demand to dare greater things, especially so that it may draw as many as possible to itself and its virtue, indeed to the worship and love of Christ. Pigeon-keepers are accustomed, says St. Basil, to send out a tame pigeon, that is an alluring one, anointed with fragrant odor to wild ones, which, captivated by its odor, follow it returning to the pigeon-house, and are captured there. Thus likewise a holy and religious soul should breathe forth that fragrance of virtues, so that through it all may be drawn to itself, indeed to Christ and religion. But hear St. Basil, epistle 175 to Julitta: "There is a certain art of catching pigeons, namely thus: when they have caught one, those who study to catch them make it tame, and accustom it to human society, then they anoint its wings with ointment, and allow it to join wild ones; but that one through the fragrance of the ointment transfers the wild one and the flock of free pasture to the possession of him whose own it is. For the sweet-smelling one will be followed by the others as well, and thus they come into the power of the pigeon-keeper. For this reason I wished this beginning of these letters to be thus, because having obtained Dionysius your son, at some time Diomedes, I anointed the wings of his soul with divine ointment, and sent him to the gravity of your honor, so that you yourself might join yourself to him, and receive to your nest, which he himself has built among us." Second, because just as ointment spreads its fragrance far and wide, so also does fame. It is commonly said: "Three things make themselves felt: Woman, wind and ointment," according to that passage in Proverbs, chapter XXVII, verse 16: "He that hideth her, is as he that hideth the wind, and shall call the oil of his right hand." St. Bernard elegantly says in sermon 71 on the Canticles: "Manners," he says, "have their colors, and they also have their odors: an odor in fame, a color in conscience." Hence Paul said: "We are the good odor of Christ;" to some unto life, to others unto death, II Corinthians, chapter II, 15; and in the same chapter, verse 14: he calls "the odor of the knowledge of Christ" the fame of Christ and of His religion and faith, which He Himself spread everywhere by His sanctity and zeal. Hence it is said of Him in the Canticles I, 2: "Thy name is as oil poured out;" oil, that is, ointment, as Vatablus and others translate it: for ointment is fragrant, not oil. Whence it follows: "Therefore do the young maidens love thee. Draw me: we will run after thee to the odor of thy ointments." Hear St. Augustine, book III of On Christian Doctrine, chapter XII: "A good odor is a good reputation; whoever shall abound in the works of a good life, while following the footsteps of Christ, does as it were perfume His feet with the most precious odor." Again St. Basil, in his oration on St. Gordius: "Just as," he says, "the sweet fragrances of aromatics breathe forth something of their own through the air that contains them, by which those present are refreshed: so also a good man is salutary and pleasant to the whole community dwelling with him." On the contrary: "The memory of the just is with praises, and the name of the wicked shall rot," Proverbs X, 7. Moreover, fame is more fragrant than ointments, because these are perceived only at a modest distance and for a modest time; but fame is spread among various peoples, and lasts after death through many centuries, indeed it becomes more illustrious after death, when meanwhile it is concealed and obscured in life by the envy of rivals. Third, because just as precious ointments are, so much so that formerly they were held as principal in the treasuries of kings, as is evident from Hezekiah, IV Kings XX, 13: so also fame is more precious than riches and of all price. Hence Cato: If thou lose all things, remember to preserve thy fame. Hence St. Augustine, in sermon 49 On Various Subjects, admonished, which he himself carefully observed, saying: "For ourselves our conscience suffices us, for you our fame ought not to be stained, but to shine among you." And St. Bernard: "To our neighbors," he says, "we owe our fame, to ourselves our conscience." Hence Theoderic, king of the Goths, in Cassiodorus, book III of Variae, epistle 11, concerning the father of Argolicus the prefect of the city, says: "Seeking the advantages of fame, he neglected the increase of wealth." Fourth, ointments most precious were those with which kings, priests and pontiffs were anointed: hence a good name signifies to excel in kingly, priestly and pontifical dignity, because these can exist without virtue and sanctity, without which a good name cannot exist. Hence the Chaldean translator renders it better: a good name, which the just acquire in this world, than the oil of unction with which the heads of kings and priests were anointed. Hence king Josiah is commended not for his kingdom, but for his virtue and its fame and glory by Ecclesiasticus, chapter XLIX, 1: "The memory of Josiah," he says, "is made in the composition of a perfume, the work of a perfumer;" where the memory and fame of Josiah is shown to be compared to a fragrant incense, which was burned to God. A holy man therefore is mystically a king and pontiff, indeed greater, and more pleasing to God, than a king or pontiff. Wherefore R. Simeon in Pirke Avoth, chapter IV: "There are," he says, "three crowns: the first, of the law; the second, of the priesthood; the third, of empire: but above all these shines forth and excels the crown of a good name and fame." AND THE DAY OF DEATH THAN THE DAY OF HIS BIRTH. — The Syriac version reads, the day of his generation; Thaumaturgus, the exit of life is better than its beginning. It is a copulative conjunction and means the same as thus: for it couples similar things, as is commonly understood in Proverbs. Whence Vatablus renders this maxim in a single sense thus: a good name is more excellent than precious ointment; so the day of death than the day on which he was born. And Campensis, a good reputation is more pleasing after death than the day on which one is born. Therefore a good name is compared to death, precious ointments to birth, and that is preferred to these, because a good name, especially after death, shines forth; it is strengthened and confirmed by death, whereas in life it is uncertain and doubtful: for many have lost the reputation which they acquired at the beginning of life at its end. Whence Ecclesiasticus, chapter XI, 30, warns that no one should be praised before death: "Before death, he says, praise no man whatsoever." But ointments are compared to birth, because ointments are symbols of delights, with which boys and girls are nourished, especially those of kings and princes. Hence the Hebrews and other peoples also anointed these same persons with precious ointments, as is sufficiently gathered from that passage in Ezekiel XVI, 9: "I washed thee with water, etc., and anointed thee with oil." So also the ancient Romans washed newborn boys in warm water in earthen vessels, and soon after anointed them with oil and butter, as Alexander ab Alexandro says, book II of Genial Nights, chapter XV; so also Christian infants are anointed with oil in Baptism, with chrism in Confirmation. Indeed, St. Bernard in the Sentences asserts that the three Magi offered to the infant Christ gold, frankincense and myrrh: gold to relieve his poverty, frankincense to drive away the stench of the stable, myrrh to strengthen the infant's limbs; although St. Jerome, Leo, Augustine, Rabanus, St. Thomas and others commonly offer more mystical and sublime reasons for these three gifts. Again, at the birth of infants there were feasts and celebrations, in which the guests were customarily anointed with precious ointments. The sense therefore is as if he said: Just as a good name excels precious ointments, even balsams, so the day of death, which brings to the just a good name, excels the day of birth, on which they were anointed with ointments. St. Jerome offers three reasons: "He shows, he says, that it is better to depart from the world and to be free from tribulations and the uncertain state of life, than entering the world to endure all these things; or certainly because at death it is known what we are, but at the beginning of birth it is unknown what we shall be; or because birth binds the soul to the body, death releases it." Hence also the Chaldean, when he had compared the good name of the just to the ointment of kings and priests, adds: "And the day on which a man dies, and goes into the house of burial in a good name," that is to say, A just and holy man, fragrant with various merits of virtue, does not smell less to God, angels and saints than a king or pontiff anointed with sacred chrism, and this especially when the agony of death has been happily completed, when already as a secure victor and triumphant he goes to the crowns and joys of heaven: for then with the fragrance of his virtues, fame and praise he perfumes the Church militant and triumphant, and the whole of heaven and earth, according to that saying: "The just shall be in everlasting remembrance." Properly therefore the day of death is here preferred to the day of birth on account of the name and eternal glory, which it conciliates to the just equally in heaven as on earth: for this is what that means, "A good name is better than precious ointments; and (that is, so also the day of death) better is the day of death than the day of birth." Hence the glory of the saints begins in death, just as weeping and lamentation in birth. What great glory after death did St. Paul, St. Athanasius, St. Chrysostom, St. Basil, St. Gregory, St. Bernard, St. Dominic, St. Francis and the other saints obtain, who shine forth with miracles, and are publicly honored, revered, and celebrated in temples, at altars, in offices, hymns, canticles, organs, vows, statues, sermons, and by the invocation and public worship of the whole people? Indeed, the ancient Romans, in order to signify that the deceased left behind a sweet memory of his virtues and posthumous fame, poured honey and precious ointments made from cinnamon, cedar and other aromatics into his funeral pyre, as I said on Eccles. XXX, 2. Again, they scattered flowers and crowns at the funeral, as Christians still do. They added funeral games, gladiatorial combats, comedies, etc. There followed eulogies, encomia and orations in praise of the deceased. Finally, to kings, princes and others well-deserving of the state they decreed the highest honors, indeed they even enrolled them in the number of gods through apotheosis (whose rite Herodian describes, lib. IV), and dedicated and consecrated to them altars, temples, victims and priests; whence they were called the divine Augustus, the divine Antoninus, the divine Hadrian, etc. In place of which the Christian Pontiffs substituted the canonization of saints, by which to those departed from life, as to saints, the public honor of invocation is conferred by the Church. Furthermore, Olympiodorus holds that the day of death is better than the day of birth not only for the saints, but also for the impious. For thus he explains this saying: "The birthday introduces us into the turbulent sea of this life, where the dragon has placed his lair; but the day of departure takes us away from the arena. And if indeed he who departs be a sinner, he ceases to sin any longer; but if he be just, he will enjoy eternal life." Thus the Thracians, as Herodotus testifies, accompanied the birthdays of their own with weeping, but the day of death with laughter. Hear Alexander ab Alexandro, lib. II Genial. cap. XXV: "For indeed among the Thracians and Trausians, and as Ctesias and the Causians relate, it was customary that when a boy was brought into the light, his relatives and kinsmen gathered around, lamented the boy, and lay afflicted. And they bewailed the recent calamities and the discomforts of life, how many evils remain for him which he is soon to suffer. These same people at the funeral, exulting, rejoiced, namely for him who, being dead, was finally granted to depart from this light and from the impending evils and all the cruelty of fortune, freed from all the discomforts and misfortunes which life brings. Which we remember was also observed by the Indians. For the Gymnosophists and Brahmans, living chastely and piously, held the day of birth to be the death of life."
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3. IT IS BETTER TO GO TO THE HOUSE OF MOURNING (Syriac, of weeping) THAN TO THE HOUSE OF FEASTING: FOR IN THAT PLACE (each one) IS REMINDED OF THE END OF ALL MEN, AND THE LIVING THINKS WHAT SHALL BE IN THE FUTURE. — Hebrew, in which it is (Zurich Bible, is seen) the end of all men, and the living shall lay it to heart; Symmachus, shall attend with mind; Vatablus, and the living shall weigh death, when he shall come there; Septuagint, because here is the end of all men, and he that liveth shall give good to his heart. Good, namely a thought and counsel concerning doing penance and changing life for the better, as the Chaldean explains; Syriac, and he that is alive gives good (Arabic, goodness) to his heart; Olympiodorus, it is more useful to go to the house of funeral mourning than to the house of feasting, because here is the future end of all men, and the living brings good to his mind; Campensis, in that place indeed is seen what end every man shall have; Thaumaturgus, and it shall be better to mourn than to feast; and to be present with those mourning than with those drowning themselves in wine. For he who shall rightly think upon his own end with himself, shall not embrace with so much zeal those things which are of this life. Moreover the Chaldean paraphrases and translates thus at length: "It is better to go to a man affected with trouble, that thou mayest console him, than to contend at the house of feasting and cups, in which there are whisperers; for the house of mourning is set before all as a mark and end, that they may go thither: and to all the decree of death is appointed. Therefore the just man, betaking himself to the sorrowful house, shall be brought to penance, and shall bring the words of death into his soul: and if he be in any error, leaving it, he shall make conversion to God." For feasting, the Arabic translates, drinking together; and this properly signifies the Hebrew משתה miste, and the Greek συμποσίου. Whence Cicero, in De Senectute: "Well," he says, "our ancestors named the occupation of feasts, because it had the conjunction of friends and life, a convivium better than the Greeks (he could have added and than the Hebrews) who call this same thing both compotatio and concoenatio, so that what is least in that kind, that they seem most to approve." This maxim is parallel and subordinate to the preceding one: "Better is the day of death than the day of birth." For to this you rightly subjoin: "Therefore it is better to go to the house of mourning than to the house of feasting." Now the Chaldean thinks that here it is advised to go to the house of mourning, to console the mourner; others, to celebrate the obsequies and funeral of the deceased. For this is the last work of piety to be rendered to a friend, according to that in Tobias IV, 18: "Place thy bread and thy wine upon the burial of the just." Again others, connecting this maxim with the preceding one, explain it, as if to say: The day of funeral and mourning is better than the day of feasting: because in that day the virtues of the deceased are praised, and his name and fame are celebrated and propagated, which is more worthy and excellent than all the pleasure which is perceived from the delights of feasting. But the reason which Ecclesiastes subjoins leads us elsewhere, which thus St. Jerome renders in the Commentary: "Because there we are reminded by the recollection of our condition and human frailty from the present corpse;" for each one thinks that the deceased tacitly says to him: "Remember my judgment: so shall it be also thine: to me yesterday and to thee to-day," Ecclus. cap. XXXVIII, 23. The sense therefore is, as if to say: Because the day of death is better than the day of birth, hence consequently it is better to go to the house of funeral mourning than to the house of feasting at a birth, which namely is celebrated on account of the born infant and son: because in that place from the spectacle of the funeral and the deceased man is reminded of his death, so that he thinks that he shall soon die in like manner and there shall be a funeral for him, and therefore he prepares and disposes himself to live honestly and to apply himself to good works; in this place however the mind is dissolved in delights, wines and joys and vain discourse, and is impelled to gluttony and every levity, dissolution and intemperance. Moreover it was common among the Hebrews, Romans, Greeks and other nations to celebrate festive banquets at births on account of the common joy of the born son, as is evident from the banquet of Abraham at the weaning of Isaac, and from Plutarch, Cicero, Athenaeus, lib. IV, and others. Our Blessed Francis Borgia, third General of the Society of Jesus, experienced the truth of this sentence, who when he was Duke of Gandia, by the command of Charles V, conducting the body of Isabella the deceased empress to the place of burial, the sarcophagus being opened, beholding the foulness and horror of the body, which while he lived was most beautiful, moved with compunction, determined to bid farewell to the dukedom and the world, and to embrace the religious life. Thus St. Bruno, at the funeral of the Doctor of Paris, hearing him rising from the bier and proclaiming: "By the just judgment of God I am accused, judged and condemned," withdrew into the desert and instituted the order of the Carthusians. Thus King Josaphat, seeing old men and the sick about to die shortly, learning from them that he too must die, was led by Barlaam to the true faith and to the eremitical life, as Damascenus relates in his History, chapter V. The author of a sermon to the Brethren in the desert, found in St. Augustine, sermon 48, asserts that he was wonderfully moved and compelled to contrition upon seeing Caesar's corpse putrid and full of worms. St. John the Almsgiver, Patriarch of Alexandria, had a sepulcher made for himself, but left it unfinished, and appointed a monitor who would suggest to him daily in his ear: "Your monument remains unfinished to this day, lord, command therefore that it be completed; for it is uncertain at what hour the thief may enter, namely death." Thus Leontius in his Life. Charles the Fifth, five years before his death, ordered a sarcophagus to be made for himself, and had it carried about with funeral furnishings wherever he went, so that by viewing it daily he might constantly represent to himself the memory of death, which would restrain him from sins and urge him to holy works, as Lipsius relates, book II of Monitions, chapter XIV, where he tells a similar story of Maximilian I, grandfather of Charles the Fifth. See Climacus, step 6, who among other things says: "He is indeed approved who expects death on each day; but he is truly holy who desires it on each hour." Hence the Egyptians at banquets, in order to moderate their luxury, dissolution of mind and pleasures, would carry about the skull of a dead man, whispering to the guests: "Look upon this form; for you shall be like it," as Herodotus testifies, book II. Moreover, the blindness of men is remarkable, in that when they go to houses of mourning and see others dying daily, and know that they too will die, nevertheless they do not think of their own death, nor prepare themselves for it, as if it were far off, when often it is near. St. Ephrem gives the reason, in his sermon On the Remembrance of Death: "The negligent and contemptuous," he says, "blinded by the fraud of sin, as their days proceed, think the hour of death is far off, taking no thought of their departure; but rather they prescribe for themselves many years and long times. But they are like those who undertake a journey in the dead of night, who indeed think they are far from the impending precipice and steep place until, having fallen over it, experience resolves the doubt. Whoever therefore has perceived the deception of this life with the eye of a clear mind, and has become elevated above those who devote study and labor to the things of this life, will understand altogether that, whether he eat, or drink, or sleep, or labor, or contemplate, every day and hour he is driven by nature toward old age and the end of temporal life; whence, as if despising dung and refuse, he strives to turn himself away from the affection of this life, so that he may have no fellowship with human things." This is the paralogism of the devil, by which he seduces many, namely by persuading man each year that he will not die that year: for he says to him: You can easily still live for a year; you have sufficiently strong powers for this; therefore you will not die this year. He says the same and persuades man in the following year, and the third, and the fourth, and each succeeding year, so that it comes to pass that man never prepares himself for death, thinking he will not die that year: thus it happens that the year appointed by God for death arrives, and death seizes man unprepared and heedless. St. Ephrem assigns a remedy for these things, in his tract On the Spiritual Life, number 40, where he urges all to have a living and present remembrance of death: "Blessed," he says, "are those who mourn, for they shall be comforted. Let us incline ourselves to the sepulchers and perceive the hidden things of our condition. From corpses we shall see heaps of bones mixed together, and skulls stripped of flesh along with the other bones. And considering these things, we shall contemplate ourselves in them as in a mirror of sorts. Where is the flower of youth and beauty? Where is that fair color of the cheeks? Thinking these things with ourselves, let us flee the desires of the flesh, lest on the day of resurrection and judgment we be confounded." And number 15: "Expect the day of your death daily, and prepare yourself to enter upon that journey: for at the hour when you least think it, the dreadful command will come, and woe then to the unprepared! Good is the contrition of the heart, for it heals the souls of men. He who pursues mourning will not easily sin, and he who is touched by the contrition of the heart does not think of evils: for from contrition arises weeping; but in weeping we turn away from sins." From this saying St. Jerome, Olympiodorus and St. Gregory collect, in the Fourth Book of the Dialogues, that Ecclesiastes, when he praised food and drink above, did so not in order to commend pleasure and gluttony, but in order to prefer temperance and its honest use to avarice and excessive stinginess. St. Chrysostom beautifully depicts, in homily 62 to the People, a twofold house, namely of mourning and of joy: "And if you wish," he says, "let us describe two houses, this one indeed of those marrying, this one however of those mourning; let us enter both with the mind, let us see which is better. For it will be found that the mournful is full of wisdom, but the nuptial is full of confusion. For see shameful words, unrestrained laughter, more unrestrained utterances, and dress and gait full of deformity; words full of much foolishness and stupidity, and nothing else whatsoever; laughter in all things and derision, which are there: I do not say weddings, God forbid, but those things which are in weddings; then nature rages, brute beasts are present instead of men: these indeed neigh like horses; those however kick like asses, much effusion, nothing earnest, nothing noble; the pomp of the devil, cymbals and pipes, and songs full of fornication and adultery. But not so there where mourning is: all things are composed, much rest, much silence, much correction, nothing disorderly, nothing unrestrained; if anyone has spoken anything, all words are full of philosophy." See the same author, homily 15 to the People. Mystically, the house of mourning is the passion of Christ, for it is more useful to give oneself to meditation upon this than to any joys, not only carnal but also spiritual: for the passion of Christ lulls to sleep the temptations of gluttony, lust, anger, pride and all vices: it animates toward patience in all adversities, it stirs up fortitude, charity and the other virtues. Whence the martyrs, stirred by the stimulus and example of the passion of Christ, roused themselves to overcome racks, fires, beasts and all the torments of the devil, so that they might repay Christ in kind, and return love for love, life for life, death for death. Again, the house of mourning is contrition and compunction of heart, than which nothing is better, that is, nothing more useful, nothing more holy; and what is wonderful, nothing more pleasant, as those who have experienced it know: for the pain of contrition is most sweet to the soul, the tears of compunction most sweet, surpassing all the delights of the world, concerning which Christ says in Matthew V: "Blessed are they that mourn, for they shall be comforted." See Climacus, step 7, and St. Basil in the work On Giving Thanks, where he beautifully combines holy mourning with joy, and shows that blessed are those who mourn, and yet these same people also rejoice wonderfully. He brings forth the cause, asserting that the mourning and tears of the saints spring forth from the fervor of charity, by which they are wholly inflamed toward God; and at the same time from sorrow for the loss of their fellow servants who are sinning, but without loss of their own joy, as happens to those happy about their safety on the shore, who grieve at the same time for the loss of those whom they see immersed in the sea waves. Therefore this mourning exhilarates, both because it flows from love; and because it is a sign of a pure and holy conscience, which is always joyful as if at a continual banquet; and because it gives certain confidence in the consolation and eternal glory promised by Christ. Hence St. Chrysostom, in homily 4 on the First Epistle to Timothy, teaches that the house of mourning is a monastery, where there is continual meditation on death, ashes, haircloth, solitude, fasts, vigils, mourning without laughter. The same author, sermon 20 to the People: "Truly," he says, "the house of mourning is a monastery, where there is sackcloth, and ashes, and solitude; where there is no laughter, nor the tumult of worldly business; where there is fasting, and a bed on the ground, all things pure from filth, from blood, from tumult, disturbance and vexation; it is a tranquil harbor; they are like torches shining from a high place to those arriving from afar: sitting in the harbor, and drawing all to their own tranquility, nor allowing shipwrecks to happen to those who look to them, fleeing to them in darkness not permitting them to wander. Come there to them, lodge, touch the feet of the saints. For it is much more honorable to touch their feet than the head of others."
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4. BETTER IS ANGER THAN LAUGHTER: BECAUSE BY THE SADNESS OF THE COUNTENANCE, THE MIND OF THE OFFENDER IS CORRECTED. — From the reason set forth, it is clear that sadness is understood under anger. For these two are indeed passions, nay sisters from the same mother, namely born from hatred of evil and accompanying each other mutually. Whence Campensis translates, better is sadness than laughter. Whence also the Septuagint, good anger over laughter, because in malice (for κακια, that is malice; Aquila reads κακωσι, that is affliction; the old translation, sorrow) of the countenance good shall be made, or the heart shall be made good, that is shall be gladdened, or the heart shall be corrected, as the old translation reads. The Complutensian editors, the heart shall be honored; Thaumaturgus, the soul is disposed toward what is right and honorable; Campensis, the heart is admonished of its duty. For anger in Hebrew is כעס caas, that is indignation, burning anger. Whence the Syriac translates, better is fury than laughter, because through the malice of the face the heart shall be made better; the Arabic, for through the evil of the face the heart is healed; the Zurich, better is indignation than laughter, because sadness shall bring forth a joyful heart; others, it shall gladden the heart. Now to the sense. First, the Chaldean takes this saying concerning the anger not of man, but of God. Whence he translates, better is the indignation with which the Lord of the world shall be indignant against the just in this age, than the laughter with which he derides the wicked. For when the countenance of majesty is saddened, want and vengeance come upon the age, to make blessed the heart of the just, who shall pray before the Lord of the world, and he himself shall have mercy upon them. Second, Symmachus translates, better is anger than laughter, because through sadness the mind shall be made better, namely of him who is affected with sadness on account of God, and who bears the angers of others, according to that: "As sorrowful, yet always rejoicing," II Corinthians VI, 10. And Thaumaturgus: "But prudent anger also," he says, "is to be preferred to laughter, and timely indignation: inasmuch as by severity of countenance the soul is corrected. And this is the reason why the souls of the wise are contracted and stern, while those of the inexperienced are elevated and diffuse." And St. Jerome: "Laughter," he says, "dissolves the wise man, anger corrects and amends; let us be angry at ourselves, if ever we sin, let us be angry at others: for through sadness indeed (anger mixed with it) the mind shall be made better." Third, Hugh of St. Victor explains this saying physically, as if to say, Better is anger and sadness than laughter, because sadness recalls heat and spirits to the heart, and thus strengthens it, and makes it attentive and vigorous for all honesty and virtue: but gladness and laughter draw heat and spirits away from the heart to the outer parts, and thus dissolve it, weaken it, and render it weak and languid, so that it is powerless and unfit for strong works. Fourth, our Pineda, understanding anger as sadness, connects this saying with the preceding one, as if it gave its reason, as if to say, It is better to go to the house of mourning than to the house of feasting; because the house of mourning instills in man a salutary sadness, which is far more useful than laughter and joy. For a corpse is as it were a silent teacher teaching man to be wise, to despise vain life, to meditate on death, to flee the vices of the flesh, to strive for continence. For by its decay, stench, and worms, it reproves and rebukes the carnal and foul manners of the living. For which reason the ancients were wont to place a corpse, clothed in grave and dark garments, before the door in the vestibule of the house, as Suetonius testifies in his life of Augustus, so that it might instill in all who passed by a salutary mourning and true philosophy of changing morals. But the Hebrew כעס cass properly signifies anger, indignation, fury, as the Septuagint, Syriac, Arabic and others translate it; not sadness. Fifth therefore, properly and genuinely Our author translates, better is anger than laughter, because by the sadness of the countenance, the mind of the offender is corrected, or of the subject, or of the companion: for he speaks of anger, not that with which one is angry at himself or at the devil, but with which one is angry at the offender, and shows him a severe, sad, angry countenance, so that his offense may be punished and corrected, as if to say, It is better to be angry at the sinner than to smile at him. It is more profitable to be angry at the offender, and to punish and wash away his offense by countenance and grave, severe, biting words like lye, than to foster and increase it by laughter. Thus St. Jerome, Salonius, Olympiodorus, Lyra and others everywhere. For on the occasion of the house of mourning, of which the preceding verse speaks, he proceeds to show the advantages of sadness and mourning. That this name is truly fitting is evident in detraction; for a sad countenance dissipates it, while a cheerful one fosters it, according to that passage in Proverbs XXV, 23: "The north wind driveth away rain, and a sad countenance a backbiting tongue." The same is evident in the education of sons and daughters, concerning which Ecclesiasticus cap. VII, 26 says: "Hast thou daughters? take care of their body, and shew not a cheerful countenance to them;" and cap. XXX, 9: "Play with thy son, and he will make thee sorrowful." That this is the meaning is clear from the fact that Ecclesiastes, explaining itself, immediately adds: "It is better to be rebuked by a wise man, than to be deceived by the flattery of fools; because as the crackling of thorns burning under a pot, so is the laughter of the fool." Sixthly, this is what the Apostle says, II Corinthians VII, 8-11: "For although I made you sorrowful with my epistle, I do not repent; and if I did repent, seeing that the same epistle (although but for a time) made you sorrowful, now I am glad: not because you were made sorrowful, but because you were made sorrowful unto penance. For you were made sorrowful according to God, that you might receive damage by us in nothing. For the sorrow that is according to God worketh penance, steadfast unto salvation; but the sorrow of the world worketh death. For behold, this self-same thing, that you were made sorrowful according to God, how great carefulness it worketh in you; yea, defence, yea, indignation, yea, fear, yea, desire, yea, zeal, yea, revenge: in all things you have shewed yourselves to be undefiled in the matter." Thus Paul, when he had rebuked the Corinthians because they had tolerated a fornicator in their assembly, shows the fruit of this rebuke in anger and sorrow. Morally, learn here that the wise and holy should be grave and severe in mind and countenance, and should cast off from themselves all levity and laughter. Thus we read of St. Martin: "Sorrow did not darken his face, nor did laughter smooth it." St. Bernard in the rule of honest living thus ordains: "Let thy laughter be such as to indicate either levity of mind or provocation, yet rare. And let it itself be drawn forth sometimes, but never poured forth." The same, in his work On the Interior House, cap. LXV: "Where laughter and jesting abound, there perfect charity does not reign. If a nun loved Christ perfectly, she would not laugh but would weep unceasingly with longing for Him: because he who loves and fears Christ perfectly does not laugh, but mourns in His love." The same, sermon 4 On the Advent: "We read that Christ wept over Lazarus and over the city, and spent nights in prayer, but nowhere that He laughed or jested." Concerning St. Bernard himself, the Author of his Life writes, lib. III, cap. II: "Concerning laughter we say that we have often heard from his mouth, while he marveled at the laughter of religious men, that he did not remember from the first years of his conversion ever having laughed in such a way that he did not have to exert force to restrain himself rather than to indulge in laughter; and he applied a spur to his laughter rather than a bridle."
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5. THE HEART OF THE WISE IS WHERE SORROW IS, AND THE HEART OF FOOLS WHERE JOY IS. — The Hebrew: the heart of the wise in the house of mourning, and the heart of the inconstant, or fools, in the house of joy; the Arabic, in the house of joys; Campensis, in the house of feasting. This maxim follows from the preceding ones. For since the house of mourning is better than the house of joy, and sorrow than laughter, it follows that the wise man, who truly knows and chooses what is better, prefers the house of mourning, as it were a school of wisdom: but the fool prefers the house of joy, as it were a game of dissolution and folly; wherefore this maxim is sufficiently clear from what was said a little before, and in chapter II, 1. Now first, the Chaldean, as he explained the preceding maxim, so also explains this one of compassion and consolation for the mourning, and restricts it to the mourning of the destroyed temple. For thus it reads: the heart of the wise is sad on account of the destruction of the house of the Sanctuary, and on account of the captivity of the people of the house of Israel, and the heart of fools in the joy of the house of their division; they eat, and drink, and abound in delights, and do not lay to heart the affliction of their brethren. Briefly therefore the sense will be, as if to say: The wise man goes to those who mourn, that he may do well by them, comforting them, instructing them, helping them; but the fool goes to those who rejoice, laugh, and feast, that he may fill himself with delights and joys. Second, Olympiodorus asserts that the wise mourn on account of impending death, but fools exult in the vain pleasures of life. For thus he says: "The wise man is in funeral mourning, considering with himself that he is born of corruptible flesh and will soon depart from this life: he follows other mortals, who are born of the same condition, with pious affection. But he despises whatever presents itself to his eyes, as subject to chance and death. The fool, however, with dullness of mind thinks that the things which are in the world are solid, and does not understand their change, and therefore is secure about his future end, abounds in delights, indulges in pleasures." Third, St. Jerome takes this of those who rejoice to associate with those who correct themselves when delinquent, and mourn their faults, as Samuel mourned the fall of Saul, I Kings chapter XV, verses 35 and 36. Paul mourned those who did not do penance, II Corinthians chapter XII, 21; whereas on the other hand fools are more pleased by flatterers and mockers. Hear St. Jerome: "Therefore let the heart of the wise man go to the house of such a man, who corrects himself when delinquent, that he may bring to tears one who may provoke himself to mourn his own sins, and let him not go to the house of joy, where the teacher flatters and deceives; where he seeks not the conversion of his hearers, but also applause and praise. Such a teacher is lamented, rich in speech, not rich in deed, who because he is satisfied, therefore receives his consolation. Finally, the following verses also agree with this opposition." Fourth, fully and adequately the Wonderworker takes this maxim generally of any pious mourning and any vain joy; for he says: "And this is the reason why the souls of the wise are contracted and stern, but those of the foolish are elevated and diffuse," namely because by severity of countenance the soul is corrected, as preceded, but by laughter it is dissolved. For wisdom is not "found in the land of those living sweetly," says Job, chapter XXVIII, but foolishness and stupidity; because, as St. Gregory explains: "Those who live sweetly in this world" are still "so foolish as not even to know this, whence they have fallen." Thus St. Arsenius wept continually and was dissolved in tears. Thus also St. Ephrem, whose entire treatises resound with nothing but pious mourning and lamentation. The reason a priori is that the wise man in the house of mourning learns wisdom, that is, gravity, modesty, continence, restraint of concupiscence, patience, constancy, charity and every virtue: but the fool in the house of joy learns his own foolishness, that is, dissolution, levity, gluttony, drunkenness, lust and every intemperance. Hear St. Chrysostom, homily 62 to the People: "For wherever there is sadness, there is truly also philosophy. He who before was rich and much puffed up, after any mourning will bear himself so that anyone may address him: after fear and sadness, as if a certain sharper fire had fallen upon him, have softened his soul and hardness, then he becomes humble, then more merciful, then he feels the change of worldly things, then he will be patient in all things. But in the theatre all things are contrary, laughter, foolishness, diabolical pride, effusion, expenditure of time and superfluous consumption of days, inducement of evil desire, meditation of adultery, gymnasium of fornication, school of intemperance, exhortation of turpitude, matter of laughter, examples of dishonesty. But not so in prison, but there humility, supplication, progress in philosophy, contempt of worldly things, all things are trampled down and despised, and as a pedagogue to an infant, fear is present, directing him to all fitting things." Symbolically, in the same place St. Chrysostom from this maxim gathers that the house of mourning and consequently of wisdom is adversities and tribulations, so that the sense is, as if to say, The wise man rejoices in adversities, and dwells in them as in his own house; but the fool in prosperous and happy things, because "virtue rejoices when agitated by adversities:" for through adversities it is strengthened, fortified, grows, just as trees agitated by winds establish themselves more firmly and drive their roots deeper, nature teaching them thus to fortify and arm themselves against their enemy, namely the wind. This is what St. James says at the beginning of his epistle: "All joy count it, my brethren, when you shall fall into divers temptations: knowing that the trying of your faith worketh patience. And patience hath a perfect work: that you may be perfect and entire, failing in nothing." See the sayings there. Tropologically, St. Gregory, in book XVIII of the Morals, chapter LXXXIV, says that the just mourn because they admit no joy of the world, yearning for God and heavenly joys, and therefore groan and say with the Psalmist: "My soul hath refused to be comforted; I remembered God and was delighted," Psalm 77:3. "This therefore, he says, is the bitterness of the wise, because while they are often lifted up on high, they do not spread their mind here with any joys. Hence it is written: The heart of the wise is where sadness is, and the heart of fools where gladness is." Again St. Bernard, in On the Degrees of Pride, places inept gladness as the third degree: "It is proper, he says, to the proud always to seek joyful things and to avoid sad things, according to that: The heart of fools where gladness is." He then gives these signs of it: "In signs buffoonery, in the countenance cheerfulness, vanity appears in gait; prone to joking, easy and ready in laughter. For having erased from memory all things which he knew to be contemptible in himself and therefore sad, and having gathered together any good things he feels in himself, or feigned before the eyes of his mind, while he thinks of nothing except what pleases him, and does not attend, if it be permitted, he can no longer hold back his laughter, can no longer dissemble his inept gladness. For as a bladder swollen with collected wind, and pierced by a small hole, if squeezed, bursts while it deflates; but the wind going out not diffused everywhere, but emitted narrowly, produces certain frequent sounds: thus a monk, when he has filled his heart with vain and buffoonish thoughts, on account of the discipline of silence not finding a way for the wind of vanity to go out more fully, is shaken out through the straits of his throat by guffaws. Often he hides his face in shame, closes his lips, clenches his teeth, laughs unwillingly, guffaws involuntarily. And when he has blocked his mouth with his fists, still through his nostrils he is heard to snort." Therefore mourning is better than gladness, whether you mourn your own sins, desires, passions and miseries; or those of others, with which the whole world is full: wherefore the wise man in this valley of tears judges it better to mourn than to rejoice vainly, especially because he has seen most men living in infidelity and crimes, and rushing into hell and being damned. Against this the fool gives himself over to inept gladness, laughter, jests, banquets, dancing, etc. Briefly, summing up all things, the sense is, as if to say, The wise man rejoices to be corrected for his errors, and rejoices in the severity of countenance and words.
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6. IT IS BETTER TO BE CORRECTED BY A WISE MAN THAN TO BE DECEIVED BY THE FLATTERY OF FOOLS. — The Hebrew reads: it is better to hear the rebuke of a wise man, than a man hearing the song of fools. Where the Wonderworker notes that one wise man is set against and preferred to all fools, as if to say: The rebuke of one wise man surpasses all the songs of all fools. For "song" the Septuagint translates "melody"; the Syriac, "chant"; the Arabic, "ditties"; Campensis: he who patiently hears the reproof of a wise man is better than he who hears continually a foolish man singing. Therefore first, the Wonderworker and Olympiodorus understand the melody or song of fools properly as a sweet ditty, which dissolves and enervates the mind. Whence the Wonderworker translates: it is therefore far more desirable to bear the reproof and chastisement of one wise man than to be a listener to the song of a whole choir of wicked men soothing the ears; and the Chaldean: it is better to sit in the house of doctrine and hear the reproof of a man wise in the law, than a man who walks about to hear the voice of the dancing of fools. But Our author rightly understands by melody or song flattery, both because this directly opposes reproof; and because it itself is the song of sirens composed to deceive the hearer; and because melodies and songs are often mere flatteries and fictitious praises of the hearers, especially of the rich and powerful. This maxim pertains to that verse 4: "By the sadness of the countenance the mind of the offender is corrected." For the wise man reproves with stern countenance and words a friend or neighbor who offends, in order to amend him; but the fool flatters the offender and smiles at him, and thus fosters him in his sins, especially while he calls his vices virtues. For, as Seneca says, epistle 43: "Rashness lies hidden under the title of courage, moderation is called cowardice, the cautious man is taken for timid; in these matters great error is made." Whence Isaiah complains of such men, chapter III, 12: "O my people, they that call thee blessed, the same deceive thee, and destroy the way of thy steps;" and Ezekiel, chapter XIII, 18: "Woe to you that sew cushions under every elbow of the hand, and make pillows under the head of every age to catch souls." For, as Cassiodorus beautifully says: "Flattery blandly applauds all, says hail to all: it calls the prodigal liberal, the avaricious frugal and wise, the wanton courtly, the garrulous affable, the stubborn steadfast, the sluggish mature and grave; this arrow flies lightly, is quickly fixed." Therefore the reproof of the wise man is like salt, or nitre washing away the stains of the soul and morals, or like wormwood, which is bitter to the mouth, but pleasant to the stomach, while it purges, binds and strengthens it. Its bitterness and gall therefore ends in the honey and sweetness of virtue, consolation and joy; but the flatteries of fools are honey in the ear, but end in the gall of sin, death and hell: for they lead the hearer thither, and he sees and knows it; for often he knows them to be flattering and lying; for he sees in himself that he does not possess those gifts which those flatterers attribute to him. Wherefore St. Augustine in Psalm LIX: "The tongue of the flatterer," he says, "pursues more than the hand of the persecutor." And Cicero, epistle 1 to his brother Quintus: "The lanista," he says, "is a mild flatterer, flattery is a lethal potion, a honeyed suffocation." See what I have said concerning reproof and flattery in Proverbs XXVII, 6, on those words: "Better are the wounds of a friend, than the deceitful kisses of an enemy;" and elsewhere often. Flatterers therefore are like sirens, which enchant and kill their hearers with sweet song; they are like lamiae and witches, who by their praises, as by poisons, fascinate and madden a man; they are like nets and snares, by which they catch fish and birds; they are like foxes, which fawn with their tail upon hens, that they may catch and devour the unwary. Therefore the reproof of the wise man is better than the song and flattery of fools, "because this enervates the mind, that gathers and strengthens it," says Olympiodorus. That teaches wisdom, this is foolish, and leads into error, crime, death and hell; nay, it actually deceives, while those whom it praises and venerates to the face, it blames and mocks behind the back. Hear St. Jerome to Rusticus: "Do not believe your flatterers, nay do not readily lend your ear to mockers, who when they have fostered you with flatteries, and in a manner made you bereft of mind, if you suddenly look back, you will either discover the necks of storks curved behind you, or the ears of an ass being moved by hand, or the panting tongue of a dog stretched out." Cyril the Great elegantly adorns this meaning with a festive fable of the crow and the fox, beautifully and sententiously in my twenty-seventh parable, in Book II of his Moral Apology, chapter XXVII, which has the title: Against those who desire to be praised by flattery: "The crow," he says, "remembering his former deeds, his subtle frauds and great cunning, puffed up with pride and eager for flattery, began to seek the breeze of praises. When therefore, desirous of flattery, he found the fox resting in the refreshment of shade, after performing the duty of greeting, being asked by her what he sought, he replied: Among my goods I have not found a herald of my praises because of hostile envy; to whom she, perceiving what he wished by the subtle cunning of her wit, mocking the fool thus said: I see well enough that where foul pride clouds the mind with a cloud of madness, all sagacity avails little. Surely you have become empty, since you desire to receive wind. For bellows, when they are empty, draw in, and being empty are soon filled with it: now certainly you have become a lodging of death, since you thirst for the pestilential blast of vain praise." Then he graphically depicts the vanity and harm of flattery with various emblems: "For what is flattery other than the bright aura of a rising star, a northern storm, siren melody, lethal song, the pipe of deceit, and the voice of a very lying hyena. Indeed, while it strikes the drum of the ear with sweet sound, it extinguishes the lamp of reason, corrupts the serenity of virtue with draconic breath, and leaves nothing of verdure in the soul with brutish tooth. It sounds sweetly, enters suavely, occupies lethally, devastates irremediably the whole. But believe me, the sweet song of flattery is worse than the bitter bite of detraction. For flattery destroys good interior things, detraction only exterior things; the former infects substance, the latter fame; the former strikes the willing, the latter wounds the resisting; the former always, when it has pleased, harms; the latter often, if one is patient, profits unto betterment." He adds a dilemma, by which he demonstrates the aforesaid reasoning a priori: "Moreover, either you have with you matter for praise, or you do not have it; if you have this, why do you beg from various ones, and wish to have from wind what you contain in yourself from virtue? yet if you are unworthy to be praised as if in irony, praise will become to you reproach, and commendation will be turned into confusion. For false praise is blame. And by the very fact that one conceives a desire for the wind of praise, he becomes unworthy of true praise; for to desire to be praised is a beastly vice of pride, which while it spreads itself through appearance always loves fear and lip. I know finally that it is great praise to spurn the praise of a talkative voice; and solid glory, to flee the glory of worldly light. For the whole matter of true praise is virtue. Having said these things, he turns the appetite of the hearer into hatred."
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7. BECAUSE AS THE SOUND (noise, crash, crackling, as Campensis and others translate it) OF THORNS BURNING UNDER A POT, SO IS THE LAUGHTER OF A FOOL: BUT THIS ALSO IS VANITY. — The author of the Greek Catena: "For the laughter of foolish men presents a clear image of many thorns, which, when they catch flame, crackle with a loud sound, and gape wide open." In the Hebrew there is a beautiful paronomasia. For he says: שיר schir, that is, a song of sirens, namely the flattery of fools, is similar to סירין sirim, that is, thorns, under סיר sir, that is, a pot crackling, as if to say: Just as the sound of thorns burning under a pot crackling is troublesome, brief, smoky and useless: so the smooth voices of flatterers are troublesome, quickly cease, cloud the mind, and soon turn into pain and bitterness of conscience, and into present torments and the eternal torments of hell. Thus Olympiodorus and St. Jerome. Therefore the songs and flatteries of flatterers are rightly compared to thorns crackling under a pot. First, because just as this crackling sound is shrill and dulls the ears, and brings nothing else of benefit: so the praises of flatterers are nothing but noisy voices, and empty hisses of mouths swollen with flattery and crackling, which are disagreeable and troublesome to men of sense. Whence just as you recognize thorns from the crackling, so you recognize a fool from flattery, says Olympiodorus. Again, the laughter of a fool is sonorous, effusive and cackling, similar to the sound of thorns hissing and crackling; therefore on both sides there is nothing but empty noise and crackling of voice. Second, just as a thorn pricks one who touches it, so flatteries wound and hurt the soul, while they exhort it to the thorny cares of the world, or prepare it for future fire, says St. Jerome. Third, just as thorns interwoven entangle the hand and clothes of one who touches them, so also flatteries render the soul perplexed, and involve it in many difficulties and crimes. Whence Symmachus translates, by the voice of the inexperienced someone is bound with chains, that is, says St. Jerome: "By the voice of such precepts the hearer is more ensnared, while each one is bound by the chains of his own sins." Proverbs V. To this pertains that passage in Nahum I, 10: "As thorns embrace one another, so their banquet of those drinking together: they shall be consumed as stubble full of dryness." Fourth, just as the flame of thorns is sudden, and quickly passes with a sound, so also the joy conceived from flattery ends and vanishes with it. Thus St. Bonaventure. Fifth, just as thorns emit smoke, so flattery clouds the mind. Thus Olympiodorus. Sixth and very aptly, just as the flame of thorns quickly passing and ceasing does not heat the pot and the meat in it, nor removes from them cold and rawness, but rather increases it by antiperistasis: so also flatteries do not kindle the hearts of hearers with sorrow for sins and love of virtues, but rather harden them in the cold of their sins. Seventh, just as the sudden flame of thorns quickly turns into ashes and cinders, so flattery often turns into mockery: for those whom flatterers praise to their face, they disparage behind their back. Clearly contrary are the rebukes of the wise: for first, they are modest and grave without noise and crackling; second, they prick to heal, not to wound; third, they are candid and free, not entangled; fourth, they are constant and endure; fifth, they do not cloud the mind, but illuminate it; sixth, they kindle it with love of God and virtue like coals of juniper; seventh, they leave no ash of vanity after them, but are always like themselves in gravity and ardor. Finally the Chaldean translates, what else is the voice of fools laughing and joking, than a certain noise and sound of thorns burning under a cauldron? and this too is vanity. Whence St. Basil, rule 17 in fuller disputation, judges by this maxim that immoderate laughter bursting forth into cackling is condemned, with the body leaping, as plainly contrary to constancy and gravity. Thus also St. Ambrose, Exhortation to Virgins, whom hear: "But what the same Ecclesiastes warned us all about the immoderation of laughing, let us consider. As the voice, he says, of thorns under a pot, so is the laughter of fools. Namely thorns, when they burn, sound, and are quickly consumed, so that there is no effect of heat. Whence also it was said of the Jews: They burned as fire in thorns. They were consumed by their own laughter, and were inflamed in the Lord's passion, when they joked about the fire of their own soul, saying: Let him hope in the Lord, let him deliver him, let him save him now, if he will have him. And mocking they struck his head with a reed, and crowned him with thorns, and offered him vinegar to drink. That laughter set the Synagogue on fire forever. So therefore is the laughter of fools, which sounds without grace, and burns the pot of his body." BUT THIS ALSO IS VANITY. — Again and again Ecclesiastes brings in and presses this theme of vanity. But what is this? Campensis takes it as a rebuke of the wise: for there is also in him a certain vanity, either of pride, or of inefficacy, when the rebuked one is not corrected; or of harm, when he brings upon himself hatred and losses. Better you refer it to the laughter of the fool: for this is vain and inept. And because flattery, says Cardinal Hugo, empties the flatterer, and also him to whom flattery is made. Finally the Chaldean translates, what else is the voice of fools laughing and joking, than a certain noise and sound of thorns burning under a cauldron? and this too is vanity. Whence St. Basil, rule 17 in fuller disputation, judges by this maxim that immoderate laughter bursting forth into cackling is condemned, with the body leaping, as plainly contrary to constancy and gravity. Thus also St. Ambrose, Exhortation to Virgins, whom hear: "But what the same Ecclesiastes warned us all about the immoderation of laughing, let us consider. As the voice, he says, of thorns under a pot, so is the laughter of fools. Namely thorns, when they burn, sound, and are quickly consumed, so that there is no effect of heat. Whence also it was said of the Jews: They burned as fire in thorns. They were consumed by their own laughter, and were inflamed in the Lord's passion, when they joked about the fire of their own soul, saying: Let him hope in the Lord, let him deliver him, let him save him now, if he will have him. And mocking they struck his head with a reed, and crowned him with thorns, and offered him vinegar to drink. That laughter set the Synagogue on fire forever. So therefore is the laughter of fools, which sounds without grace, and burns the pot of his body." BUT THIS ALSO IS VANITY. — Again and again Ecclesiastes brings in and presses this theme of vanity. But what is this? Campensis takes it as a rebuke of the wise: for there is also in him a certain vanity, either of pride, or of inefficacy, when the rebuked one is not corrected; or of harm, when he brings upon himself hatred and losses. Better you refer it to the laughter of the fool: for this is vain and inept. And because flattery, says Cardinal Hugo, empties the flatterer, and also him to whom flattery is made.
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8. CALUMNY DISTURBS THE WISE MAN, AND SHALL DESTROY THE STRENGTH OF HIS HEART. — The Septuagint, because calumny carries about the wise man and destroys the heart of his wife; Aquila and Theodoret, his strength; the Complutensian editors, his nobility. For this is τὸ εὐγενείας, for which some read τὸ εὐτονίας, that is, the good tenor, vigor and constancy of his heart. The Syriac, because accusation destroys the wise man and destroys the heart of his teeth; the Arabic, because the fool turns the mind of the wise man, dissolves the heart of his strength; Thaumaturgus, that calumny is the supreme evil, by which it especially lies in wait for the souls of the wise, striving to uproot that generous and dense forest of virtues. For calumny in Hebrew is עשק osec, that is, calumny, likewise oppression, and any injury whatsoever whether by words or by deeds, for instance by force and fraud. For disturbs in Hebrew is מהולל meholel, which if you take it as placed for מחולל mecholel (for the letters he and heth are akin both in character and in sound: each is indeed a mark of aspiration) signifies, afflicts with pain, distresses, torments, as childbirth torments the woman in labor; otherwise meholel properly signifies, dishonors, makes inglorious, disgraces, disturbs, obscures. For the root הלל halal, in the Piel signifies to praise, to celebrate, to make glorious; in the Poel however it signifies the contrary, namely to revile, to make vile, inglorious, infamous. Aquila translated it, shall seduce; the Chaldean, shall deceive; Pagninus, shall cause to go mad; the Zurich Bible, drives to madness; another, causes to err, so that namely through impatience he might wander from wisdom and virtue, and slip into vengeance, slaughter and other crimes, as the Chaldean insinuates; the Syriac, destroys; the Septuagint, carries about, turns about, rotates; commonly, turns his head. This variety of versions illustrates, exaggerates, amplifies this saying greatly. Olympiodorus, vexes; the Arabic, turns; Thaumaturgus, lies in wait. For destroys the strength of his heart, in Hebrew it is, destroys the heart of a gift: which St. Jerome, Cajetan and others explain, as if to say, A gift perverts the heart and mind of the wise man, according to that: "Gifts blind the eyes of the wise," Deuteronomy XVI, 19. But here the matter is not about gifts, but about calumny; wherefore the Zurich Bible explains it better, as if to say, Calumny breaks the heart of the wise man adorned with excellent gifts; and Campensis, the wicked, if rebuked, strive to destroy him who has a heart so remarkably adorned with the gift of wisdom; the Chaldean, by depraved speech weakens the prudence of the wise mind, which was given to man as a gift from God. Whence Our author, the Septuagint, the Arabic and the Syriac, destroys the strength or vigor of his heart; this therefore is the heart of a gift or the heart of the gift (for you may turn it either way from the Hebrew), that is, the heart given by God, and adorned by him with many gifts. This saying, as also the following ones, although they can be taken as disparate, as dogmas of wisdom, nevertheless can be connected with the preceding one in this way, so that it may explain that "but this also is vanity," as if to say, A rebuke of the offender made by the wise man, although holy, nevertheless has its attendant vanity, namely that the offender rebuked by him becomes indignant with him, and that he may repay him in kind; since he cannot truly charge him with crime, he charges him with falsehood, and fabricates against him a calumny which afflicts and disturbs him: thus Cajetan. Whence Campensis translated it, because the wicked if rebuked for oppressing others, afflict the wise man; and the Chaldean, the violent man also mocks the wise man, so that he does not walk in his way. Others refer this saying to verse 2: "A good name is better than precious ointments." Others, as if to say, O wise man, I have warned you to beware of flattery; now likewise I warn you to beware of the opposite to it, calumny. Olympiodorus less correctly takes this saying thus, as if to say, Even the wise and perfect are struck by absurd and impious thoughts against the providence of God, while they see the pious here afflicted and oppressed by the impious. St. Bonaventure takes it better of the sorrow of the wise when they see innocent neighbors vexed by calumny. For this is the zeal of compassion, which the Apostle had, saying: "Who is scandalized, and I am not on fire?" II Corinthians, chapter XI. You would take it most rightly of calumny and accusation cast upon the wise man himself; for this often disturbs, torments and afflicts him. Thus the Syriac, St. Jerome, Albinus, Salonius and others. St. Jerome notes that this saying is taken of the wise man not perfect, but making progress; for he is disturbed by calumny: "For the perfect wise man indeed needs no argument, is disturbed by no calumny," but tolerates and overcomes it with a constant mind, as the Apostles "went away from the presence of the council, rejoicing that they were counted worthy to suffer reproach for the name of Jesus," Acts V. The first a priori reason is that man, from the fact that he is rational, of a noble and ingenuous nature, supremely desires honor and fame; for the desire of this is so intimate to him that whoever touches it touches the pupil of his eye, indeed pierces the marrow of his soul; wherefore many prefer to lose their life than their fame. But the honor of the wise man is situated in wisdom and innocence; wherefore whoever touches it through calumny pierces the innermost parts of his soul. Hence Ecclesiasticus, chapter XXVI, verse 6: "My face feared a false calumny." Hence the adages: "Envy is the companion of integrity; calumny is a dire pestilence." Hence also an emblem whose title is: To the bite of calumny there is no remedy: Nature provides medicine for all poisons: These surpass the wounds made by the hand of the tongue. What once the rabid calumny emitted as poison, It kills before you think the poured venom has spread. Second, that calumny often takes from a man his wealth, his freedom and his life. For calumny of a violated royal edict cast Daniel into the den of lions. Calumny of adultery brought Susanna to the danger of an infamous death. Calumny of hostility against Ahasuerus, fabricated by Haman, condemned Mordecai and all the Jews to death, as is evident from the book of Esther. Third, that the calumny of a holy man creates grave scandal and impedes the fruit of his sermons, readings, and all his works; wherefore it must then be refuted, as St. Basil teaches in his homily On Envy, and St. Gregory in book VIII, epistle 45. Thus Paul refuted the calumny of false apostles, who attacked his doctrine and life, in II Corinthians X and XI; and Christ continually dispersed the calumnies of the scribes and Pharisees cast against him, as is evident in John V, 5 and following. Add that calumny can scarcely be so washed away that a mark does not remain. Wherefore Medius, the parasite of Alexander the Great, gave this impious and diabolical counsel to his men: "Bring any crime against anyone; for although the wound heals greatly, a scar nevertheless remains." Just as that wicked leader, rather a robber, said to his soldiers: "Plunder and despoil both friends and enemies. For although those who are despoiled act before the prince so that we are compelled to restore, yet some portion of the plunder will always remain with us." Hence Thearidas, when sharpening his sword on a whetstone, being asked if it were sharp: "Sharper, said he, is calumny." Thus Plutarch in the Laconian Lives. Do you want examples? Take these. Calumny was brought against Moses by Korah, Dathan and Abiron, that he sought the principality for himself and the priesthood for his brother Aaron, which wounded and troubled him, according to that: "Moses was vexed because of them: for they had exasperated his spirit," Psalm CV, 32; especially because through this calumny the murmuring of the people was stirred up; whence Moses complained to God with great anguish of heart, and said: "Respect not their offerings, thou knowest that I never took of them so much as an ass, nor did I hurt any of them," Numbers XVI, 15. Thus Jeremiah, prophesying that Jerusalem would be destroyed by the Chaldeans, heard continual calumnies from the Jews, that he was a false prophet, a friend of the Chaldeans, a traitor to his country. Whence he continually groans and weeps, as may be seen in chapter X, verse 11 and following, chapter XX, verse 8 and following. Hence also David prays, Psalm CXVIII, 134: "Redeem me from the calumnies of men: that I may keep thy commandments." Where St. Ambrose says: "He who is oppressed, says he, by calumny, cannot easily keep the divine commandments; it is necessary that sadness usually yield either to fear and be afflicted, either by fear of calumny or by sorrow." Thus St. Basil felt deeply the calumny of heresy cast upon him. For thus he writes, epistle 82: "Moved by these letters, as was fitting, and struck in mind by so unexpected and sudden a change, I could not even respond: for my heart palpitated, my tongue failed me, and I plainly suffered what is wont to happen to a mind not very strong: for it must be indicated what is true, and yet worthy of pardon. Then I was scarcely far from having hatred toward the human race overflow, and all the ways of men became suspect to me, thinking that there is no good of charity in human nature, but only certain plausible words contrived for the ornament and cultivation of those by whom you wish to use them; but that their affection in truth does not exist in the human heart." Furthermore, the modes and means of refuting or overcoming calumny are various. The first is, if you refute it by contrary acts and your own morals: are you accused of being proud, gluttonous, lustful, avaricious, etc.? be humble, sober, chaste, liberal, so that all from your acts may see that the calumny is false; whence the singular refutation of calumny is the innocence and sanctity of life. Wherefore Demosthenes, as Stobaeus testifies, sermon 40, used to say that calumny indeed for a time instills evil suspicion in those who hear it; but in the progress of time nothing is more feeble than it. Second, if you resign your innocence to God, and earnestly beseech His judgment, by which He may declare your innocence, as David did in the Psalms, as in Psalm XLII, 1: "Judge me, O God, and distinguish my cause from the nation that is not holy, deliver me from the unjust and deceitful man;" and Psalm VII, verse 9, and Psalm XXV, 1, and Psalm XXXIV, 1 and 2, and Psalm XXXV, 3. For God is the protector and avenger of innocence; wherefore to many in this life, but to all in the day of judgment, the innocent, though defamed as guilty, He will restore the reputation of innocence. Say therefore with the Apostle: "To me it is a very small thing to be judged by you, or by man's day: but he that judgeth me is the Lord, who will also bring to light the hidden things of darkness, and will make manifest the counsels of hearts: and then shall every man have praise from God," I Corinthians IV. Therefore God restores to the innocent, injured by calumny, or even slain, their reputation, as He restored it to Daniel, Susanna, Joseph, Mordecai. We read in the Life of St. Irene, virgin and martyr of Portugal, that on account of calumny of fornication she was put to death, but after her death God revealed her virginity, and made it attested by many miracles. She was inscribed among the Saints in the Roman Martyrology on the 20th of October. Blessed Marina, a virgin, professing the monastic life among men, and calling herself Marinus, falsely accused by a daughter violated by another of fornication committed with her, and the offspring entrusted to her as to a father, was cast out of the monastery by the Abbot and performed public penance; but after her death her innocence was recognized by her sex, and the calumniatrix, seized by a demon, could not be freed from it except by confessing the calumny and seeking pardon at the tomb of Marina; indeed God also proved her chastity and sanctity by many miracles, as her Life, truly admirable, relates. Third, if with a great and unbroken spirit you despise the opinions and mockeries of men, and say with St. Augustine in his letter to Secundinus: "Think of Augustine what you will; only let my conscience before God not accuse me." For the force and harm of calumny consists not in the calumniator, but in the sense of the one suffering it. Show yourself therefore not to feel it, but to laugh at it, and you will have driven it away. Hear St. Chrysostom, homily 2 to the People: "Just as, he says, pleasure consists not in the arrangement of foods, but in the affection of those eating, so also do I say of insult, that insult is constituted or destroyed not by the intention of those insulting, but by the effect of those suffering it: for example, someone has done many shameful and abominable things to you insultingly; if you have derided the insults, if you have not received the words and have been superior to the wound, you have not suffered insult. And just as if we had a body of adamant, even if we were struck by countless weapons from all sides, we would nevertheless not receive wounds; for wounds are made not by the hand hurling the weapons, but by the bodies of those suffering: so also here injuries and the insults of injuries are constituted not by the madness of those insulting, but by the weakness of those suffering the insults. For if we know how to philosophize, we can neither be affected by insult, nor suffer anything grave. He inflicted injury: you did not feel it, nor did you grieve, you did not suffer injury, but rather you struck more than you were struck; for when he who inflicted the insult sees his blow not reaching the soul of the one suffering, he himself is gnawed in a greater way, and when those suffering insult are silent, the wound of insults is of its own accord turned back against the one sending it." Indeed, even Aristotle, as Laertius testifies in book V, when absent was provoked by someone's curses: "Let him curse me even in my absence," he said. The same man, to a certain talkative one who was cursing and saying, "Have I not worn you down enough?" replied, "By Hercules, I paid you no mind." Moreover, the Emperor Marcus Antoninus, surnamed the Philosopher, in book IX of his Meditations, gives this remedy for calumny and impudence: "If you are offended by someone's impudence, he says, immediately ask yourself whether it is possible that there be no impudent people in the world; but this cannot be, do not therefore demand what cannot be; for this one too is one of those impudent people who must exist in the world. The same applies to the cunning, the unfaithful, and to anyone whatsoever who is vicious in any way—it should be ready for you to think. For if you remember that such people must necessarily exist, you will show yourself more equitable to each one. It is also useful immediately to think what nature has given to man as a virtue against that sin. For she has given gentleness as a remedy against the ungrateful; against another vice, another aid. Altogether, moreover, it is permitted to you to bring back to the way the one who has erred; for everyone who sins errs in this, that he deviates from his purpose. Finally, what harm has come to you from it? You will indeed find that none of those at whom you are angry has done such a thing as to make your mind worse: but in this one thing lay the possibility that evil and harm would befall you. What evil or novelty happens, if an uneducated man acts in his own way? See that you yourself are not rather to be blamed, who did not foresee that he would sin in this way." Finally, the consolations of God sweeten calumny. For experience confirms that perfect men, who patiently, indeed cheerfully bear calumnies, their contempt, false accusations, humiliations, mortifications, persecutions, injuries, draw wonderful illuminations and spiritual consolations from God, and are so filled and overwhelmed by them that they would not wish to be without calumnies, but delight and exult in them as in feasts. Thus Abacyrus in the Ladder of Climacus, step 4 On Obedience, exercised in the monastery for fifteen years with constant calumnies and injuries, said when dying: "I give thanks to the Lord, and to you, Brothers, that you have continually tested me for my salvation; for by this cause I have remained free from the temptation of demons hitherto." But Macedonius, when he similarly asked to be exercised and to be reduced to the order of novices, and obtained it, being asked the reason, gave this: "Never, he said, have I felt myself so polished by all warfare, and have I seen the sweetness of divine light in myself." St. Francis said to Brother Leo: "This is true joy, if afflicted by calumnies, reproaches and beatings, we willingly tolerate all these things for the love of Christ." St. Ignatius, founder of the Society of Jesus, exulted in the prison into which he had been cast through calumny, and said that this was the true way to sanctity and perfection, and this he teaches expressly in Rule 11 of the Summary of the Constitutions.
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9. THE END OF A DISCOURSE IS BETTER THAN THE BEGINNING. — The Hebrew, Septuagint, Syriac and Arabic render it: good is the latter part of a word before the beginning of that word, that is, of a discourse, or of a thing. For often the word is taken metonymically for the thing signified by the word. Whence the Chaldean: the end of a matter is better than the beginning of it: because at the beginning one cannot judge what outcome will finally follow; but the outcome of an excellent matter is easily perceived by a man, than how he began it; the Zurich Bible: the latter part of a matter is more important than the beginning; Campensis: the end of a thing is better than the beginning. By discourse therefore understand not only prayer, as Lyra does, but also a sermon, a reading, a narrative, an exhortation, and any discourse whatsoever, indeed any action, any matter; Thaumaturgus: a discourse is not to be praised at the beginning, but when it has reached its conclusion. Some think that this maxim expresses the same thing as that which was said in verse 2: "The day of death is better than the day of birth:" for this is the beginning, that is the end of human life; but this seems remote and far-fetched. St. Jerome gives four literal senses of this sentence, and a fifth mystical one. The first is, he says, as if to say "Conclusions are better in speaking than the exordium." For in these the speaker's concern is ended, in that it begins. The second, as if to say "He who begins to hear a discourse, and goes to a teacher, is at the beginning; but he who hears the final parts, is accomplished and perfect." Thus disciples in schools, who hear the end of Grammar, Rhetoric, Logic, Theology, are more learned than those who apply their ears and effort to the beginnings of these same subjects. The third, as if to say "The Hebrew," he says, "thus discussed this passage with the following verse: It is better for you to consider the end of a matter than the beginning, and to be patient than to be seized by impatient fury." The fourth, as if to say It is better to finish a discourse and be silent than to speak: "Let us learn," he says, "from this little saying that there is no wisdom in men, since it is better to be silent than to speak; and because when the discourse has been finished, the hearer reflects within himself what has been said: but when we have begun to speak, he has not yet received what benefit." There is tacitly insinuated the vanity of discourses and things, namely that, when they are finished and cease, they are best, not however when they are or begin. Add the fifth, as if to say The end is better than the beginning, because the end perfects and crowns the work; the end brings forth the fruit and reward of the work, and therefore a crown is placed upon it. Again, as if to say It is better to persevere in a good work than to begin it; indeed it is preferable not to begin than not to persevere. Whence from the Hebrew you may translate: the latter is better than the former word, or the beginning, and thus you will be able to connect this maxim with the preceding one, as if to say A wise man rebuking an offender, even if he suffers calumny from him, nevertheless does not cease from rebuking, but pursues and presses it constantly, because the end of rebuke is better than the beginning, both because perseverance in good is better than beginning; both because the falsity of calumny is revealed in the end; both because through perseverance in rebuke the hardness of the offender is often overcome, and it comes to pass that he abandons his faults and amends them, according to that in Proverbs XXVIII, 23: "He that rebuketh a man, shall afterwards find more favour with him, than he that by a flattering tongue deceiveth him." But Lyra, who understands by discourse prayer, thus translates it, as if to say The end of prayer is better for him who has suffered calumny: because he himself began to pray and beseech in sadness, but in the end the consolation of God succeeds, by which he becomes steadfast and patient, of which the next verse speaks. Moreover this maxim admonishes the wise man always to look to the end of his labors and works; and therefore to bear patiently and cheerfully, or to undertake, and to do the means appropriate to the end in the hope of the end and fruit: thus the sick man takes bitter medicine with a view to the end, namely health; thus the soldier labors in hope of promotion to greater things. For often the beginnings are slight and hard, but a most ample and joyful end follows, according to that: A weak beginning will be followed by better fortune. Thus Aben-Ezra. Hence some translate it: it is better to think of the end of a thing than the beginning, according to that: Whatever you do, do it prudently, and look to the end. Therefore this maxim especially teaches perseverance in a good work undertaken; for this alone is crowned, according to that saying of Christ: "Whosoever shall persevere unto the end, he shall be saved," Matthew X. Whence Hugo turns this maxim against those who do not await the end of a sermon, prayer or Mass, or of the knowledge which they are learning: for these lose their oil and labour, especially because God is accustomed to pour forth at the end of prayer, to reward constancy and perseverance, great lights, great affections, great hopes of the thing which is being sought to be accomplished. Moreover in prayer they shall be heard, and shall obtain what they ask, as Christ promises in Luke VIII, 11 and following. Finally St. Jerome, book I Against Jovinian: "Many, he says, are called, but few are chosen. To begin is the part of many, to persevere is the part of few: whence also great is the reward of those who shall have persevered;" namely great, indeed the greatest is the gift of perseverance, as the Council of Trent and St. Augustine teach, in the book On the Good of Perseverance. Hear St. Bernard, epistle 129 to the Genoese: "And now what remains, dearest ones, except that you be admonished concerning perseverance, which alone deserves glory to men, a crown to virtues? Truly without perseverance neither does he who fights obtain victory, nor does the victor obtain the palm. The vigour of strength, the consummation of virtues, is the nurse unto merit, the mediatrix unto reward. It is the sister of patience, the daughter of constancy, the friend of peace, the bond of friendships, the bond of unanimity, the bulwark of holiness. Take away perseverance, and obedience has no reward, nor does a benefit have gratitude, nor does fortitude have praise. Finally, not he who has begun, but he who shall have persevered unto the end, he shall be saved." Mystically, the same St. Jerome: "While, he says, we are in this world, all that we know is a beginning: but when that which is perfect shall come, we shall be in the last things and consummated," that is to say, On earth a good work is begun, in heaven it is perfected. See I Corinthians XIII. Tropologically Olympiodorus: "Better, he says, is the end of a prayer in which virtue is treated than the beginning: for not only is it beautiful to have begun, but much more so to have imposed an end upon the work begun." Thus also Albinus: "Better, he says, is consummated justice than begun justice." Thus also St. Bonaventure, Hugo and Dionysius. Symbolically Hugo: The whole, he says, written law is reckoned as a single prayer, whose beginning, which is fear, is better as an end, namely charity: for fear is the bristle of love; because as the bristle, St. Augustine says, draws thread into a hole, so fear draws love into the soul. BETTER IS THE PATIENT THAN THE ARROGANT. — Hebrew, better is he long in spirit than he high in spirit: long in spirit is the long-suffering man. Whence the Septuagint, it is good to be long-suffering above the high in spirit; Syriac, better is long-suffering than the height of spirit; Arabic, he who waits is better than he who is lifted up in the spirit of tribulation; Campensis, better is the patient man than he who freely censures others. Connect this maxim with the preceding one, that is to say, Therefore the end of prayer and correction is better than the beginning, because it makes a man long-suffering and patient, while he long-sufferingly bears the infirmities and calumnies of the offender, and patiently awaits his amendment: therefore the patient is better than the arrogant, who grows angry at the offender and rebukes him proudly, and therefore does not amend him, but hardens him rather in his vice. Note "better is the patient," not as if the arrogant were less good, but that it is far better for him to be patient than impatient and arrogant; indeed, just as the patient is the best, so the arrogant is the worst. Do you wish a famous example? Take St. Chrysostom: homily 7 On the Faith of Anna, mother of Samuel, who gently and strongly bore the reproaches of her rival Phenenna by praying, thus he writes: "The helmsman sitting at the helm preserves the ship, driving off the assault of the waves by the prudence of steering: thus that woman, when anger and anguish made an assault upon her mind, disturbing her reason and stirring up many waves, bore the tempest strongly, and did not allow her reason to be submerged. For indeed the fear of God, like a pilot sitting at the helm, persuaded her that the tempest was to be borne with great courage, and did not cease to govern her mind until it brought it into a tranquil harbour full of cargo, that is, a womb laden with a precious treasure;"; Maximus, sermon On Anger: "As ships, he says, are excellent, not those which sail in clear sky, but those which resist the tempest and escape into port: so men resisting anger and fury are great and strong." Secondly, that is to say, Better is he who corrects the offender, and therefore receives calumny from him and tolerates it patiently, than the offender who is arrogant, who through pride and impatience rejects and calumniates the one correcting him. Thirdly, the Chaldean translator renders it: it is better before the Lord a man who subdues his concupiscence than a man who walks in the swelling of spirit. Hence St. Jerome combines this maxim with verse 4, as if limiting it: "Because," he says, "above he had allowed anger, saying: Better is anger than laughter, lest we should think that anger, which is in passion, is to be praised, now he commands anger to be entirely removed: for there he placed anger for the correction of sinners and the instruction of the younger; but here he restrained impatience. But patience is necessary not only in difficulties, but also in happier circumstances, lest we be exalted more than is fitting. It seems to me that he who is now called exalted is contrary in the Gospel to the poor in spirit, who is placed in blessedness." Thus also Olympiodorus. Fourthly, Thaumaturgus refers this maxim to the modesty of prayer and of speech. For thus he renders this whole verse: "Speech is not to be praised at the beginning, but when it has reached the end. Let the modesty of morals be approved, not ostentation or superciliousness." For there are those who at the beginning of speech modestly lower their eyes, countenance, voice, but gradually raise them and at the end burst forth with proud, threatening, indignant words, especially when they do not obtain what they ask. The first sense is most connected and genuine. Morally, how great is the dignity of patience Tertullian and St. Cyprian teach in the treatise On Patience. See the sayings at James I, 4, at those words: "But patience has a perfect work." And Prov. XVI, 32, at those words: "Better is the patient man than the mighty." And cap. XIX, 14: "The doctrine of a man is known by patience." Finally, hear St. Gregory, part. Past. admon. 10: "By this vice of impatience also the mind is often transfigured by the fault of arrogance, because while each one does not endure to be despised in this world, if any good things are hidden from him, he strives to display them; and thus through impatience he is led even to arrogance." that is, to lack all anger, than to be hasty to anger. Furthermore, the Chaldean takes anger, with which the sinner is angry when he is punished by God. For thus it has: "Do not in the time when correction comes upon you from heaven, do not hasten in your soul to be angry, nor say words of blasphemy against heaven. If you patiently endure, it will be forgiven you; if you are stubborn and angry, know that fury will rest in the bosom of fools, until it destroys." But truly others more commonly understand these things of the anger with which we are angry at a man, or at a creature inflicting some harm. For, as St. Ambrose says, I Offic. cap. vi: "He who is quickly moved by injury makes himself worthy to be seen as contemptible, while he wishes to be seen as unworthy." Furthermore, under anger is forbidden vengeance, which anger prepares, as if to say: Do not be swift to become angry, so as to burst forth immediately into harsh words or deeds and blows by which you avenge yourself. Thus St. Ambrose, Exhort. to Virgins: "How beautiful," he says, "is that: Do not hasten to be angry in your spirit, because anger rests in the bosom of fools; that is, even if there be a cause which moves indignation, let vengeance not be hasty, lest the heat of indignation boil over too immoderately. Therefore it cannot remove what is a natural motion, but it inserts a delay, so that the medicine of counsel may temper anger." He proves it from that: "Be angry and sin not," Psalm IV, 5. Hence also St. Jerome: "Anger," he says, "joined with pride always desires vengeance." Therefore this maxim forbids two things: first, that we not be quickly angry; second, that when angry we not quickly rush forth into harsh words or blows, but restrain our mouth and hands from the execution of anger and vengeance. Therefore this maxim forbids not all anger, but swift and sudden anger, and by that very fact tacitly permits slow and tardy anger: for by this we are angry at sinners and sins, and we correct them, chastise them, punish them. Whence anger was given by nature to man as it were "the heart of fortitude," says Cicero, IV Tuscul. And as it were "the servant of good actions," says St. Basil, orat. Against Anger; and "the instrument and handmaid of virtue," says St. Gregory, V Moral. cap. xxxv. Therefore it is as vicious to be apathetic as it is to be irascible.
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10. BE NOT HASTY TO BE ANGRY: FOR ANGER RESTETH IN THE BOSOM OF A FOOL. — In Hebrew, be not hasty in thy spirit to be angry, for anger resteth in the bosom of a fool; for the Hebrew word כעם caas signifies burning anger, rage. Whence the Septuagint and the Syriac translate it as fury. "For anger is brief madness," and it produces lasting fury, which spreads through slaughters, robberies, fires, and lays waste all things both private and public; the Arabic version: do not hasten to be angry in thy spirit, for anger resteth in the lap of fools; Thaumaturgus: fury and the first impulse of indignation must be restrained, lest one be carried headlong into anger (to which fools are enslaved); Symmachus: do not provoke wrath through thy words. For, as St. Ephrem says, in his treatise On Virtue, in the chapter On Anger: "It is the property of the angry and of anger to be moved by empty rumors, and to provoke quarrels from the slightest cause." This maxim coheres with the preceding one, and as it were a conclusion is drawn from it, as if to say: Better is he who is patient under injury than he who is arrogant and grows angry at once with him who has done him injury, and avenges himself. Therefore, be not hasty to be angry at an injury done to thee: for this is the way of fools; but bear it patiently, and by thy patience and prudence refute and confute it not so much by words as by contrary deeds. Note: For "be not hasty" in Hebrew it is אל תבהל al tebahel, that is, be not dismayed, be not troubled, be not hasty, be not precipitate, as bees are fervent and precipitate when they grow angry at once and drive in their sting, and thus foolishly disarm themselves and render themselves useless. This word indicates that the cause of anger is lightness of mind, fear, trepidation, precipitancy: for when such persons see or hear of some slight injury, they fear to lose their reputation or their property; and therefore the pusillanimous, those of little judgment and spirit, such as women, children, and fools, grow angry quickly; but grave men, those of steadfast character and possessed of great spirit and judgment, namely the wise, grow angry with difficulty and slowly, because by their gravity and constancy they deem it unworthy to grow angry quickly, and to be disturbed on account of a light matter, and one not sufficiently considered. Furthermore, the reasons why hasty anger is forbidden are these: First, because delay either dissolves anger or mitigates it. For anger is like a flame, which blazes up all at once and at the same time burns out and ceases. Whence Seneca, in book III On Anger, chapter 1: "Delay," he says, "is a slow remedy for a precipitate evil." And St. Jerome here, when he explains it thus: "Not that he permits one to grow angry more slowly, for which reason he now says: Do not hasten in thy spirit to be angry; but when anger is raging and fresh, delay more easily calms it and can remove it." Second, because delay prevents anger from breaking forth into quarrels, brawls, slaughters, and other vengeance; third, because delay gives time to the mind to think out reasons by which anger is calmed. Following Solomon, Plato and the philosophers did likewise. Plato admonished the angry to contemplate themselves in a mirror. For when they saw their face furious in every way resembling a madman, terrified by that disgrace, they easily restrained themselves from anger in the future, or at least delayed it. The same: "The wise man," he says, "when blamed, is not angry; when praised, is not puffed up." Thus Laertius in his Life. Aristotle: "Restrain anger," he says, "for as smoke obscures the eyes, so anger clouds reason, so that it cannot perceive the truth." Thus Stobaeus, discourse 18. Seneca, book I On Anger, chapter xv: "Nothing," he says, "is less fitting for one who punishes than to be angry, since punishment profits more toward correction if it is inflicted with judgment; hence Socrates said to his slave: I would beat thee, if I were not angry." Cato said that an angry man differs from a madman in nothing except delay, feeling that anger is brief madness. Thus Plutarch in his book On Restraining Anger. Athenodorus gave this warning to Augustus Caesar when he took his leave of him: "When overcome by anger, say or do nothing until thou hast gone through the 24 letters of the Greek alphabet." Thus Plutarch in the Roman Apophthegms, who also adds that Augustus approved and replied: "The rewards of silence are safe and faithful." St. Ambrose suggested to the Emperor Theodosius, who in sudden anger had ordered the Thessalonians to be slain because his wife's statue had been thrown down, that he should decree that a sentence of death pronounced by the Emperor against anyone should not be carried out except after thirty days. For a sentence pronounced against an innocent can be revoked, but the life of an innocent person slain cannot be revoked. Finally, St. James, chapter 1, verse 19: "Let every man," he says, "be swift to hear, but slow to speak, and slow to anger." See the remarks there. FOR ANGER RESTETH IN THE BOSOM OF A FOOL. Hugo the Cardinal interprets τὸ requiescit as sedatur, vacat, cessat, just as the waves grow quiet when the sea is calmed and made tranquil, and passions and tumults grow quiet when they are pacified, so that it is an antithesis to what preceded, as if to say: Be not quick to anger, but neither too slow, because the former is precipitous, the latter is senseless, foolish and stupid. For he who lacks anger lacks sense, says the Wise Man. And Aristotle, Ethics, book v: "The absence of anger," he says, "is not at all praiseworthy. For those who do not grow angry for what they ought, and as they ought, and when they ought, and toward whom they ought, are foolish; for they seem neither to feel nor to grieve." Note: Τὸ in sinu denotes many things. First, that the fool has anger at hand and ready, so that he may immediately display it, as if to say: He grows angry as easily as someone draws a paper from his bosom, whereas by contrast the wise man has anger in his heart and mind, so that he brings it forth only slowly after prior deliberation. Second, that anger is in the fool's bosom as in his own proper home and seat, in which it dwells fixed and abides; whence it signifies a proneness and habit of growing angry, as if to say: The fool, when touched by the least thing, from innate or from anger-prone habit ingrained in him, immediately grows angry, cries out, quarrels, strikes, beats. Thus Olympiodorus: "Beware," he says, "lest you conceive the evil habit of irascibility, so that it passes into an affection of the heart," as the Psalmist says. Third, that anger is a friend to the fool, and is cherished by him, so that he carries it to his breast as in his bosom, embraces and clasps it with his arms, serves and obeys it by putting forward bald reasons, on account of which he may seem to grow angry justly. Thus the Wonderworker. "O how clever is irascibility at fabricating causes of fury!" says Seneca, book I On Anger, chapter xvi. Fourth, that his anger is hidden in the bosom of his soul, and therefore is deep, hidden, intimate, grave, long-lasting and implacable. Akin to this are the sayings of the wise, such as St. Job, chapter v: "Anger killeth the foolish." Solomon's Proverbs, xxvii, 3: "A stone is heavy, and sand weighty: but the anger of a fool is heavier than both." Ecclesiasticus, chapter xxii, 17: "What is heavier than lead? and what other name hath it than fool?" Second, the Chaldean: Requiescit, he says, because the punishment and vengeance of anger returns upon the head of the fool who grows angry, and weighs upon him and rests in him, so as to destroy and ruin him, while he is forced to undergo punishments for what he rashly said and perpetrated in anger. But truly τὸ quia denotes not an antithesis, nor a punishment, but a cause, as if to say: Be not quick to anger, because this is the mark of foolishness and of fools, in Hebrew kesilim, that is, of the inconstant, who are easily changed. For anger rests in the bosom of the fool, so that he himself immediately brings it forth from his bosom as it were and displays it. Moreover, bosom denotes nothing other than the soul itself, says Olympiodorus. St. Gregory gives the reason, book V of the Morals, chapter xxx: "Through anger," he says, "wisdom is lost, so that one knows not at all in what order things ought to be done, as it is written: Anger resteth in the bosom of the fool, because namely it takes away the light of understanding, since by disturbing the mind it confuses it." An example is in Nabal, who was truly Nabal, that is, a fool, burning with foolish indignation against David, and was destroyed and died by the same, I Kings, chapter xxv, verses 25 and 38. "For anger is a sign of lack of wisdom," says St. Jerome, "because although someone may be thought powerful and wise, if he is irascible, he is proved to be unwise." Whence Campensis translates it: Do not bring into your mind to grow angry quickly: for those who are prone to anger are wont to be almost always fools.
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11. SAY NOT: WHAT THINK YOU IS THE REASON THAT FORMER TIMES WERE BETTER THAN NOW ARE? FOR SUCH AN INQUIRY IS FOOLISH. — In Hebrew, because not from wisdom (incited) would you ask this; Vatablus, because you would not ask prudently; Campensis, for it is not the part of a prudent man to ask such things. "Better," understand both physically, that is, richer, more fertile, more prosperous; and ethically, that is, more just, wiser, holier. Thus Daniel, cap. II, vers. 32 and seq., calls the first age of the Assyrian Monarchies golden; the second of the Chaldaeans, silver; the third of the Greeks, bronze; the fourth of the Romans, iron. Moreover, the last age of Antichrist will be leaden, that is, most troublesome, most miserable and most dangerous. Now, first, the Thaumaturgus refers this saying to the following comparison of works and wisdom. Whence thus he translates and explains it: but they err who assert that a better (richer) life was granted to the ancients, not understanding how much all wisdom differs from possessions: for of this the discourse will presently be made. Secondly, the Chaldaean connects this saying with the preceding matters concerning calumny, injury and anger; whence thus he translates it: when you suffer injury, say not: How is it that in ancient times things were safe, and those first ages were most excellent, and the men of that age shone forth to us by right deeds? on which account all things flowed to them prosperous and pleasant? Thus also Clarius and Campensis. Moreover, it is foolish to ask this, both because in every age there have been many wicked men, injurious men, tyrants; and because each one ought to look upon the injuries of his own age, and to think out the manner of bearing them prudently and patiently, or of overcoming them, not indeed to look back to times past, which do not pertain to him, nor can remove the injuries of his own age from him. To this are added those who think this to be a murmur of the unwise and foolish, accusing divine Providence, because He gave to the ancients wisdom, probity, frugality, and therefore abundance of things, peace, strength and vigor, which He has withheld from posterity: when it is certain that God on His part has provided sufficiently for each age with goods, both of the soul and of the body. Hence St. Bonaventure thinks these things are said of the frugality of the ancients, who lived peacefully without gold and silver from the fruits of the earth, when afterwards metals dug up by the greedy became the incentives of all evils. Thirdly, Olympiodorus thus explains it: "Daily thus foolish men are accustomed to speak; for they say: In those ancient times of our fathers, God was accustomed to speak to men now through angels, now through prophets; it was permitted to the ancient patriarchs to take many wives, to possess many riches, which however the Evangelical law has restrained for us. There are moreover those who say: Once God protected me with the aid of His grace, but now He has utterly abandoned me; and therefore I cannot work good. But all these things are the words of the unwise. And it is possible to hear others thus babbling: In our time this world is filled with evil men, some days are good, others truly are evil." Then, rebuking these, he adds: "But he who guides his life by the leader virtue, passes from life to life, and from faith to faith he advances in good works, nor is there in him any difference of days, but by fitting reasons he knows how to overturn the foolish questions of men which we have just set forth." Fourthly, St. Jerome, whom Salonius and Alcuin follow in their manner, brings forth three expositions, of which the first is literal, the second tropological, the third allegorical; he says therefore: "Nor prefer the old age to the present, because God is the maker of both; virtues make good days for the one living, vices make bad days. Say not therefore that days were better under Moses and under Christ than now they are. For in that time also there were many unbelievers, and their days were made evil, and now many believers are found, of whom the Savior says: Blessed are they who have not seen me and have believed." Otherwise: "Thus you ought to live, that the present days may always be better to you than the past, lest when you have begun gradually to decline, it be said to you: You ran well, who hindered you from obeying the truth? And again: Beginning in the spirit, are you now made perfect in the flesh? Otherwise: "Say not that the times of Moses were better than now those of Christ; of the law than of grace. For if you wish to inquire into this, you do so imprudently, not seeing how much the Gospel differs from the Old Testament." All these things are appended and tend to the same point. This maxim is directed and applied to idle, sluggish and querulous men, who sluggishly lament the poverty, wickedness and unhappiness of their own age, and praise and celebrate past men and past centuries before their own: for this is a vice innate to man, that he is nauseated by the present, loves the absent and the past, according to that saying of Cornelius Gallus on the Art of Poetry: "He praises the past, despises the present years;" and that of Tacitus, in the book On Orators: "It is a vice of human malice, that ancient things are always in praise, present things in disdain; and we marvel at old and ancient things, we laugh at and despise the studies of our own times." And that of Horace, book II, epistle 1: And unless what he sees removed from the earth and finished in its own times, he loathes and hates. Again, old men are accustomed to narrate and extol the past, and to regard somewhat lightly the deeds of the present youth, as Aristotle testifies in book II of the Rhetoric, chapter xiii, and Plutarch in the treatise On Praising Oneself. Whence the Poet: "Old age, he says, is difficult, querulous and praising of time past." Some also, rude and common folk, actually blame the times themselves, as if the times themselves bring this unhappiness, in which matter they err foolishly, since it is not the times but the idleness and wickedness of men that should be blamed. For the same sun has been and is for all, the same heaven, the same stars and elements, the same motion of sun and heavens, the same series and vicissitude of times; nor is anyone upright or wicked from the impulse of heaven or sun, but from his own virtue or vice. Others complain of God, that He gave better times to the ancients than to themselves and theirs, as I indicated a little before. And so they blasphemously cast their own wicked morals, and therefore inauspicious and miserable ones, upon God, heaven or the stars, when they ought to impute them to themselves: which is a notable error and folly. Add that fools torment themselves over past things, which cannot be recalled, and meanwhile neglect the present study of virtue. Furthermore, our Emmanuel Sa says this is a foolish question, because they ask about a matter which is in itself clear and manifest; for it is established that all things rush toward the worse, as we see ancient trees, men, animals once vigorous and flourishing now grow old, languish, die. The same is to be seen in the Orders, Religions and states of the Church. For the first faithful and religious in the time of the Apostles were far holier than the present; as is evident concerning the Essenes under St. Mark. Finally, nothing new under the sun; whence just as the ancients had their virtues and vices, their advantages and disadvantages, so the posterity have the same or similar ones. For, as Pliny the Younger wisely says, book VI, epistle 21: "I am of those who marvel at the ancients; yet not so as to despise the talents of some of our own time. For nature is not, as it were, weary and exhausted, so as to produce nothing praiseworthy now;" but just as we marvel at the ancients and ancient things, so posterity will marvel at us and ours, according to that saying of St. Jerome, epistle 114: "Talent is proved by antiquity like wine." Whence that: "Use old wine;" and: "Wisdom is in the ancient." Furthermore, it is established that the new law is better than the old and ancient, namely that the time of Christ and grace surpasses the time of Moses and Judaism. Besides, some later centuries have been wiser and better than earlier ones, such as the third and fourth century, in which flourished St. Athanasius, St. Augustine, St. Jerome, St. Basil, St. Chrysostom, St. Gregory of Nazianzus and other doctors of the Greek and Latin Church. Certainly this age of ours surpasses many preceding ones, both in doctrine, and that of every kind, and in arts excellently cultivated, and in military matters, and in virtue, religion and holiness. Indeed, never were the arts, disciplines and all sciences so cultivated as in this age; never have so many religious families flourished in doctrine, religion and zeal as in this age; never have there been so many navigations, merchandise and riches even of the Indies of the East and West as in our century. Finally, in the age of Solomon this question was foolish. For Solomon surpassed all the ancients in riches, wisdom, kingdom, happiness and glory: wherefore the Israelites lived in the best age under him, and therefore falsely did some morose old men and critics then say: "What is the reason that former times were better than these now are?" Some occur and respond that Solomon wrote these things after his fall and repenting of his fall, when he had already brought idolatry into Israel, concerning which the pious therefore complained, saying: Where has gone the ancient faith and religion of Abraham, Moses, David? It has gone, it has vanished. "O ancient house, how unequally do you rule with a different master!" But it is very doubtful and uncertain whether Solomon wrote these things after his fall. For the fall gives no indication throughout the whole work, nor does repentance. Add: if he repented, and repenting wrote these things, therefore he also restored the ancient religion, idolatry now abolished: for true repentance on his part would have required this. Certainly he himself throughout this whole book does nothing other than preach the vanity of idols and created things, and the truth of the one God and true faith, fear and worship, so that on this account no one could complain, and lament the ancient religion overthrown by him.
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12. WISDOM IS MORE USEFUL WITH RICHES, AND IT PROFITS MORE TO THOSE WHO SEE THE SUN. — The Hebrew reads: good is wisdom with inheritance (so also the Septuagint μετὰ κληρονομίας, that is, with the distribution of inheritance, or with a part and portion of inheritance), and more, or abundance, or excellence is to those who see the sun; the Arabic: wisdom is good in the change of his lot, and its goodness profits those who behold the sun, namely justice, that is Christ through faith. Thus St. Jerome. The Chaldean adds a commendation of meekness before wisdom and riches, as if these pertain to a meek tolerance of calumny and injury, of which verses 8 and 9 speak. Thus it translates: good is the wisdom of the law with inheritance; but far better is it that a man be in meekness with the men who dwell on the earth, who have seen good and evil under the sun in this age. This maxim is connected to the preceding one: for since mention was made of wisdom there in the Hebrew, when it says, "Because you would not ask this from wisdom," hence in the usual manner it immediately runs into praise of wisdom, and shows it to be useful and powerful together with riches. For since riches were seen to be blamed in chapter II, verse 8, and were pronounced vain, hence here it recounts their use and advantages, if namely they are spent honestly in conjunction with wisdom. The Thaumaturgus adds that this responds to the complaint of those complaining that former times were better, that is, richer (although Bonaventure expounds it differently, namely "better," that is, poorer and more frugal, and therefore more upright and just), saying: Even if former times were richer, the later times are nevertheless wiser. But wisdom is better than riches. Now as to the sense, first, the Thaumaturgus holds that here wisdom is opposed and preferred to riches, as if to say: Wisdom is more useful with riches, that is, before riches, or rather "with riches," namely compared and weighed against them, as if to say: If you compare wisdom with riches, it will certainly be found more useful than them. The Syriac favors this when it translates: wisdom is better than garments of armor, more to those who see the sun. But others commonly hold that riches are not here opposed, but composed and joined with wisdom. For this is what the Hebrew עם im, the Greek μετά, and the Latin cum signify. Second, therefore, R. Haccados understands by wisdom with inheritance hereditary wisdom, as if to say: Wisdom accepted from parents as if hereditarily is more useful than an inheritance of riches; for this without wisdom profits little: but wisdom even if alone and poor knows how to acquire and obtain riches for itself. Third, Cajetan, as if to say: Wisdom with inheritance, that is, with riches obtained by inheritance, is more useful than riches obtained by one's own labor and commerce, because these hinder the study of wisdom by a thousand cares; those do not, because they come without labor through inheritance. Fourth and genuinely, as if to say: Wisdom with riches is more useful than riches alone, or even wisdom alone destitute of riches, because riches are indeed useful, but wisdom is more useful; but it is most useful if it has riches joined to it, because the dignity of wisdom must often be defended by them. For if a teacher, prince, bishop, or pontiff be poor, although he be most wise and most holy, nevertheless he is despised by the common people, infidels, and heretics; but if he be rich, he is feared and honored according to that saying: "The rich man spoke, and all held their peace, etc. The poor man spoke, and they say: Who is this?" Again, riches serve beneficence in helping the needy, in propagating the worship of God, faith and piety, as Constantine and Charles surnamed the Great, Theodosius, and other wise and wealthy Emperors and Pontiffs propagated it, among whom Gregory XIII recently excelled, who by pontifical munificence, having built many colleges and seminaries, wonderfully spread the knowledge and worship of God everywhere; whose virtue, fame and glory therefore endures throughout the whole world, and will endure for all ages. Thus St. Jerome, Alcuin, Lyra, Cardinal Hugh and others. Hence also Aristotle, I Ethics, chapter x, teaches that riches are an instrument most apt for acquiring happiness, and that they provide matter for virtue. And it profits more to those seeing the sun,—that is, to the living; for these indeed see the sun. He hints that riches profit only in this life, in which we enjoy the use of the sun alone: for in heaven there will be no use of them. Whence some think this phrase marks longevity, as if to say: Wisdom is useful with riches, and profits more if it sees the sun for a long time, that is, if it be of long and enduring life. But this is foreign and forced, equally as that of Titelmann, who thus translates it, precedes or surpasses those seeing the sun, as if to say: Wisdom has surpassed all creatures which are under the sun and behold it. The sun denotes that riches make the wise man illustrious and splendid, especially while he publicly in the sight of the sun expends his riches upon the poor, or the pious. Mystically Olympiodorus: The wise man, he says, by contemplating the sun and rising to the contemplation of its Creator, is suffused with divine light. Wisdom with inheritance therefore is faith with works, which leads to the contemplation of the sun of justice. Thus also St. Ambrose, in his epistle to Sabinus, understands inheritance in this place as faith. St. Jerome, however, understands inheritance as good conduct, by which we become heirs of heaven. "Therefore Ecclesiastes wishes to teach," he says, "how much they differ who merit to see the sun of justice and have wisdom with good conduct, from those who without wisdom have devoted themselves merely to the study of life and conduct. Which indeed Daniel also shows, saying: They that understand shall shine as the brightness of the firmament of heaven, Dan. XII; or, as Theodotion interpreted it, as the splendor of the firmament; and they that have made many to be righteous, as stars for ever and ever." The same St. Jerome, in book I Against Jovinianus, teaches that by these words it is hinted that the latter days are better than the former, because in the law the death of the wisdom of the flesh followed, in the Gospel the wisdom of the spirit awaits eternal inheritance. Vigilantius the heresiarch (whom our Lutherans and Calvinists follow) twisted this saying against religious persons who vow poverty: Wisdom with riches, he says, is more useful; therefore wisdom with poverty is less useful, needy and barren. I answer: This is true of involuntary and forced poverty, but not of voluntary and religious poverty, which, in order to give itself wholly to God, willingly renounces riches and pursues the study of perfection by following the counsel of Christ: "If thou wilt be perfect, go sell what thou hast, and give to the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven: and come, follow me," Matt. xix, 21. For this poverty elevates the soul above riches and all earthly things, so that, freed from them and higher than the world, it may fix its hopes and riches in heaven and unite itself wholly to God. Riches therefore are more useful for active life and beneficence: but poverty is more useful for the study of wisdom and the contemplative life, as not only all the Fathers teach, but Aristotle himself expressly in book X of the Ethics, chapter viii. Hear St. Jerome, in the book Against Vigilantius: "That he asserts that those do better who use their possessions and gradually divide the fruits of their possessions to the poor, than those who, having sold their possessions, give all at once to the poor, will be answered not by me, but by the Lord: If thou wilt be perfect, go sell all that thou hast, and give to the poor. He speaks to him who wishes to be perfect, who with the Apostles leaves his father and his boat and his net. This one whom you praise is the second and third degree, which we also receive, provided we know that the first are to be preferred to the second and third." See the same, epistle 26 to Pammachius, and 23 to Lucinus, and 34 to Julianus, where among other things he says: "One (Crates the philosopher) cast the price of many possessions into the sea, saying: Go into the deep, evil thoughts: I will drown you, lest I myself be drowned by you. A philosopher greedy for glory and a slave of popular favor, at once laid down his whole burden, and do you think yourself established on the summit of virtues, if you offer part of the whole? The Lord wishes you yourself to be a living sacrifice pleasing to God: you, I say, not your possessions; for if you give yourself to the Lord, and with Apostolic virtue begin to follow the Savior perfectly, then you will understand where you are, and in the army of Christ, what the last place you have held." St. Augustine agrees with St. Jerome, in the book On the Good of Marriage: "They did well," he says, "who from their substance supplied necessities to Christ and His disciples; but better, those who abandoned all their substance, that they might be more free to follow the same Lord." The same teaches Cassian, Conference XXI, chapter XXXIII, and St. Gregory, book XXXI of the Morals, chapter xvii, and St. Ambrose, book I of the Duties, chapter xxx. St. Hilarion alone touched upon this matter and solved the knot, as testified by St. Jerome in his Life, who, rejecting the riches offered to him by Orion, said: "No one distributes better than he who reserves nothing for himself." See Bellarmine, book II On Monks, chapter xlvi, in the response to the third point. This poverty in the age of Solomon was unknown to the rude Jews and to the whole world, because it was brought into the world by Christ through word and example. Christ therefore, just as He fulfilled and increased the other dogmas of the law with His precepts and counsels, so also did He perfect and transcend this maxim of Solomon: "Wisdom is more useful" than riches, with His sublime sanction, saying: "Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven," Matthew V, 3. Wisdom alone therefore is useful, wisdom with riches and beneficence is more useful; but wisdom with contempt for wealth and the whole world is most useful and most perfect, so that it may cleave wholly to God, indeed may inhere in the very marrow of God.
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13. JUST AS WISDOM PROTECTS, SO DOES MONEY PROTECT. — The Hebrew reads: just as in the shadow of wisdom, so in the shadow of money, namely that a man trusts or rests and sleeps securely. Whence the Chaldean: because just as a man is guarded in the shadow of knowledge, so is he guarded in the shadow of silver in the time when he makes alms from it; St. Jerome, in his Commentary: because as the shadow of wisdom, so the shadow of money; the Syriac: the shelter of wisdom, like the shelter of money; the Arabic: wisdom in its shadow, like the shadow of money. All these seem to have read כצל ketsel, that is, like a shadow, for בצל betsel, that is, in a shadow. The sense is clear, namely that wisdom is more useful together with riches and money, because both protect him like a shadow, and are to him as it were a shelter. First, so that they may cool him in the heat of the sun, that is of temptation and tribulation, equally as of prosperity and abundance, lest he suffer any harm from the scarcity or abundance of things, namely the heat of concupiscence or impatience, but keeps his mind untouched by both, and lifts it up to God in heaven, and this in this life, which is nothing but a shadow of true life. Whence the Bride, Canticles II, sighs saying: "Until the day break and the shadows decline," as St. Jerome says. Second, so that it may hide and protect him, indeed all who take refuge in it, from the assault of enemies, from whom wisdom rescues him, money protects or redeems him. Third, so that it may strengthen him for undertaking difficult things; thus indeed Gabriel says to the Blessed Virgin, who was to conceive God: "The Holy Ghost shall come upon thee, and the power of the Most High shall overshadow thee," so that in thee He may accomplish this difficult work of the incarnation of the Word, Luke I. Fourth, shadow gives to plants, animals and men wasting away from the heat of the sun respiration and life: thus wisdom likewise gives the same, as follows. Moreover the Septuagint translates confusedly, because in his shadow (in Greek αὐτῆς, namely of abundance, which preceded) wisdom like the shadow of money, namely in the shadow of abundance man is protected by wisdom, just as he is protected by money and riches, as the Vulgate and others translate. Gregory Thaumaturgus, however, interprets thus, namely that "Wisdom is so much clearer than riches, as its shadow appears more splendidly in silver," namely that wisdom so much excels money, as money excels the shadow of money; namely just as the shadow of money is only a shadow: so money is only a shadow of wisdom. Olympiodorus, however, reads thus: in the shadow of wisdom itself, like the shadow of money; and thus explains it mystically: Silver, he says, signifies discipline and knowledge; its shadow is the discourse of the teacher, who by teaching leads the disciple to knowledge, just as a shadow leads to the body which casts the shadow; but the shadow of wisdom is the practical life: for this is as it were a preliminary introduction and shadow, which leads us to wisdom, that is to the contemplation of divine things, namely just as the discourse of the teacher leads the disciple to knowledge, so the active life and exercised in virtues by the hand leads man to the contemplative life, namely Martha to her sister Mary. BUT LEARNING AND WISDOM HAVE THIS ADVANTAGE, THAT THEY GIVE LIFE TO THEIR POSSESSOR. Learning and wisdom are the same, or nearly the same, as I said at the beginning of Proverbs, namely prudence and virtue itself. Whence St. Jerome in his Commentary translates that which is more is that the science of wisdom will give life to him who has it: the Chaldean, and the increase of knowledge of wisdom will give life to its master; the Hebrew, and the excellence of knowledge (which is) of wisdom, will give life to its possessors; the Septuagint, and the abundance of knowledge of wisdom will give life to him who from it, namely learned wisdom, and became wise; the Syriac, and the excellence of wisdom of knowledge will give life to its master; the Arabic, the excellence of knowledge of wisdom gives life to him who is kindled by it; Campensis, wisdom has this above riches, that it leads the wise man to eternal life; Gregory Thaumaturgus, the life of man does not come from the collection and possession of perishable and fragile riches, but from wisdom. However, learning, or knowledge, or science can be distinguished from wisdom, so that the former is understanding of human things, the latter of divine things; the former is in doing, the latter in contemplating, thus Lyra and Hugh; the former is the act of wisdom, the latter the habit, thus Dionysius. Moreover, prudence and wisdom bestow upon man a threefold life: first, corporeal: for it makes the body healthy, vigorous, and robust by avoiding harmful things and living soberly; second, spiritual, namely that the soul may live according to the dictate of reason, prudence, divine law, grace and charity; third, glorious, because it leads man to life and eternal glory. This is what is said in Proverbs IV, 10: "Hear, my son, and receive my words, that the years of thy life may be multiplied." And cap. III, 18: "It is a tree of life to them that lay hold on it," whereas on the contrary in this chapter Ecclesiastes vers. 18, it is said: "Be not wicked overmuch, neither be thou foolish: why shouldst thou die before thy time?" And Ecclesiasticus IV, 12: "Wisdom inspireth life into her children. Whosoever loveth her, loveth life." And Baruch, cap. III, 28: "And because they had not wisdom, they perished through their foolishness." See what I have noted on these passages. Moreover, Cicero in Tusculan Disputations III: "What," says he, "is wisdom? It is the health of the soul." And the Comic poet in the Trinummus: "Wisdom is the seasoning of age: the wise man is food for age." And another: "Wisdom is the light of life." And another: "Three twin sisters there are: wisdom, health, holiness." For her possessor, in Hebrew it is בעלע bealau, which can be translated as her husband or bridegroom, or rather her bridegrooms; for it is plural, as if to say: Wisdom to the man who espouses her to himself and joins her as a bride in matrimony, brings a rich dowry, if not of gold and silver, certainly of a manifold life, not of any sort, but joyful, holy, blessed and eternal, which she procures for him, according to that: "Length of days is in her right hand, and in her left hand riches and glory," Proverbs III, 16. Thus St. Henry Suso by a vision espoused wisdom to himself as a bride, and with her received true life as a dowry, as I said on Ecclesiasticus xv, 2. Finally, wisdom not only preserves, increases, and prolongs life for the living, but also raises the dead to life, since through penance it recalls sinners to the life of grace, as Christ, the Apostles, and apostolic men recalled many to life both corporeal and spiritual, and recall them daily.
7:14
14. CONSIDER THE WORKS OF GOD, THAT NO ONE CAN CORRECT WHOM HE HAS DESPISED. — Symmachus, shall have diminished; the Hebrew, see the work of God, because who will be able to direct, or make straight, that which, or whom he himself has bent and made crooked? For the word signifies equally in the neuter that which, as in the masculine whom; the Septuagint, see the works of God; because who will be able to adorn whom God has perverted? The Syriac, see the work of God; because who can strengthen him who is disturbed? The Arabic, consider the arts of God; for who can decorate him whom God changes? The Zurich Bible, who can make straight again (others, fit; others, help, or restore to equality; Campensis, restore) that which he himself has depraved, that is, as Vatable, whom he allows to be perverted; Cajetan, that which he allows to be twisted; Campensis, that which he himself has lost; another, that which he has deflected. Hence one might suspect that the Vulgate Interpreter also translated deflected, unless all the Codices consistently read despised. Now, first, some with Cajetan explain this saying concerning the curvature of the heavens, of the elements, and of the whole globe of the earth and world, as if to say: God has curved all the orbs of the heavens and elements, and has made them round and spherical; who therefore can square them, or make them straight? Similarly God has made the gyrations and paths of the sun, moon and heavens circular; who therefore can change them and make them straight, so that they do not run through the Zodiac, but in a straight line from East to West? Thus David of Pomis refers these things to the obliquity of celestial motions, from which there sometimes arises the obliquity and depravity of human morals. So also the Hebrews in the Midrash Ecclesiastes, whom I shall cite more fully at the end of this verse. Second, the Chaldean takes it of men bent and distorted, either as to their feet, or as to their whole body, for instance the lame, the maimed or the one-handed. Whence he translates, contemplate the works of God and his power, who makes the blind, and the hunchbacked, and the lame, so that they are marvels in the world, because who can correct any one of them, unless the Lord who has thus twisted them? And Olympiodorus, who can correct those things which are wickedly bent crooked, such as the lame, unless God the author of the world? So also St. Jerome, who cites that passage from Exodus chapter IV, 11: "Who hath made the dumb and the deaf, the seeing and the blind? have not I?" Thaumaturgus, who will be able to repair those things which justly seem to have been neglected by God? The author of the Greek Catena, who can patch up and restore those things which God with just reason seems to have neglected and passed by? as if to say: No one can correct the natural defects contracted from the sin of Adam, or from one's own, for example, no one can give sight to the blind, hearing to the deaf, straight legs to the lame. Let not therefore the miserable vanity of these things torture and torment us, because they cannot be humanly remedied; therefore their remedy is to be sought from God, not from man. Thus Clarius, Cajetan, Arboreus, Moringus. To this pertains the ancient fable: The ass complained that he lacked horns, the monkey a tail. The mole hearing this: "Who can you complain," said she, "when you see my blindness, an evil surely far greater and more bitter than yours?" Epimythium: "We bear our misfortunes more justly, when we perceive those of others to be more grave." Third, others better understand these things concerning the spiritual crookedness of morals. For when Solomon said that wisdom gives life to its possessor, which he himself can also communicate to others, lest anyone object: why therefore do not the wise convert and vivify all the wicked, who are in the world? He meets and answers that no one can correct him whom God has bent and despised. See the work of God: for who can make straight that which he has bent? Those things which God willed to be maimed and imperfect, who can change and amend them? Therefore, if you are wise, you will bear the miseries of life with patient mind. Note first, that God properly and positively bends and inclines no one to sins: for this is an error not only blasphemous, but also foolish; for by what reasoning would God, who is uncreated purity, goodness, and holiness itself, bend man to sin and crime, and in bending him commit sin? Wisely and clearly Fulgentius to Monimus: "God," he says, "is not the author of sinners, of whom he is the avenger." Whence Calvin, Melanchthon and the like, who make God the author of all works both evil and good, so that the work of God is both the betrayal of Judas, and the calling of Peter and the conversion of Paul: these, I say, deny that God is God, and make their God the devil. For he is the author and instigator of all evil. God therefore is said to despise and pervert the wicked in that manner in which He is said to blind, harden, and deliver into a reprobate sense, namely indirectly, permissively and objectively, because namely in punishment of preceding sins, first, He permits the wicked to follow their illicit desires so that he gives himself entirely to them; second, He withdraws the abundance of His grace from him, and as it were abandons him, whence Our Author aptly translates here despised; third, He sets before him occasions of pleasures, blindness and hardness, indeed for a good end, but which he foreknows the wicked will abuse, and by which he will harden himself, as has been shown at length in Exodus cap. VII, 3, and Romans I, 24. Therefore properly the sinner perverts, hardens, blinds himself; God truly improperly, because namely He abandons and forsakes him in his perversity. Wherefore the sinner first abandons and despises God, before he is abandoned and despised by God. For, as St. Augustine says, To Art. falsely imposed upon him, art. 7: "He (God) unless first abandoned, abandons no one, and converts many deserters to Himself;" and Fulgentius, lib. I to Monimus, cap. XIII: "He is justly abandoned by God, who abandons God;" and from both the Council of Trent, sess. VI, cap. XI: "God does not abandon those justified by His grace, unless they abandon Him." Hence God reproaches such, saying: "Because I called, and you refused: I stretched out my hand, and there was none that would regard. You have despised all my counsel. I also will laugh at your destruction," Proverbs I, 24; and: "With the holy thou wilt be holy, and with the perverse thou wilt be perverted," that is, with him who perverts himself thou wilt deal perversely, O Lord, Psalm XVII, 27. And: "If they shall walk contrary to me, I also will walk contrary to them in fury," Leviticus XXVI, 23, according to the Septuagint. Note secondly, that God despises the perverse, not in that He withdraws from them all grace, even sufficient, and the aids necessary to avoid sins: for thus they would necessarily persist in their perversity, and persisting would not sin: for every sin is free, not necessary. Again thus the perverse would not be in the way of salvation, but in the end, as demons are, because namely they are obstinate in their malice, and wholly abandoned and despised by God's grace. He is said therefore to neglect and despise them, in that He gives them rare and scanty aids of grace, harsh illuminations, terrors, impulses, that they may convert themselves, which compared with their perversity and obstinacy, are so small that they appear to be left and despised by God, and delivered to sin and the devil. Note thirdly, that no one can correct the hardened, or despised by God, both because those aids of grace which God gives him are, as I have said, so scanty and weak, that with them alone it is most difficult to correct him, and morally, or as commonly happens, it is as it were impossible to convert him; and because it is impossible for man, unless God concurs, and regards him with more benign eyes of grace and illuminates him, but abandons and despises him in the usual manner. This impossibility therefore is not absolute, but conditioned and in the composite sense, not the divided. And this properly Solomon does not intend, as if to say: In such matters one must have recourse not to man as weak, but to God's aid and grace, most powerful. For God, regarding Paul, Mary Magdalene, Matthew, Pelagia the penitent, Mary of Egypt, whom He had despised for many years, with greater benignity, corrected them, and raised them to great sanctity. That this is the sense is evident from cap. I, vers. 15: "The perverse are hardly corrected," where he calls difficult what here is impossible: for in both places the same words are in Hebrew. Thus everywhere Interpreters and scholastics, as St. Thomas, I part., Quaest. XXIII, art. 3, ad 3; Suarez, Vasquez, Valentia, Bellarmine and Molina, I part., Quaest. XXIII, art. 5, at the end. This is what St. Augustine says concerning Pharaoh, proposition 62 in his epistle to the Romans: "Therefore it is not imputed to him that he did not then obey, since with a hardened heart he was unable to obey," namely because God does not give to the hardened at every hour or moment the grace by which they might soften their hardness, but at certain and fixed hours according to His pleasure; if they use this grace at that time, they can obey God calling and knocking. Moreover, although the hardened do not always have the aid of grace by which they might shake off their hardness and be converted, they nevertheless always have that aid, at least in the first act, prepared for them by God so that they commit no new sin and so that they might be able to resist new temptation: for if they ask God for strength and grace to resist, they will certainly obtain it; otherwise they would necessarily sin, or rather in consenting to temptation they would not sin, because without grace they cannot resist it: for no one sins in that which he cannot avoid. For, as St. Augustine says, sin is so voluntary that if it is not voluntary, it is not sin, just as a man, unless he is rational, cannot be a man. To this pertains that passage of St. Isidore, book II On the Highest Good, chapter XVI: "Those deserted by God, no one can repent; some, however, are so despised by God that they cannot lament their evils, even if they wish. This is done by the counsel of unclean spirits, for because it has been denied to them after their transgression to return to justice, they desire to bar the way of repentance to men, so that they themselves do not return to God, but have them as companions of perdition; doing this by whatever frauds, so that either they are deserted by God, or they despair through immunity from scourging. We must groan continually, and having cast off all security, we must mourn." Moreover, St. Augustine, in On Correction and Grace, chapter XV, teaches that all the perverse ought to be corrected, both because we do not know whether they are reprobate or rather elect, who might be converted by our correction; and because it is the duty of a superior to correct a subject who sins, even if he himself does not amend, for the instruction and correction of others. Hear St. Gregory treating this passage in book XI of the Morals, chapter V: "Mute is every mouth that speaks, if He who inspires the words that are heard does not cry out within. Hence Solomon says: Consider the works of God, that no one can correct him whom He has despised; nor is it a wonder if a preacher is scarcely heard by a reprobate heart, since sometimes even the Lord Himself is resisted in the things which He speaks by the morals of the resistant. Hence it is that Cain could be admonished by the divine voice, and could not be changed: because as guilt of malice demanded, God had already left his heart within, to which He was making words without as a testimony." He then adds from the text of Job: "But it is well subjoined: If He shall shut up a man, no one is that can open. Because every man by that which he does badly, what else does he make for himself than a prison of his own conscience, so that the guilt of his mind presses him, even if no one accuses him from without? Who, when abandoned by God judging in the blindness of his malice, is as it were shut up within himself, so that he finds no place of escape, which he does not deserve to find. For often some desire to go out from wicked acts, but those who are pressed down by the weight of those same acts, shut up in the prison of evil habit, cannot go out from themselves." Note fourth, that some Theologians wish to prove from this maxim that God, before all foreknowledge of demerits, reprobated the reprobate from His mere good pleasure: for they understand reprobation by despection, but wrongly; for despection signifies something else, as I have already said. For St. Augustine, St. Prosper, and theologians throughout teach that God reprobated no one before demerits: for reprobation is the judgment and sentence of God concerning demerits, by which He condemns sinners on account of sins to hell; for every judgment and punishment is inflicted on account of demerits: for punishment presupposes guilt. Some, however, such as Suarez, Bellarmine and others, extend this meaning to reprobation, and that in a twofold manner and sense: in the former, concerning positive and complete reprobation, that is to say, When God has reprobated someone on account of crimes and condemned him to hell, it is impossible that anyone should correct him and save him. The reason is, because it is impossible that anyone should change God's sentence and decree, and likewise it is impossible that crimes, which are set down as already done or future, should not be done or be future. In the latter, concerning permissive and inchoate reprobation, that is to say, When God places someone in that series of circumstances and graces in which He foreknows he will sin, and will die in sin, and therefore is to be reprobated and condemned by Him, no one can transfer him to the contrary series of graces, in which He foreknows those placed in it will make good use of grace, and will die in it, and therefore are to be saved, in which God places all the predestined and elect, that is to say, No one can transfer one constituted in the series of those who on account of foreseen sins are to be damned, into the series of the saved, nor conversely. For it is God's alone to constitute these series, and to predestine the saved, but to reprobate the damned on account of crimes. But, as I have said, reprobation is not properly and per se treated here, but only consequently, inasmuch as namely the hardened and others, who persist in sin even unto death (who are here called despised by God), are reprobated and condemned by God. St. Bonaventure brings forward as an example the sons of Heli, whom the father could not correct, because God, despising them as perverse, willed to kill them. And he adds that these works are to be considered for fear. For who would not be afraid, not knowing whether perhaps he be deprived of congruous grace to rise from his crimes? Here therefore one may use that saying of Habakkuk III: "I considered thy works, and was afraid." Thus Bonaventure. Morally, Hugo from this place censures preachers, who are indignant if their hearers are not corrected: but if they are corrected, they are puffed up, as though this were the fruit of their eloquence; when they ought to think that they merely exhibit a lamp, offer food, act as heralds, sound a trumpet, ring a bell. But God alone changes and converts hearts inwardly. Finally, the Hebrews in the Midrash Coheleth, that is in the Exposition of Ecclesiastes, at this place, whom Jerome cites from St. Fide, a Hebrew converted to Christianity, book I Against the Jews, chapter VII, whom he dedicated to Benedict XIII the Pontiff (Peter of Luna), whose physician he was in the year 1412, (it exists in vol. IV of the Library of the Holy Fathers): the Hebrews, I say, introduce Rabbi Juda narrating that God, in the same hour in which He created Adam, led him through all the trees of paradise, and said to him: Behold my works, how beautiful they are! Everything that I have created, I have created for love of thee. See therefore that thou sin not, lest thou give me cause to dissolve the world: because if thou sin, there is no one who can repair it, except the just Messiah through his death, of whom thou therefore wilt be the cause: as if Solomon here alluded to that history, nay, even renewed it. But these are apocryphal, and smack of Jewish fables. Even if Galatinus cite the same word for word, book VI On the Mysteries of Faith, chapter X, and attribute it to Rabbi Azariah.
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15. IN THE DAY OF GOOD THINGS ENJOY GOOD THINGS, AND BEWARE OF THE EVIL DAY; FOR AS GOD MADE THIS, SO ALSO THAT, THAT MAN MAY NOT FIND JUST COMPLAINTS AGAINST HIM. — The Hebrew: in the day of good see (that is, taste, enjoy) good, and in the evil day see (foresee, beware): for this one over against, or opposite to (that is, fitting, as it were opposite and antithetical; Symmachus, similar) that one God made for this word (for this reason), that man may not find after him (it can be translated, after himself) anything, namely which he might object to God as it were behind his back and cry out against, according to that: "O Janus (two-faced) from behind whom no stork has pecked." Perhaps our author takes מאומה meuma, that is anything, as if derived from מום mum, that is blemish, defect, stain, concerning which one can complain and blame the author. The Septuagint: in the day of goodness live in good, and see in the day of evil; see, and indeed God made this congruent to that by word, that man may not find after him anything. The Syriac: in the day of good be better, and in the day of evil see: God also made this against that by discourse, so that the son of man may find no thing after himself. The Arabic: in the last day live in good things, and consider the day of evil, consider with it, that God made this, for the reason that words fit this, so that man may not find, nor look back after himself any thing. But the Chaldean, by good, understands almsgiving: whence thus it translates, in the day in which God has benefited you, you also be in good things, and do good to all who are in the world, that the evil day may not come upon you; see and contemplate, this also against that God made, that he might reprove the men of the world, that man may not find after himself any evil in that world. Vatablus: in prosperous time be joyful, and in harsh time look about (namely that God has sent affliction: for God tempers these with those), that man may find nothing (certain) after him (God), that is, so that he cannot reprove God, nor say: I went astray on account of excessive joy, and yet God did not call me back. Thus Vatablus. Now as to the sense, First, St. Jerome: "I know," he says, "that I have heard in the church from one who was thought to have knowledge of the Scriptures, these verses thus expounded: While you are in this present world, and can do some good work, labor, that afterwards you yourself secure on the evil day, that is on the day of judgment, may see others tormented; for as God made the present world, in which we can prepare for ourselves the fruit of good works, so also the future, in which no faculty of good work is given. He seemed indeed to persuade, when he said, to those listening." This sense Alcuin, Hugh and Dionysius approve; less aptly Lyran thus expounds it, as if to say: Live more luxuriously on feast days and solemn days; but on those which are appointed to affliction, such as the Lenten ones, abstain. Second, St. Jerome refers these things to freedom of choice, so that one can choose good or evil. Because Solomon said there are many evils both in nature and in morals, lest anyone wonder at this, he adds that this world consists of contraries, namely of goods and evils, and is honored and adorned by them as it were by antitheses, so that from them man may choose good things and reject evil things. Hear St. Jerome: "And good things," he says, "and evil things as they befall you endure. And do not think that either only good things or only evil things have their nature in the world, since this world subsists from diverse contraries: hot and cold, dry and moist, hard and soft, dark and bright, evil and good. But God made this, that wisdom might have a place in understanding good and avoiding evil, and free choice might be left to man, lest he say he was generated by God insensible and foolish, but that he made diverse things for this reason, that man could not complain of his condition: and at the same time this testimony will be joined consequently to the preceding ones, in which he says: Who will be able to adorn him whom God has perverted?" Thirdly and genuinely, refer these things partly to the vanity of the world, inasmuch as in it evils are everywhere mixed with goods, namely sorrows with joys, calumny with praises, misfortunes with good fortune; partly to God's providence, which has tempered adversities with prosperities, so that if adversities should always befall man, he would lose heart and despair, or if always prosperities, he would become proud and insolent, and in this way man would have no just occasion to complain against God; partly to prudence, which he teaches man here, so that he may know how he ought to conduct himself in prosperities equally as in adversities. The sense therefore is, as if to say: Since this world is full of vanity and variety, and therefore in it evils are mixed with goods and sorrows with joys, you, O man, if you are wise, on a good day, that is a prosperous, happy and joyful one, enjoy your prosperity in moderation, but at the same time foresee and guard against the contrary day of adversity and sorrow, and arm yourself against it, so that you may discover reasons and ways of declining it, or enduring it, or overcoming it: for God has wisely composed and opposed this with that, both so that he might adorn the world with these as it were antitheses; and so that he might provide to fallen man the continual exercise of continence, penance, patience and other virtues. Whence man has nothing for which to complain justly against him; for if he should do so, he will be ungrateful to God in prosperities, unjust in adversities: wherefore let him resign himself to God's providence, praise it, and give thanks in all things, and thus always live happily and holily. The reason a priori is, both the vanity and variety of sublunary things; and that man after the fall has lost the constancy and equilibrium of a perfect mind; and therefore now he is exalted too much, becomes too cheerful and proud, now is depressed too much, becomes sad, and becomes fainthearted, so that he scarcely ever remains in the middle of virtue and equanimity: wherefore to heal this wound of his, God sends adversities to him who is exalted too much, which may depress him, and to him who is depressed too much, prosperities which may raise him up. Again, this alternation does not allow him to be sluggish and idle in the pursuit of virtue, since now prosperities, now adversities shake and agitate him, so that he may arm himself against those with continence, and against these with patience. Finally, in this way man learns to resign himself fully to God, to hope in him, and to depend entirely upon him, so that he may say with St. Job, chapter II, 10: "If we have received good things at the hand of God, why should we not receive evil?" And chapter I, 21: "The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away: as it hath pleased the Lord so it is done: blessed be the name of the Lord." And with St. Paul: "I know both how to abound, and how to suffer need." Following Solomon in the usual manner, Sirach, chapter XI, 27: "In the day of good things, says he, be not unmindful of evils: and in the day of evils be not unmindful of good things. For, as the same says, chapter XXXIII, 13: "Good is set against evil, and life against death, and the sinner against the just man. And so look upon all the works of the Most High, two and two, and one against one." See the sayings in both places. For one contrary tempers and moderates the other, and brings it to the golden mean, which is salutary to man and to the whole world. For, by way of example, adversities depress the inflation and arrogance of prosperity, prosperities raise up the dejection and straits of adversity: concerning which Olympiodorus elegantly says: "That which appears discordant is harmonious; and that which appears unequal is equal." Therefore diverse contraries agree and conspire wonderfully in the single providence of one world and one man, most wisely, says St. Jerome, "hot and cold things, dry and moist, hard and soft, dark and bright, evil and good." Thus Pineda. Philosophers learned the same from Solomon: "The eternity of things consists in contraries," says Seneca, epistle 108, from Cleanthes and Cicero. And he adds: "It is best to endure what you cannot amend, and to follow God, by whose authority all things come about, without murmuring. He is a bad soldier who follows his commander groaning. Wherefore let us receive orders eagerly and cheerfully, and not cease from this most beautiful course of work, into which whatever we suffer is woven, and thus let us address Jupiter, by whose helm this mass is directed. Lead me, parent and lofty ruler of heaven, whithersoever it has pleased you; there is no delay in obeying. I am at hand, ready; make me unwilling, I will follow groaning, and will suffer as a bad man what I might have suffered as a good man. The fates lead the willing, the unwilling they drag: thus let us live, thus let us speak, let fate find us prepared and ready. This is the great soul who has given himself to God. But on the contrary, he is small and base who struggles against it and thinks ill of the order of the world, and prefers to amend the gods rather than himself." See the same author, book II On Benefits, chapter XXIX, recounting and refuting the complaints of men against God's providence. Plutarch, in the book On Tranquility of Mind: In the lyre, he says, there are high and low notes: thus in our life calamitous things mixed with prosperous ones produce a harmonious sound. Wisely God strikes the lyre of our life on both sides: wherefore we should listen to these divine melodies not only patiently, but also cheerfully and pleasantly. Wisely St. Gregory, homily 19 on Ezekiel, somewhat before the end: "Let us learn, Fathers," he says, "to give thanks not only in prosperous times, but also in adversities. For our Father by his mercy has become our creator, and nourishes us as adopted sons unto the inheritance of the kingdom of heaven; and he not only refreshes us with gifts, but also instructs us with scourges." Whence he concludes: "If therefore, dearest brethren, we walk thus by the precepts of the Lord and by the examples of the saints, so that prosperity does not lift us up, nor adversity breaks us, we show before the eyes of almighty God palms on both sides, to whom is honor and glory forever and ever."
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16. THIS ALSO I SAW IN THE DAYS OF MY VANITY. THE JUST MAN PERISHETH IN HIS JUSTICE, AND THE WICKED LIVETH A LONG TIME IN HIS WICKEDNESS. — The Syriac: prolonged; Aquila: long-lived. The Arabic: that the just man shall perish lost in his justice, and the wicked man shall persist in his wickedness. In justice and in wickedness can be understood first, materially, that is to say, the just man perisheth, though he be innocent and deserve a long life; the wicked man liveth long, though he be guilty and deserve a swift death. Second, formally and causally, that is to say, the just man perisheth on account of his justice, as the martyrs were slain on account of their faith by tyrants; but the wicked prolong their life on account of their wickedness, because namely they rule freely, plunder, feast, and procure for themselves all things conducive to prolonging life by fair means and foul. This maxim is aptly connected with the preceding one, because both recount the vicarious succession of contrary things. The days of vanity is called this present life, because it is subject to vanity, that is to emptiness, change, death, miseries, sins. Bonaventure, Hugh and the Gloss wrongly read nativity for vanity. The sense is clear both from the very words and from the experience of things; for we see not infrequently that the just die quickly, while the wicked are happy and long-lived. Thus Isaiah saith in chapter LVII, 1: "The just man perisheth, and no one layeth it to heart." The same is said by the Wise Man, chapter II, 12 and 20; Jeremiah, chapter II, 21, and chapter XII, 7 and 8. The Hebrews in Galatinus book VI, x, understand by the just man Christ, whose brief life and swift death they think is here foretold, who died in justice, that is just and innocent, that he might justify and vivify sinners. "Being made perfect in a short time, he fulfilled a long time," Wisdom chapter IV, where in verses 14 and following many causes of the brevity of the life of the pious will be treated. Thus Abel was quickly slain by Cain, while Manasseh the wicked reigned fifty years, whereas Josiah the pious reigned only thirty-one, David forty, Hezekiah twenty-nine. It is added that the just wear out their bodies by fastings, penances, vigils, prayers, studies, and consume their vital spirits, and thus waste away and die, while the wicked fatten their bodies with feasts. Yet sometimes God prolongs the life of the just and shortens that of the wicked, according to that: "Men of blood and deceit shall not live out half their days," Psalm LIV, 24. And: "Honour thy father and thy mother, that thou mayest be long-lived upon the earth," Exodus XX, 12; Deuteronomy V, 16. Thus God alternates the turns for both, that men may know the vanity of this life and the truth of the future, and may long for that. Add that God is propitious to the just, compensating the brevity of this life by the length of a greater and better life in heaven; but he permits the long life of the wicked in his wrath, that they may heap up crimes and thereby sharper punishments upon themselves in hell. Hear St. Jerome: "This is similar to what the Saviour saith, Matthew X: He that shall find his life, shall lose it: and he that shall lose his life for me, shall find it. The Maccabees for the law of God and justice seemed to perish in their justice, and the martyrs who shed their blood for Christ. On the contrary, those who from that time ate swine's flesh, and after the coming of the Lord sacrificed to their idols, these seemed in this age to live, and on account of their wickedness to persist long-lived. But God's patience is in secret, and he afflicteth the saints now, that they may receive evils in their life, and visiteth not sinners for their crime, and as it were reserveth them for a victim, that he may be able to restore eternal goods to those, and inflict perpetual evils upon these. The Hebrews suspect that the just perishing in their justice are the sons of Aaron, because while they thought they were acting justly they offered strange fire; and the wicked long-lived in his wickedness they say is Manasseh, who after his captivity was restored to the kingdom, and lived a long time thereafter." Furthermore the Thaumaturgus translated, and I once understood not rightly, how the just man persevering in his justice unto death doth not fall away, and the crafty and wicked man dieth with his crime. But truly St. Cyril, On Adoration in Spirit, book VII: It can happen, he saith, that although that be done which the law commands, yet the law itself be violated, unless one use the law rightly; and this is that, I think, which Solomon saith: "There is a just man who perisheth in his justice." But the Chaldean: "All things I saw in the days of my vanity, that from the face of the Lord good and evil are decreed, that they be in the age by reason of the stars, by which the sons of men were created; and if the just man perished in his justice in this age, his justice is preserved in the age to come; and there is a wicked man whose days are prolonged in his sins, and the number of his evil works is kept for him unto the age to come, that vengeance may be taken upon him in the day of great judgment." Finally, the Hebrews here in the Midrash, or in the Gloss, whom Jerome cites from St. Fide, book I Against the Jews, chapter VII, and Galatinus, book VI, chapter X, understand by the just man Moses, concerning whom they relate this history, or rather fable: "The just man perishes in his justice. This, they say, is spoken of Moses, who indeed was made like the son of a certain woman who, when she was pregnant (from fornication), on account of her crime, placed in bonds gave birth to a son, and died: that son of hers, already nourished in prison, remained; after the lapse of some time, when the king passed by the door of the prison, that young man cried out saying: Lord king, I was born and nourished here, when I have committed no sin; for what crime of another am I here? And the king said to him: On account of the crime of your mother."
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17. BE NOT OVERMUCH JUST (that is, more than is fitting and excessively, whence follows): NEITHER BE OVERMUCH WISE THAN IS NECESSARY, LEST THOU BE ASTONISHED. — Note: Properly no one is overmuch just, or overmuch temperate, overmuch brave, chaste, or prudent, because the greater the justice or virtue, the more perfect it is: therefore the word "overmuch" signifies that justice and virtue degenerate into vice through excess, just as natural heat, if it be excessive, so as to exceed the just temperament of the complexion, degenerates into disease and becomes fever. Thus he is called overmuch brave who is rash; overmuch temperate, who is insensible; overmuch prudent, who is cunning. Moreover Aristotle, in book V of the Ethics, chapters IV and V, teaches that all virtues consist in the mean between two extreme vices, except justice: for this, he says, does not consist between contrary vices, but between two unequals, namely between gain and loss, or between doing injury and suffering it, and seeks equality and the mean between these. Yet in a certain way it can also be said that justice is concerned with contrary vices, because for example, if one owes another a hundred gold pieces, and pays only fifty, he sins by defect and does injury to the creditor; but if he pays more, say one hundred fifty, he does not indeed do injury; but he is unjust to himself; indeed he can do injury to his wife, children and household, if he squanders his wealth to their detriment, if namely he gives fifty gold pieces necessary for their support to another, who is not obliged to this. Such a one therefore will properly be overmuch just, and will sin through excess of justice on one side, namely toward the creditor, and through defect on the other, namely toward the household: because indeed in giving fifty to the creditor he exceeds, hence he falls short in supporting the household. Thus Francis Valesius, in Sacred Philosophy, chapter LXVII. Now the Fathers and Interpreters give various explanations of this passage, and they are apt and probable. The first is: Be not, that is, appear not overmuch just, so that thou mayest sell, boast, display thy justice like the Pharisee boasting and despising the Publican as a sinner, Luke XVIII, 11. Thus the Thaumaturgus: "Moreover," he says, "he who is wise or just, let him not appear to himself immoderately just or wise, lest perhaps, having admitted one sin, he become entangled in many consequently." And St. Augustine in Sentences, number 365: "It was said by divine authority: Be not overmuch just; because," he says, "it is not the justice of the wise, but the pride of the presumptuous. Whoever therefore makes himself overmuch just, makes himself overmuch unjust. But who is it that makes himself just, except he who says he has no sin?" Such were the Pelagians, who said they were just by their own merits, by the powers of nature, not of Christ; by the powers of grace, and thus they could avoid all sin even venial. St. Augustine has similar things, treatise 95 on John. Thus also explain Olympiodorus, Alcuin, Bonaventure, Lyra, Cajetan and others. Second: Be not overmuch just, that is, do not pursue thy right or another's right too rigidly or severely, because the highest right is the highest injustice. Thus Isidore of Pelusium, book III, epistle 320: "In this sense," he says, "it was said: Be not overmuch just, do not pursue justice severely and rigidly, but surpass it by goodness." And he adds: Whence one of the seven Sages of Greece (Bias, or as others say, Solon) stole that saying of his, "nothing in excess," that is, let nothing be excessive, is the best measure, as if to say, Use sometimes epieikeia, or equity and discreet moderation of justice; and this first in vindicative or punitive justice, do not be excessive in exacting and enforcing right and justice, as censor or avenger: because such are rigid and harsh, who give no pardon to brethren sinning from weakness, and sin against the precept of Christ: "Judge not, and you shall not be judged: condemn not, and you shall not be condemned," Luke VI, 37. Thus St. Jerome: "If thou hast seen anyone rigid and harsh toward all the sins of brethren, so that he gives pardon neither to one sinning in speech, nor to one delayed by natural sluggishness sometimes, know that he is more just than is just. For it is inhuman justice that does not pardon the frailty of the human condition." And Bachiarius, epistle On Receiving the Fallen to Januarius, about the middle, volume III of the Library of the Holy Fathers: "Be not overmuch just; why art thou ashamed," he says, "to be joined to a sinning man? Look upon him who says: Be not overmuch just. Our Master judges one wounded by robbers not only worthy of care, but also leads him back to his own stable and fold." Secondly, in distributive justice, do not be overly just, that is, beware lest you fear too much to give benefits or rewards to the unworthy, so that you also deny them to the worthy. Thirdly, in commutative justice, that is to say, beware lest you so greatly fear not to render to another his wage and profit, that you bring harm upon yourself. For although justice consists in the equality of right and of indivisible debt, and therefore properly one does not sin against it by excess, but only by defect, as Aristotle teaches in the place already cited; yet as regards the operation and execution of justice one can sin by excess, namely when someone pays a debt at a time when he is not obliged to do so, with great detriment to the commonwealth or to himself, as when someone returns a sword to a madman, by which he himself rages in the slaughter of citizens. Thus St. Augustine in the Questions on the Old Testament, Question XV: "Excessive justice," he says, "incurs sin; but tempered justice makes perfect: because if you respond to sinners in all things, there will not be lacking where you sin. Therefore this just man is not very just, who is an imitator of God." Hear St. Ambrose, book I On Penance, chapter 1: "For indeed he who strives to correct the studies of human weakness ought to bear that very weakness with his own shoulders, and in a certain way to support it on his shoulders, not to cast it away. For that evangelical shepherd is read to have wearied the weary sheep, not to have cast it away; and Solomon says: Be not overly just. For moderation ought to temper justice." He adds an urgent reason: "For in what manner will he present himself to you for healing, whom you hold in disgust, who thinks himself destined not to compassion but to contempt from his physician? Therefore the Lord Jesus had compassion on us, that he might call us to himself, and not deter us. He came meek, he came humble. Finally he says: Come to me all you that labor, and are burdened, and I will refresh you. Therefore the Lord Jesus refreshes, he does not exclude, nor does he cast away; and deservedly he chose such disciples as would gather the people of God as interpreters of the Lord's will, not repudiate them. Whence it is clear that those are not to be reckoned among the disciples of Christ, who think harsh things ought to be followed instead of mild, proud things instead of humble; and, when they themselves seek the Lord's mercy, they deny it to others, such as the doctors of the Novatians who call themselves pure." Therefore St. Hildebert rightly says, epistle 23: "Whoever leaves no guilt unpunished, himself sins: it is a fault to pursue all guilt; it savors of something great and divine to be merciful when offended; a good prince so pursues crime, that he remembers the man whom he punishes." To this pertains the exposition of Ferrandus, Deacon of Carthage, who flourished as a contemporary and familiar of St. Fulgentius, in learning and holiness in the year of Christ 480 (it is extant in volume IX of the Library of the Holy Fathers), and he wrote a Paraenetic to Reginus the Count, in what manner a leader might be religious, in which, rule 5, at the end, he treats this maxim most excellently: "To love what is customary," he says, "and to abhor the unusual vehemently, is excessive justice, worthy not of praise but of reproof, if you please the opinion of the wisest Solomon: Be not overly just: nor be wise more than is necessary, lest you be stupefied, lest you remain cold. Who remains cold? he from whom the fervor of charity is withdrawn. Therefore do not be overly just." Then he established this sixth rule of innocence for the Duke: "Whatever you shall say, do, and arrange, so that you please God and men, do not be exceedingly just." He adds particular cases: "Does someone incur a most grave crime? he deserves to feel judicial censure. Temper, best Duke, the impulse of severity, and while punishments are inflicted on the guilty party, let piety say to your inner ears: Do not be exceedingly just. Has another been forgetful of friendship and neglected to show due offices, deserving to be cast out, meriting to feel harsh injury? Restrain, I beseech you, righteous anger, do not repay like with like. Do not regard him as an enemy, but correct him still as a friend, with the wisest Solomon responding to you: Do not be exceedingly just. Be therefore just, but do not be exceedingly just. Be just so that you correct the restless, do not be exceedingly just, so that you console the faint-hearted, so that you receive the weak, and be patient toward all." And after some remarks: "O how many things, wisest Duke, must be overlooked, how many must be tolerated, how many must be touched upon lightly! how many also must be granted through the intercessions of priests by him who wisely hears: Do not be exceedingly just!" According to that saying of St. Bernard to Eugenius: "Let the ruler see all things, overlook many, punish few." Then Ferrandus adds: "Among other things, by the hidden arrow of detraction we shall wound no one, nor shall we inquire more carefully into the morals of those living well whence they might be blamed, if faithful Scripture should speak to each of us through the Holy Spirit: Do not be exceedingly just." Whence he concludes: "Bearing no one's burden through patience becomes unbearable to all, and with hatred gradually increasing, he opens the soul of many first to seditions, then to public battles: wishing to be exceedingly just, he becomes truly unjust, and unworthy of the name or office of duke. Therefore, best Duke, I repeat this necessary discourse often: Do not be exceedingly just." To this pertains the proverb of the Arabs: "Justice is not the swiftness of justice," that is to say, the judge must not hasten his sentence, lest it be afterwards found to be unjust. Thirdly, our Lorinus and Pineda thus expound it, that is to say, do not scrutinize divine judgments too curiously, so that you appear to act as a censor of divine justice, saying: Why does God permit the just to perish in his justice, and the impious to prolong life in their wickedness? whence he adds, nor be wiser than is necessary; the Septuagint: do not reason more than is fitting, so that you wish to dispute with God, according to that passage of Jeremiah XII, 1: "Thou art just indeed, O Lord, if I dispute with thee: but yet I will speak what is just to thee: Why doth the way of the wicked prosper?" Fourthly, do not be excessively just, that is, excessively good, excessively mild, excessively placid, so that you overlook sins and do not resist them. Thus the Chaldean: do not be excessively just, he says, at a time when the sinner is worthy of death, so that you act mercifully toward him, not killing him; nor become wise thus further, according to the wisdom of the wicked, and do not learn their ways: to what end will you pervert your way? Thus also the Hebrews here in the Midrash or Gloss, and R. Haccados: Excessively just, that is, good, they say, was Saul, who spared Agag and the better herds against the command of God, and therefore fell from kingdom and life, I Kings XV, 9. Fifthly, plainly, fully and adequately, that is to say, do not be excessive and exceed the measure in justice, both properly so called and generally accepted, that is in virtue. For virtue consists in the mean, and in the middle of two extremes, which are therefore vices. Thus St. Gregory Nazianzen in the Distichs: "Beware," he says, "lest you have either an excessively rigid justice, or a crooked, or a cunning prudence. For the best thing in all matters is the mean. Rule the perfidy of your soul, lest it fall away from fortitude to rashness." The same in the Precepts to Virgins: "Virtue moreover is fixed in the middle of evils: Not otherwise than the soft rose among sharp thorns." The same, Oration 26: "Do not be exceedingly just," he says, "nor wise beyond measure. For both justice and wisdom suffer detriment from an acute impulse of mind both in action and in speech, falling away from good and from virtue through excess. For both defect and excess equally undermine it, not otherwise than a rule by some addition or subtraction. Let no one therefore be wiser than is fitting, nor more exact in law, nor brighter than light, nor more correct than a norm, nor more sublime than divine precept. But by what means shall we achieve this? namely, if we take care to be modest and composed, approve the laws of nature, follow reason as our guide, do not reject order and discipline." Indeed, Aristotle himself, in the Ethics I, chapter VI, defines virtue as a mean. And Horace: Virtue is the mean between vices drawn back on both sides. And that saying of Hesiod: Keep measure, moderation in all things is best. This sense is required by the antithesis of the following verse: "Do not act impiously much:" in Hebrew, do not sin much. Again in this sense this maxim is fittingly connected to the preceding: "The just man perishes in his justice," as if to say, Do not be excessive in the rigor of justice, penance, prayer, contemplation, and external virtues, lest you bring upon yourself death, either natural or violent, from those who cannot bear this rigor of justice. The cause which he adds also favors this: "Do not be stupefied:" for excessive rigor dulls the mind and induces stupor in the body. To this pertains the exposition of Aben-Ezra: He is excessively just, he says, who by excessive fastings, prayers, and labors wastes away his body, indeed destroys it and brings it to the utmost stupor and desolation. "Nothing is less expedient than to cultivate a field most excellently," says Pliny, book XVIII, chapter VI, because thus all its sap and vigor are exhausted, so that it becomes barren from exhaustion: so those who cultivate the mind or soul by excessive labors enervate it and make it stupid. Whence St. Bernard, sermon 4 on the Psalm, He that dwelleth: "Just as," he says, "this corporeal sun, although it is good and very necessary, yet its heat, if not tempered, harms a weak head, and its splendor harms weak eyes, nor is it the sun's fault, but the fault of weakness: so also is the sun of justice. Whence also it is said: Be not excessively just, not because justice is not good; but because, while we are still weak, it is necessary that these very goods be tempered by grace, lest perhaps we incur the vice of pride or indiscretion." And St. Ephrem, epistle to John the monk, On Patience: "Do not be just much: nor be wiser than is necessary, lest you be stupefied," that is, he says, "lest you depart from charity." The same in Precepts to Virgins: Virtue moreover is fixed in the middle of evils: Not otherwise than soft roses among sharp thorns. Whence Vatablus translates, do not presume greater things for yourself; do not attempt those things which surpass your strength, both of nature and of grace, lest you succumb to the burden and repent of the deed. He brings an example of certain monks who, leaving their cell in pursuit of greater perfection, against the warnings of their superiors, betook themselves to the most arid solitude: but there, worn out by hunger and cold, some were even killed. More wise was St. Macarius who, as St. Ephrem relates there, being urged by a certain spirit to go into the inner desert, long resisted him, and at length obeying him, went out into the desert and saw there two naked men, whom he addressed: "How," he said, "can I become a monk?" And they said to him: "Unless one renounces all things that are in the world, he cannot become a monk." To whom he said: "I," he said, "am weak, and I am not able as you are." To whom they said: "If you cannot as we do, sit in your cell and bewail your sins," as if to say, Be a cell-dweller, if you cannot be a hermit; live as a cenobite, if you are not able to be an anchorite, according to that common saying: "If you cannot drive a horse, drive a donkey." In this matter novices often sin, who from novice fervor, but indiscreet, immediately wish to be perfect and supreme in holiness, and therefore wear themselves out with excessive fastings, prayers, penances, so that they become ill, and from this become lukewarm or scrupulous. Therefore one must beware of excess in justice and every virtue, and measure must be applied to each, except love. "For the measure of loving God is to love without measure," says St. Bernard; understand this concerning the love of God in itself: for incidentally, namely lest the brain and body be excessively weakened, measure must also be applied to contemplation and love. Finally, some understand by justice religion, as if to say, Do not be excessively just and wise, that is, excessively religious and curious in scrutinizing divine things; "do not be stupefied," that is, do not become superstitious, or heretical, or scrupulous and delirious. For religion, if it be excessive, degenerates from itself and becomes superstition. Hence Plutarch in Camillus: "Piety," he says, "or religion is a mean between contempt of the divine and superstition. Piety moreover is what they say: Nothing in excess is best." NOR BE WISER THAN IS NECESSARY. Hebrew, lest you be wise beyond what is fitting, or lest you esteem yourself wise in an excellent manner, or more than is right; Arabic, lest you be wise with superfluous wisdom; Olympiodorus, lest you be too wise; Campensis, lest you be wise beyond measure; Zurich, lest you arrogate to yourself greater wisdom. The sense is, as if to say, Do not wish to be excessively wise in discovering and maintaining your excessive justice, by which, as a rigid censor of justice, you presume to judge and censure the morals, actions, judgments not only of men, but also of God, and even the law itself, as if you wished it to be more legal and just, as I said a little before from Nazianzen. Whence the Septuagint translates, do not reason more than is fitting; St. Jerome, do not seek further. Again, because you wish to be wiser than others, both in holiness, rigor and perfection of virtue, and in any other matter. Be not stupefied. — For excessive wisdom degenerates into foolishness and stupor, just as excessive study fatigues and dulls the brain, because it consumes the best spirits: whence those who study excessively become dull, sometimes delirious and mad, or sick, and die quickly. Hence in Hebrew it is, why will you be devastated, or desolated? such is one who is stupefied, who is as if deserted and desolate from himself and from his own soul; Symmachus, so that you are not excessively troubled; Syriac, do not marvel; Arabic, do not act impiously; St. Jerome, do not be disturbed; Thaumaturgus, lest, having admitted one sin, you become entangled in many others consequently; Zurich, why do you make yourself stupid? Campensis, lest perhaps you also perish in like manner. Another translates it, why do you puff yourself up? Chaldean, to what end do you pervert your way? Cajetan explains that those who are excessively wise, or just, being little suited to practice and common social life, are accustomed to be abandoned by those who conduct business, or deliberate and seek counsel. But this is rather weak. Do you want examples? Take these: philosophers, saying they were wise, became foolish, Rom. 1, 22. Adam and Eve became unwise and stupefied, while they wished to be excessively wise, and therefore ate the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil. Thus Festus says to Paul: "Much learning doth turn thee to madness," Acts, cap. xxvi, 24. Thus Solomon, trusting excessively in his own wisdom, incurred the stupor and foolishness of idolatry. Whence Eccles. cap. XLVII, 22, concerning Solomon it says: "Thou didst incline to folly;" and vers. 27: "And he left behind him of his seed one of a foolish nation, and Roboam lacking in prudence." Truly Isaac the presbyter, lib. On Contempt of the World, cap. LI: "He who," says he, "is lifted up by wisdom, will suffer the dark snares of ignorance." Finally, Hugo the Cardinal incorrectly refers these words to the following verse, as if to say, Do not act impiously much, so that you add sins to sins, be not stupefied, that is, become stupid and hard, so that you cannot be aroused to better things. Thus also Bonaventure: He forbids, says he, the precipice of impiety, because this renders a man stupid in affection, hard and cruel in action, and blind in intellect, and, as Lyra says, makes a man despair.
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18. DO NOT ACT WICKEDLY MUCH: AND BE NOT FOOLISH. DIE NOT IN A TIME THAT IS NOT THINE. — The Syrian: do not become hateful much, do not be foolish, lest perhaps you die before your time; Thaumaturgus: do not be bold or rash, lest death snatch you away before your day; The Author of the Greek Catena: do not let untimely death lay an immature hand upon you; The Chaldean: do not walk after the thoughts of your heart, so that you act wickedly, nor make your way far from the house of the doctrine of the law, so that you be foolish, lest perhaps you be the cause of death to your soul, so that the days of your life be cut short, so that you die before your time comes. "Die not," in Hebrew אל תרסע al tirsa, that is, do not be restless, wandering, turbulent, so that you are carried away by various lusts, and tossed about by storms of mind like a tempestuous sea. R. David and R. Abraham: do not occupy yourself much in worldly affairs, do not distract yourself, do not wander; Campensis: do not be overly tenacious of justice, nor be lawless, so that you are neither scrupulously tormented in the smallest matters, nor recklessly leap over the greatest. This is a maxim that is the antithesis of the preceding one, as is evident to one comparing both, especially in the Hebrew. The meaning is clear, as if St. Jerome says: Do not add sins to sins, lest you provoke God to bring judgment upon you even here, and swift death. Understand the gravest and most atrocious sins, for these are signified by the Hebrew רשע rascha, and the Latin "to act wickedly": which are of two kinds, namely first, impiety toward God through superstition, heresy, blasphemy, idolatry, etc. Thus Olympiodorus. Second, savagery and cruelty toward one's neighbor. Thus Bonaventura, Lyra and others. For these two things, as being harmful to the commonwealth and human society, God is accustomed to punish in this life, and to chastise with death, as He chastised the whole world full of idolatry and injustice with the flood, in the time of Noah; the Pentapolis with heavenly fire; Core, Dathan and Abiron with the opening of the earth, Numbers xvi; Absalom rebelling against his father David with hanging. For, as it is said in Psalm LIV, verse 24: "Men of blood, and the deceitful shall not live out half their days:" therefore "do not act wickedly much," that is, as I have taught you not to be overly just, so I warn you not to be overly unjust. Beware therefore of grave sins, especially injuries to God or to your neighbor. For every sin, even venial and the least, in this fragile life it is impossible to avoid, namely, as the Poet says: "Each one suffers his own shades; happy is he who is pressed by the least." AND BE NOT FOOLISH. By foolishly clinging to vain pleasures, and adding sins to sins, nor repenting with the danger of death and hell, which sinners do not think of, nor foresee, but sin freely and securely as if there were neither death nor hell, and therefore heedlessly they suddenly fall into it. Is not this the height of foolishness? "For if, says St. Jerome, the swallow knows how to care for its young with the juice of the swallow-wort, and wounded goats seek out dittany, why do we not know that the medicine of repentance is offered to sinners?" Whence the Septuagint translates: be not hard, that is, hard; The Arabic: do not be uncivil, wicked; Hugh: do not be ignorant of divine things. DIE NOT IN A TIME THAT IS NOT THINE. That is, do not die untimely, with premature and anticipated death, and often violent, namely by force from men, or inflicted upon you by God the avenger. Very wicked men, says St. Jerome, die in a time that is not theirs, because either by the judgment of judges, or by God's vengeance they are taken from life before the natural term of life, which they would have reached, had it not been cut short and snatched away, namely before the fated time, says the Zurich Bible: for, as Campensis translates, such men for the most part perish badly. Add to this, the disquietudes and passions, and disturbances of anger, envy, pride, etc., by which the wicked are continually agitated, shorten their life. Thus the sons and descendants of Eli died in a time that was not theirs. Hear Holy Scripture: "There shall not be an old man in thy house for ever: and the greater part of thy house shall die when they come to man's estate," I Kings II, 32, 33, according to that in Proverbs X, 27: "The fear of the Lord shall add days: and the years of the wicked shall be shortened." Second, "in a time that is not thine," because sudden and unexpected death seizes the wicked unprepared, as being destitute of virtues and merits: thus Olympiodorus. This time is said to be not theirs, because it is incongruous to them, harmful to their soul, and damaging to their eternal salvation: for this is the time of sin and the devil, in which he himself possesses the sinner, so that he may snatch him to the depths of hell. Third, "in a time that is not thine," because the wicked at no time expect death, and think themselves very far removed from it; therefore unforeseen death carries off the heedless and terrified. See Pererius in chapter xxv of Genesis, disputation 7. Mystically, the Author of the Greek Catena expounds it, as if to say: "Let not an impious thought linger in thy heart, lest perchance thy soul, fallen into impiety through ignorance, should die." Tropologically, learn here that the supreme good is to die in one's own time, that is, when one is established in grace and prepared for death, so that through it one may pass to blessed immortality. God grants this to those who are solicitous and diligent to preserve themselves in grace and to increase it. Conversely, the supreme evil is to die in a time not one's own, that is, when one lives in mortal sin, especially in the habit and state of sin. For such a one is unprepared for repentance and for a good death, and therefore through it tends toward the second death in hell. With this fear He strikes those who grow in impiety and heap sin upon sin. For God despises such men, blinds them, hardens them, and finally reprobates them. Wherefore the sign, nay rather the effect, of predestination is to die in one's own time, that is, in the state of grace; but of reprobation to die in a time not one's own, that is, unprepared in the state of sin. How many of the reprobate would be saved if they died in their own time, that is, when they are in the state of grace! But now they are damned because they die in a time not their own, that is, in the state of sin. How many, on the other hand, of the predestined and elect would be damned if God were to snatch them away in a time not their own! For example, if He had snatched away Peter immediately after he denied Christ; if Paul, while he was persecuting the Church; if Magdalen, while she was indulging in pleasures: but now through the grace by which He predestined and chose them, He allows them to live in a time not their own, so that He may snatch them away in their own time, namely when through grace they are friends and sons. This therefore is the sum of grace, as being the grace of predestination and divine election. Hence learn that the habit of sinning is to be most carefully avoided, so that if thou hast fallen into any sin, thou shouldest not lie in it, but immediately rise through repentance. This is what Ecclesiasticus admonishes, cap. XXI, vers. 1: "My son, thou hast sinned? add not to it again: but also pray for thy former sins that they may be forgiven thee." See Bellarmine, On the Art of Dying Well. Certain God-fearing men have recently instituted a confraternity concerning this matter, in which each one daily pours forth certain prayers to God for himself and for the other members of the confraternity, that He may grant them a happy and holy death in their own time; which is indeed a pious and useful practice for securing for oneself that ultimate and decisive moment of life, on which all eternity depends; and therefore this confraternity, scattered through many provinces, embraces many thousands of men, who daily beseech God for their own sake and for the happy death of all the members of the confraternity. Their axiom is this: "Live as if thou wert to die every day. When thou risest in the morning, think that thou wilt die on that day." Believe every day to have dawned as thy last. This was the maxim of St. Marcella, as St. Jerome testifies in her epitaph to Principia her daughter.
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19. IT IS GOOD FOR THEE TO HOLD THE JUST MAN, BUT ALSO FROM HIM (the impious one, of whom the discourse went before) DO NOT WITHDRAW THY HAND: BECAUSE HE THAT FEARETH GOD NEGLECTETH NOTHING. — For "the just man," Titelmann and Vatable think one should read "this one," because thus the Hebrews and Chaldeans read it. But all Codices, even the Sixtine, read "the just man," because by "this one" they understand the just man. The Hebrew texts therefore have it thus: it is good that thou lay hold on this one (that is, him, namely the just man), and also from this one (that is, another, for instance the impious man) do not cause thy hand to rest, because he that feareth God shall go forth to all these things. The Septuagint: it is good to cleave to this one, and indeed from this one do not stain thy hand; for to those that fear God all things go forth. Where for "stain," that is, do not let go. For thus the Hebrew, Chaldean, and Latin texts read. But the Arabic, following the Septuagint in its manner, reads "do not stain." "It is a good thing," he says, "that thou embrace this discourse, and hold it, and therefore do not stain thy hand with this." Some interpret by "this" and "this" the just man in the neuter gender, that is, justice, as if to say: It is good, nay excellent, that thou sustain the just man, that is, that thou lift up justice and holiness above thee, and place it upon thy shoulders and thy head, nor remove thy hand from it, but embrace it with both hands, exercise it, protect it: for this alone is the business imposed upon thee and commended to thee by God. Others interpret by "this" and "this" the two things that went before, as if to say: Sustain this, namely, that thou be not too just and severe, nor withdraw thy hand from this, that is from the second, namely that thou act not impiously much, that is that thou be not too indulgent and lax, but temper severity with clemency: thus thou wilt imitate the holy providence of God, which reacheth from end to end mightily, and disposeth all things sweetly. But for "this" in Hebrew it is זה ze, that is, this or this one, in the masculine gender, for instance the just man, unless thou read it with another pointing zo, that is, this, that thing; wherefore First, the Thaumaturgus by the just man understands God, thus he aptly connects this saying to the preceding one about the just and impious man, when he translates: It is the greatest good to lean upon God's help, and thus to beware of all sin. It is also execrable for the immaculate to be touched by polluted hands. But to the obedient and to him that feareth the Lord it shall be permitted to escape all adversity. And the Author of the Catena of the Greeks: "Moreover," he says, "that is the greatest thing, if thou in turn lay hold on God coming to thy aid and stretching forth his hand to the fallen, so that hanging from him thou never stretchest forth thy hand to sin, for to touch with an unclean hand things that are free from all stain is truly wicked and abominable; but he who is fixed with the fear of God, who is subject to God, he easily avoideth all adversity." Secondly, Olympiodorus, as if to say: It is good to lay hold on the just man, that is, to embrace justice and acquire virtue, and not to stain thy hand with crime; he who does this and feareth God shall escape the contests of temptations. Or, as Cajetan: He shall go forth to all things, that is to all virtues, which he shall diligently exercise, nor shall he be content with one or another only. Again the Midrash, or Hebrew Gloss, here interprets by "this" and "this" different things, nay all the precepts of the law, as if to say: So keep one precept that thou omit not another, but observe all together exactly: thus thou shalt not die in thy time not appointed, but thou shalt safely escape all the perils of premature death. Thirdly, Cardinal Hugo, as if to say: It is good to sustain the just man, who often correcteth and chasteneth thee, nor to withdraw obedience or aid from him, but to exhibit it all the more readily, the more diligent he is in correcting and caring for thy salvation. Fourthly, St. Jerome asserts that "sustain" can be taken for "endure": "That the mind of the just man may be prepared, that whatever shall happen he may endure with balanced mind," as if to say: The just man endureth all things, both adverse and prosperous, with equable and strong mind; and therefore he implores God's aid: for if he have him as protector, he shall neither be lifted up by prosperity nor cast down by adversity. Fifthly, Vatable: It is good that thou hold this, he says, in such manner, namely, that thou be not too just; nor withdraw thy hand from this, that is from justice and wisdom, which thou ought not to despise, but give diligent attention to both, for he that feareth God shall extricate himself from all these things, that is, he shall easily beware lest he be too just, or lest he not study justice sufficiently, and depart from extremes. To this the Hebrews add their interpretation, meaning as it were: It is good to grasp a part of wisdom and of folly, because he who fears God uses both manfully. To grasp one with one hand and the other with the other hand, which the fear of God will teach; by its guidance you will walk safely and escape extreme dangers. And more clearly, as if to say, that you may avoid these dangers (of excessive justice, wisdom, impiety, folly), nothing is better than that you firmly believe and perpetually keep in mind that those who revere God will escape all these deadly evils. Sixthly, the Chaldean: It is good, he says, that you apply yourself to the affairs of this world, so that you may repay kindness to your soul in the way of merchants; and also from this book of the law, do not abandon your portion: for he who fears the Lord will come forth from the hands of all his beloved. Whence some by this and this understand both the theoretical and the practical, meaning as it were: So devote yourself to theory and contemplation that you do not omit action and practice, but apply your hand to work and beneficence. For contemplation ought to be directed toward action and the exercise of virtues. Seventh and genuinely, St. Jerome, Alcuin, the Interlinear Gloss, Titelmann and others, meaning as it were: It is good to sustain the wise and the just with aid and resources, but also do not withdraw your hand and beneficence from the foolish and impious sinners, because he who fears God neglects nothing, but seizes and grasps all occasions of doing good and acting well, so as to imitate God, "who maketh his sun to rise upon the good and bad, and raineth upon the just and the unjust," Matt. ch. v, 45, meaning as it were: To whomever and as many as you are able to do good, do good: whether they be wise and just, or foolish and impious; thus you will be neither excessively just nor excessively impious. For almsgiving corrects excessive justice and severity, and atones if you have acted impiously. This maxim seems to be contradicted by that passage in Ecclesiasticus ch. XII, 5: "Give to the good, and receive not a sinner; do good to the humble, and give not to the impious;" but I have responded there and explained the passage. Yet, to speak candidly what I think, it does not seem that this passage properly concerns bodily almsgiving, but spiritual, so that the meaning is, as it were: Sustain the just lest he wish to be excessively just, and thus exceed the limits of justice and become unjust; also do not withdraw your hand from the impious, lest he act too impiously and work foolishly; and thus neglect nothing good which you are able to accomplish both in sustaining the just in justice and in prohibiting and recalling the impious from impiety. To this is added the Hebrew sense, which interprets, meaning as it were: It is good that you grasp in this (that is, this one, namely the just), and also from this (that is, another, for instance the impious) do not cause your hand to rest, because he who fears God will go forth to all these things. HE WHO FEARS GOD NEGLECTS NOTHING. The Hebrew: will go forth to all things; the Syriac: follows all things, meaning as it were: He is not slow and lazy, but diligent and eager, so as to undertake all good and all beneficence, likewise all difficult work, meaning as it were: The just man is strong in spirit, and therefore does not flee from difficulties, temptations and tribulations, but proceeds to meet them intrepidly and overcomes and surpasses them: just as God gave Jacob "a strong contest" (with Esau) "that he might overcome," Wisdom x. Whence St. Jerome explains, meaning as it were: "He who fears God is neither lifted up by prosperity nor oppressed by adversity." Again from the Hebrew you may translate, he who fears God will go forth with all things; or, as Pagninus has it, from all things, that is, will escape all evils. Thus Thaumaturgus, Olympiodorus and others; or will bring every good work to its desired end; or, as the Septuagint, all things will go forth, that is, all things will succeed happily for him who fears God. Whence the Arabic translates, he who fears God goes forth from all things justified; Symmachus, he who fears God will pass through all things; the Zurich Bible, he extricated himself from all these things; Vatablus, he easily withdrew from extremes. Learn here morally that, just as negligence is the mother of security, so fear is the mother of industry and diligence. This indeed consists in four things, says Hugh, namely in study, labor, expense, and time. For the diligent person spares nothing in study, labor, expense, or time, but expends whatever the matter demands. Again, he who fears God neglects nothing good or evil, but pursues every good and avoids every evil, insofar as human frailty permits. For there is no just man who does not sin venially, as verse 21 adds. Yet the just man strives to flee venial sins as much as he can, and passes over or neglects nothing, even the smallest. For, as St. Augustine wisely says in the book On the Ten Strings, chapter XI: "So also pay attention to small sins, because they are small, and beware, because they are many. How very tiny are grains of sand! if more sand is put into a ship, it sinks it, so that it perishes; how tiny are drops of rain! do they not fill rivers and destroy houses? Therefore do not despise these things." St. Bernard, however, speaks thus: "Not only grave sins, but also light sins must be avoided. For many light sins make one grave sin, just as vast rivers are accustomed to grow from small and tiny drops." Thus St. Bernard, in the book of Meditations, chapter xxv; which understand not formally, but dispositively: for venial sins dispose toward mortal sins: for they are like dust thrown into the eyes, which clouds them at first, then blinds them completely; they are like sowers of discord, which disturb the commonwealth of the affections and disquiet the whole soul; they are showers which do not indeed extinguish charity, but lull its strength and fervor to sleep; they are illnesses which weaken the mind; they are foul odors which sadden the Spirit of God and turn us away from the good of His familiarity. Whoever therefore fears God neglects nothing; but as he flees greater sins as greater, so he will avoid lesser sins as seeds of greater ones. For it is rash to admit one foot of the enemy into one's house, for after one he will place another, and will expel the wretched inhabitant from it with injury. Thus the devil is accustomed to begin with small things and proceed to greater, and after he has driven fear of lighter sins from the soul, he will also banish fear of graver ones. See the words of Ecclesiasticus, chapter XIX, verse 1, at those words: "He that despiseth small things shall fall by little and little." On the other hand, the fool, who does not fear God, boldly leaps from sin to sin, like a horse without eyes, which fears nothing because it sees nothing; whence it is commonly said: "No animal is bolder than a blind horse," says Hugh.
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20. WISDOM STRENGTHENED THE WISE MAN ABOVE TEN PRINCES OF THE CITY. — The Hebrew: wisdom shall strengthen the wise man before ten dynasties, or those ruling in the city; the Syriac: wisdom strengthens the wise man, better than ten princes who are in the city; the Zurich: wisdom supplies more strength than ten powerful men; Campensis: it helps more than ten leading men can; Thaumaturgus: nor do the supports of the most powerful men in the city avail so much as wisdom; it is accustomed sometimes even to forgive those who have neglected what they ought to have done. The interpreters labor here in connecting this sentence with the preceding one. St. Jerome connects it thus, so as to meet a tacit objection. For someone will say: I am of slender fortune and poor, how therefore shall I sustain the just man with my resources? To this he responds: "Those whom you cannot help with wealth, help with counsel, foster with comfort. For you can accomplish more for one in straits through wisdom than anyone of the greatest power. And do this very thing with prudence. For great indeed is the balance of justice, both to whom, and how much, and how long, and in what manner, or in the matter, or in the counsel to give." More plainly and more fully you would connect it thus, so that it gives the reason whence such strength comes to the wise man, that he is able to sustain both the just and the impious wavering and falling into sin, and why he himself neglects nothing good, but is strong and vigorous for every good work. The reason indeed is that wisdom strengthens the wise man a hundredfold, so that one man by his wisdom can accomplish more than ten princes by their wealth and power in the city; for this is corporeal, fragile, unreliable and uncertain: but wisdom is spiritual, stable, reliable and certain. An example is in Joseph, concerning whom the Chaldean explains this verse: "The wisdom of Joseph, he says, son of Jacob, brought him much protection and prudence before his ten just brothers, who, although they could do much in the fear of the Lord, did him no evil, at which time they were in Egypt; nor did they violently rush upon the brother who had then exasperated their minds." Thus the Chaldean has it in the Complutensian and Costi editions, although in the Royal Bibles it has: Wisdom shall help the wise man who has subdued evil desire. Again an example is in Jacob the father of Joseph, concerning whom the Wise man says in cap. x, 10: "This (Wisdom) led the just man fleeing the wrath of his brother by straight paths, and showed him the kingdom of God, etc. It guarded him from enemies, and protected him from seducers, and gave him a strong contest that he might conquer, and know that wisdom is more powerful than all things." The reason a priori is that wisdom devises and suggests a thousand reasons by which it sustains the just man equally as the impious, and undertakes and accomplishes any difficult work. Again, because the wise man, that is the just and holy man, is God's mouth and instrument, through which the Holy Spirit speaks to move the hearts of hearers, whithersoever it pleases Him, as was evident in St. Peter and St. Paul, and the other Apostles and Apostolic men, who converted the world, and made the impious pious. Wherefore, as it is said in Eccles. cap. IX, 18: "Wisdom is better than weapons of war." And: "A wise man is strong; and a man of knowledge is robust and mighty. For with counsel war is managed: and there shall be safety where there are many counsels," Prov. xxiv, 5; and cap. xxi, 22: "The wise man ascendeth the city of the mighty, and casteth down the strength of the confidence thereof." See the sayings there. Upon Ten Princes, that is, the chief men, the rulers, who are in the city. For in Hebrew it is Schallitim, whence sultan or soldanus, that is, a prince and emperor, such as was the Sultan of Egypt, Babylon, Syria, etc.; ten, that is, many, indeed all. For the number ten is the completion of the simple numbers, which are called articles, and it first combines and unites them. Whence it is said to be called deka, as it were; from deketo, because it contains and comprehends all things. Thus Job cap. xix, 3, says: "Behold, ten times," that is, many times and continually, "you have confounded me." Yet it alludes to the ten chief men of the city, of whom it is said Ruth cap. IV, vers. 2: "And Booz taking ten men of the ancients of the city;" for these were employed not only as witnesses of the cession of the inheritance, as Lyran and Abulensis wish, but also as elders, that is, senators and judges, is evident from the fact that he adds: "And he said to them: Sit here. And when they were sitting, he spoke to his kinsman," etc., discussing the cause of the cession with him before ten senators, as Fevardentius rightly observed there; according to Josephus, whom Charles Sigonius cites and follows in lib. VII De Repub. Hebr. cap. VII, it is intimated that among the Hebrews there were seven princes of the city: for there are various magistrates in a city, appointed to various matters and causes; hence in one city seven, in another ten senators. Thus among the Romans there were septemviri, and there were also decemviri, but in different tribunals, or also in different times. Hear Livy, lib. III: "In the three hundred and second year after Rome was founded, the form of the city is again changed from consuls to decemvirs, just as it had come before from kings to consuls." Moreover, R. Solomon talks nonsense, when he explains it of Josiah, as if to say, Josiah the wise and pious king by his wisdom and piety, by power and strength surpassed ten kings his predecessors. Mystically Salonius by the wise man understands Christ, who is more robust and provides greater aid to the faithful than ten princes, that is, all the angels: "For ten," says Salonius, "were the orders of the angels; but one fell through pride, and therefore the good angels always labor for this, that the number may be made up from men, and that we may arrive at the perfect number, that is, the number ten." Receive this with a grain of salt. For the Church acknowledges only nine choirs of the heavenly spirits, some of whom fell with Lucifer and became demons: the others, under the leadership of St. Michael, persevered in faith and grace and became angels. Whence this passage was noted and corrected by the censors in Salonius. Yet Salonius is to be excused, in that he separated the tenth choir from the nine choirs of the holy angels, and made it that of those who fell and became demons, as if to say, Nine choirs are of the holy angels, the tenth is of the demons.
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21. FOR THERE IS NOT A JUST MAN UPON EARTH, THAT DOTH GOOD AND SINNETH NOT. — The Hebrew means, and will not at some time sin, i.e. who will never be about to sin; Thaumaturgus, and who is there that does not stumble somewhere? Cajetan connects this saying to the preceding verse in two ways: First, by referring it to the ten "princes of the city," as if to say: The wise man is stronger than these, because they as men err and sin from time to time: but the wise man strengthened by wisdom, while he follows it, cannot err and sin. Second, by referring it to wisdom, as if to say: Without wisdom, or with wisdom excluded, there is not a just man upon earth who doth good and sinneth not, as if to say: That the just man doth good and sinneth not, he has from wisdom: wherefore if you exclude it, or if the just man abandon it, he will immediately abandon good and will sin. This is what is said in Wisdom ix, 19: "By wisdom were they healed, whosoever pleased thee, O Lord, from the beginning." You will refer it more plainly to verse 19, as I said there. For it coheres most excellently with it, and gives its cause, namely, to sustain the just lest he fall, or that if he has fallen he may rise again, because there is not a just man who so constantly doth good, that from innate frailty he does not at some time sin. He therefore needs a sustainer, who may support him lest he fall absolutely, or at least lest he fall into graver sin, or if he has fallen into it, may raise him up. This is what St. James says cap. III vers. 2: "In many things we all offend;" or: "If we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us," I John cap. I, 8. See the remarks in both places. Except from the common sense and consensus of the whole Church, Christ and the Blessed Virgin: for they never sinned, but always wrought good. Wherefore from this place the Council of Milevis, the Council of Trent, and the whole Church teach that the just cannot avoid all venial sins: for although they can avoid each one separately taken, they cannot however avoid all taken together at the same time. Wherefore it is necessary that they at some time sin venially, not definitely here and now, but indefinitely. Just as an archer, however skilled he may be, cannot hit the mark a hundred times in succession by shooting, but it is necessary that, being fatigued and attention failing, he sometimes miss it. Furthermore, the explanation of Calvin and the innovators is impious and foolish, who from this place contend that man, even though just, because he is infected with concupiscence, mixes something of concupiscence and sin in every good work, so that in all things there shines forth a certain ἀταξία, disorder, stain and confusion. For this dogma takes away from man mind, counsel, prudence, goodness, virtue, sanctity and all good, and transforms man not only into a beast, but also into a demon. For the demon alone, with the damned, from desperation, and from hatred and fury, with which he burns against God, cannot will anything good, and therefore can do nothing except to be proud, to be angry, to envy, to rage and to sin. See Bellarmine, lib. IV On Justification. Shrewdly Cardinal Hugo asserts that there is not one who doth good and at the same time sinneth not, because, he says, children indeed do not sin, but neither do they do good; adults, however, although they do good, yet at some time they sin. More soundly St. Athanasius, tract. On the Incarnation of the Word against Paul of Samosata and St. Jerome, cap. II to the Ephesians, take this saying of sins, not only venial but also mortal, namely that all of them no one can avoid by his own strength, so as to be truly just. And from this they prove that the Incarnation of Christ was necessary, so that Christ by his merits might justify us, and might obtain for us and confer upon us grace to avoid all mortal sin.
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22. BUT YET TO ALL WORDS THAT SHALL BE SPOKEN, APPLY NOT THY HEART: LEST PERHAPS THOU HEAR THY SERVANT CURSING THEE; — If this verse be connected with the preceding ones, the sense will be: Since no man is altogether free from faults, do not pour forth complaints to God, as though it seemed to thee that thou art just in thy misfortunes. Others not badly join the same verse with what follows: therefore also to all, etc. The Septuagint renders verse 23 thus: for he will frequently speak evil of thee, and will afflict thy heart in many ways, namely because thou also hast cursed others; Aquila: because frequently thy heart will be troubled, if namely thou attend and care what each one says. The Hebrew קלל kalal signifies to make vile, to diminish, to depress, to detract, to do evil, to curse, to imprecate evils, and to say and do similar things, which bitterness of mind, disturbance, impatience, anger and hatred suggest. St. Jerome, connecting this saying with the preceding one, thus explains it: "Strengthened by the aid of wisdom, prepare thy heart either for good or for evil, and do not care what thy enemies say of thee, what opinion is abroad. For as it is the part of a prudent man not to hear a murmuring servant, so also it is the part of a wise man to follow wisdom as his guide, and not to consider vain rumors." Gregory Thaumaturgus: lest curses cast upon thee wound thy soul, lest afterwards in many actions thou thyself be drawn away to return insults. Wisdom therefore strengthens the heart of the wise man, so that to preserve peace of mind and generosity he does not care for rumors, nor what servants or others say and curse of him, but rather does not attend to them, nor wishes to hear or know of them; because if he attend, he hears from time to time strange and unworthy things, and therefore from those about whom he would never have thought: wherefore he passes by all things with deaf ear, despises and scorns them, knowing that the common sort of men, especially servants, are a vile, impatient, talkative, small-minded and small-judged, slanderous and impudent race; wherefore with great and lofty spirit he dissembles and neglects those things. Whence Olympiodorus in the Septuagint, for "will afflict thy heart in many ways," reading "will afflict thy heart with many descents," thus explains it: Insult, when heard frequently, disturbs the soul. "If therefore anyone be kindled with anger against one who insults, he falls into many and slips down descents, drawn down from the sublime seat of reason into the passion of anger, and thus fills his heart with sad turbulence." Thus David passed by the curses of Shimei and others with deaf ear. "I became as a man that heareth not; and that hath no reproofs in his mouth," says he himself Psalm XXXVII, 43. For words are not blows; they strike the air, not man: unless he who attends to them is bitten and wounded. The same philosophers taught from Solomon. Augustus Caesar, when insults were cast upon him, was not angered, but smiled, says Seneca, lib. De Clement. cap. x. Fabius Maximus, following Hannibal, was called by Hannibal's pedagogue the tutor of Hannibal. But he proceeded in his own manner, and thus broke Hannibal; whence he said: "He who fears jeers and insults is more timid than those who flee from enemies." Thus Plutarch in Apophth. Tiberius Caesar dissembled insults, saying, "in a free state there are free tongues," says Suetonius in his Life. Aristippus, fleeing from one who cursed him, when asked by him: Why dost thou flee? "Because," said he, "thou hast the faculty of cursing, but I have not the faculty of hearing." Thus Xiphilinus in his Life. Plutarch, lib. De cohibenda ira: "To search carefully," says he, "inquiring into all things, and to bring forth into the open all the business of a servant, all the actions of a friend, all the studies of a son, all the whispers of a wife, these things indeed generate many, and continuous and daily troubles, the sum of which comes to this, that we become morose and intractable. It is of Euripides: God cares for great things, permits small things to be dismissed by woman." Philip of Macedon, when certain men were detracting from him, said: "I am grateful to them, because by their detraction I become better, while I strive by my deeds to convict them of falsehood." Thus Plutarch in the Apophthegms. Whence Seneca, book III On Anger, chapter xxiv: "Let each one therefore say to himself whenever he is provoked: Am I more powerful than Philip? Yet he was reviled with impunity. Do I have more power in my household than the divine Augustus had over the whole world? Yet he was content to withdraw from his reviler. Why should I expiate with scourges and chains the more cheerful response of my slaves, their more stubborn countenance, and their murmuring that does not reach me? Who am I, whose ears it is impious to wound? Many have pardoned enemies; shall I not pardon the lazy, the negligent, the talkative? Let the boy's age excuse him, the woman her sex, the stranger his freedom, the household servant his familiarity. Does he offend for the first time? Let us consider how long he has pleased us. Has he often offended before? Let us bear what we have long borne. Is he a friend? He did what he did not wish. Is he an enemy? He did what he ought. Let us trust the wiser, let us forgive the foolish." BECAUSE THOU ALSO HAST OFTEN CURSED OTHERS. He suggests a remedy, both for tolerating and for avoiding cursing. For those who are troublesome to superiors or others and curse are accustomed likewise to experience subordinates as troublesome, and to be assailed by their curses. For this is the just penalty of retaliation, by which God, who permits no sin to go unpunished, fittingly punishes and avenges such men, according to that saying of Christ: "In what measure you have meted out, it shall be measured to you again," Matthew VII, 2. And: "As I have done, so God hath requited me," Judges I, 7. And: "By what things a man sinneth, by the same also he is tormented," Wisdom XI, 17. "He who says what he wishes, hears what he does not wish," says the Comic poet. The Emperor Titus: "I do nothing," he said, "for which I deserve to be blamed; but those things which are falsely said of me, I utterly disregard." Thus Xiphilinus in his Life.
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24. I HAVE TRIED ALL THINGS IN WISDOM. I SAID: I SHALL BE WISE: AND IT HATH RECEDED FARTHER FROM ME. — In Hebrew, a deep deep, that is, the highest depth of wisdom, who shall find it? In Arabic and Syriac, the depth of depths thereof, who shall find it? Solomon here turns his discourse back to himself and to wisdom, and admires its depth: for the more he investigated wisdom, the more he discovered its depth: just as sailors, the more they enter the sea, the more deeply they experience it; and a mountain seen from a distance appears low, but seen from near appears high. Wherefore he confesses that, when he strove toward the highest peak of wisdom, the more he progressed in its scrutiny, the more he advanced and went forward, the more he fell short of its comprehension, because the more things in wisdom he knew, the more things in it obscure, to be scrutinized and to be known he beheld, as he has often said above and confessed: wherefore I shall add nothing more here. Thus St. Jerome, who asserts that Solomon "sought wisdom beyond all men, and attempted to reach its end," but in vain, since it, like an abyss, lacks bottom and end, and is immense and in the ocean of divinity, namely diffused most widely in the innermost bowels of the divine breast, and hidden most profoundly. Thaumaturgus refers these things to the repentance of Solomon; whence he translates, all these things were known to me long ago: for I had obtained wisdom from God; but it, alas! with how great loss to me did I cast away: for I am not able to attain to one similar to that former state any longer. Furthermore, St. Jerome takes this wisdom of the knowledge of divinity, as if to say, I attempted to scrutinize the majesty of God; but the more I penetrated it, the more profound and more impenetrable I found it; others, to the curiosity of investigating and knowing those things which surpass human capacity; in Chaldaic, to the scrutiny of the divine law, the coming of the Messiah, and the day of death and the day of judgment. More plainly and aptly you would refer it to what follows, namely to scrutinizing the vanity of creatures, so that he might know where true pleasure and happiness were, as if to say, I have scrutinized all things, and in all things I have found vanity, nor anything which could fill and make blessed the inexhaustible soul of man: the more true satiety and happiness I sought in them, the less I found, and the farther from true wisdom and happiness I removed myself, and especially while I sought it among the embraces and pleasures of women. That this is the meaning is evident from what follows. Baruch depicts this depth of wisdom graphically in III, 15; Solomon, Prov. xxx, 4; Eccli. I, 2, and xxiv, 7 et seq.; Job, xi, 7: "Perhaps," he says, "thou shalt comprehend the steps of God, and shalt find out the Almighty perfectly? He is higher than heaven, and what wilt thou do? he is deeper than hell, and how wilt thou know? His measure is longer than the earth, and broader than the sea." He does the same throughout cap. xxviii. Thus students of Theology, at the beginning, when they understand its principles, seem to themselves to know much, and to be very wise; but when they proceed and become professors, they see difficulties everywhere, and perceive that they are far more ignorant than knowing. Tropologically, St. Gregory, XXXII Moral. cap. 4, asserts that holy men, "the higher they advance in dignity of virtues before God, the more subtly they discover themselves to be unworthy; because while they become near to light, whatever lay hidden in them they find, and the more deformed they appear to themselves without, the more beautiful is what they see within." Then citing this passage of Ecclesiastes, he explains thus: "For wisdom sought is said to recede far, because it appears higher to one approaching; but those who do not seek it at all, esteem themselves so near to it, inasmuch as they also are ignorant of the rule of its rectitude, because sitting in darkness they know not to marvel at the brightness of light, which they have never seen."
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26. I HAVE SURVEYED ALL THINGS WITH MY MIND, THAT I MIGHT KNOW, AND CONSIDER, AND SEEK OUT WISDOM, AND REASON: AND THAT I MIGHT KNOW THE IMPIETY OF THE FOOL, AND THE ERROR OF THE UNWISE. — In Hebrew הוללות holelot, that is, of those raving mad, or rather of insanities. Where in the Hebrew the same words are, which here the Septuagint renders as treatise, or circumlocution; Symmachus, tumultuous thinking; as if to say, St. Jerome says: "Daily, setting forth with myself the reason of each thing, I could find no thought which was not disturbed outwardly by perverse thinking." For "surveyed" Aquila translated, "went around"; the Hebrew, "went about"; Symmachus, "passed through all things with my sense," as if to say, I looked around and surveyed all things. Differently, and therefore not to the letter, Olympiodorus: "A wise man," he says, "when he strains his powers to understand something, having gathered his mind, surveys all things round about by reasoning; nor does he proceed in a straight line to examine sensible things, but closing the windows of the senses, and withdrawing into the depths of his own mind, he walks about in a circle. There, by a secret reflection returning into himself, the intellect beholds itself, and that which is presented to be understood." For "fool" Our text reads כסיל kesil; already with another pointing they read כסל kesel, that is, foolishness, in the same sense; or rather reading kesel, that is, of foolishness, he translated "fool," because he truly held that the abstract is placed in place of the concrete according to custom. This maxim is clear from what is said, cap. I, vers. 17, where in the Hebrew the same words are which are here. He says therefore: I surveyed all things that I might know, namely the nature and vanity of things, and especially the impiety of the fool, as he explains presently: for there, for "I might know" in the Hebrew is the same verb which is here, namely דעת daat, that is, I might know, so that namely from this knowledge of vanity and foolishness I might consider, and seek out wisdom, in which namely true human blessedness and happiness are situated; and at the same time reason, that is, the mode and means of attaining it, which is the scope and subject matter of this whole book; and therefore I labored that I might know the impiety of the fool and the error of the unwise, who, enticed by vain, fleeting and meager pleasures, especially those of women (as follows), wander from wisdom, salvation and happiness, and foolishly cast themselves into certain danger of present and eternal death. Thus St. Jerome, Alcuin, Lyra and others, who hold that it is signified here that the greatest impediment to wisdom is lust and love of women. St. Jerome adds that Solomon sought what the greatest evil in human affairs might be, and discovered it to be woman: for she is the head of all evils. But the Wonderworker holds that Solomon, from despair of wisdom, when he saw it to be so profound and as if fleeing from him, gave himself over to the desire of women, and fell into the wallowing of lust. For "reason" in Hebrew it is חשבון chesbon, that is, thinking, number, sum, reason, says St. Jerome. The Septuagint, λογισμόν and ψήφον, i.e. suffrage, or rather sum, reckoning, and calculation. R. David takes reason as the mode of disputing, which Logic teaches. St. Bonaventure attributes wisdom to appetites, reason to works. Hugo the Cardinal gives wisdom to hidden things, by reason he understands cause and proof. Plainly by reason understand the way and mode of attaining wisdom and happiness, as I have said. Less correctly Olympiodorus by reason understands Arithmetic, and the knowledge of those things which are determined by numbers, or investigated, especially in observations and conjectures of nativities. Reason could also be taken for reckoning, as if to say, While I reduce all created things to number and calculation, while I weigh their price and value, I find in all things vanity, error and foolishness. Thus St. Jerome. Finally chesbon signifies ingenuity, devising, invention, art, industry, as if to say, That I might devise and find the art and industry of living rightly and happily: for this is the supreme art. For as the supreme art is dying well, so also the supreme art is living well and happily; for this begets and produces that. The Septuagint, and from them St. Ambrose, lib. De Bono mortis, cap. VII, from the Sixtine correction, thus reads: "I went about my heart, that I might consider and seek out wisdom and number, and that I might know the gladness of the impious, and trouble, and boasting, and I found it more bitter than death." The Chaldean: "Into so vast and immense a space of the deep (wisdom) has it fled, that there is no faculty of seizing it. Finally, I was brought into such despair that I no longer sought it, nor thought about it, how vain are the gladnesses of the impious, how frivolous their counsels, how miserable their life. And when I was in this state, ensnared by lethal desire, I fell into this very wallowing." Hugo: They err, he says, mortals, while they think true what is false; good, what is evil; great, what is small; and that they possess things by which they are rather possessed: but it matters greatly, if one should know this, that he might condemn and beware.
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27. AND I FOUND THE WOMAN MORE BITTER THAN DEATH, WHO IS A SNARE OF HUNTERS, AND HER HEART IS A NET, HER HANDS ARE BONDS: HE THAT PLEASETH GOD SHALL ESCAPE FROM HER; BUT HE THAT IS A SINNER SHALL BE TAKEN BY HER. — The Chaldean interpreter understands by woman a wife troublesome to her husband; Olympiodorus, an adulteress; others, a harlot. Better, with St. Jerome and the Thaumaturge, you should understand any woman who is alluring and enticing to lust. The sense is, as if to say: Having examined all the vanities and pleasures of the world, I found none more vain, more deceptive, and more bitter than woman, who draws youths and men to herself and entices them: the greatest of errors and insatiable desires, "and what surpasses all evils, and what holds the principality of impiety, folly, error, and madness, and is the head of all evils, is woman," says St. Jerome. For first, she is more bitter than death, because death kills once; but woman daily, indeed every hour and moment, so tortures her lover with her importunate demands, complaints, cries, quarrels, and brawls, that he seems to be killed, yet in such a way that he feels the pains, agonies, and anguishes of death continually, yet never truly dies, but always persists alive in a long and living death. Solomon experienced this both after his fall and before his fall, when he began to love women and multiply them. One should believe one who has experienced it, says St. Jerome. Finally, woman is often the cause of death to man, as Delilah was to Samson. The fury of Medea against Jason, whom she had loved so greatly before, is well known. He describes and exaggerates graphically how great an evil woman is, when he compares and prefers her to death, which is the most terrible of all terrible things, says Aristotle. This is what is said of woman in Proverbs II, 18: "Her house is inclined towards death, and her paths towards hell." See the remarks there, and in Proverbs v, 12, where I showed that lust produces paralysis, apoplexy, consumption, venereal disease, and a thousand other afflictions by which the lustful are tormented and strangled. Whence the pagans worshipped Libitina, that is Venus, as if the patroness of death and goddess of funerals, says Plutarch in his Life of Numa. And the Athenians adored Venus as if the greatest of the Fates, and gave her the epithet ἀνδροφόνος, that is, slayer of men, as Pausanias testifies, lib. I. Second, woman is "a snare of hunters," because as many ornaments as she has on her body, so many are the snares of youths, and provocations to ensnare the mind. Again, as the Comic poet says in the Asinaria, woman is like a fowler: "The bait, he says, is the harlot, the bed is the lure, lovers are the birds." Hence Venus is named from hunting, binding, and bonds, says Varro: whence also Venus was painted surrounded by bonds, because she bound all to herself by love, ensnared and trapped them, as Lucretius testifies, lib. IV. Third, "her heart is a net," first, because with her whole heart, mind, and soul she meditates a thousand harlot's arts and deceits by which she entices, captures, and destroys her lovers. Again, her heart, that is her intention, is to ensnare men. Second, understand heart not alone, but with eyes, or as eyed, for in the eyes shine the heart and love: wherefore the eyes of woman are enticing and pestilential like the basilisk, says St. Basil in cap. I of Isaiah, which kills by sight alone those who gaze upon it. Hence we commonly say that a woman's eye is a dart, and that dart is burning: For she gradually saps strength and burns by her sight, Woman, says Virgil. Hence the Complutensian editors translate: she has nets and scandals in her heart. Truly Bacchides addressing women: "Your flattery, he says, is pure birdlime." And the Comic poet in the Truculent: "In honey, he says, are your tongues, but in gall your hearts;" as that Lamia ensnared Menippus, so that she might afterwards devour him, concerning which Philostratus relates wonders, lib. IV, cap. VIII. Wherefore wisely Ovid, lib. I of the Art of Love: Deceive the deceivers, for the profane race Is largely such: let them fall into the snares they have set. Moreover, the Poet has embraced all the damages of harlotry and lust in these two verses in an emblem, whose title is: Forbidden Lust. For thus he sings of her respectively: Body, wealth, soul, companionship, covenants, fame, She weakens, destroys, kills, hates, ruins, takes away. Helinandus in St. Antoninus, lib. VI of History, tit. XIII, cap. VI, §4: "Woman, he says, is named from softening, as also mallet, because as a smith softens iron through a mallet, so the devil through woman softens and batters the whole earth; concerning which Jeremiah L, 23, in the mystical sense: 'How is the hammer of the whole earth broken and destroyed?'" and he adds that these eleven things must be avoided by the chaste, which are: Idleness, sloth, sleep, flesh, woman, wine, Prosperity, play, songs, beauty, boy. Hence it is read in the Lives of the Fathers that familiarity is not to be had with woman, boy, or heretic. See the remarks in Proverbs vi, 24 and following. Fourth, "her bonds are the hands of her;" Aquila, her hands are bound; the Chaldean, her hands are bound, so that they do not do work; the Hebrew asurim signifies both bonds and the bound. Whence you may translate, the bound lie in her hands, that is to say, many are captured by her, just as if they were bound in prison, according to that in Proverbs VII, 22: "Immediately he followeth her as an ox led to the victim, and as a lamb playing the wanton, and knoweth not that he is drawn by bonds to the slaughter, being foolish;" whom therefore St. Basil, in the book On Virginity, compares to a magnet. For just as a magnet draws iron, so Agnes draws a man by her. Whence the Wonderworker translates, if she has even joined hand to hand, she retains him no less strictly than if she were dragging him bound with chains. Hence the touch of a woman is burning and pestilential. Hear St. Jerome, book I Against Jovinian: "Joseph, because the Egyptian woman wished to touch him, fled from her hands, and as from the bite of a most rabid dog, lest the poison gradually spread, he cast away the garment which she had touched." Fifth, "he that pleaseth God shall escape from her;" the Chaldean understands this of the adulteress. Whence he translates, a man who shall put her away with a bill of divorce shall be freed from her. For in the old law it was not permitted for a man to keep an adulteress, as I said in Proverbs XVIII, 22. See the sayings in Proverbs XXII, 14, to those words: "A deep pit is the mouth of the strange woman: he with whom the Lord is angry shall fall into it." Therefore: "What else is a woman but the nature of evil painted with the color of good?" says St. Chrysostom, homily 19 in Matthew. Great therefore is the gift of God to be freed from her, which God grants to his saints. For the reward of holiness is chastity. Moreover the only remedy for this evil is flight. "Flee fornication," says the Apostle, that is, flee the sight and conversation of women. For, as Tertullian says, On the Veiling of Virgins: "It is the same lust to be seen and to see. It is as much the part of a holy man to blush if he sees a virgin, as of a holy virgin if she is seen by a man." The same, in the Apology, chapter IV: "Democritus," he says, "by blinding himself, because he could not look upon women without concupiscence, and grieved that he was not able to possess them, professes the amendment of incontinence." Moreover Lyra: Just as, he says, he who is freed from bonds can easily run: so he who flees the snares of women can easily traverse the straight path of virtue. On the contrary, he who associates with women weaves nets for himself, by which he is entangled, so that he cannot proceed in the way of God, as St. Ambrose teaches, book I On Penance, chapters XIII and XIV. See what I said concerning the malice of women in Proverbs throughout chapter VII; Ecclesiasticus, chapter XXI, chapter XXV and chapter XXVI. See also Tiraquellus, Law IX On Marriage. Mystically, woman is pleasure and concupiscence, which is more bitter than death, because it torments man entirely, and brings forth death both temporal in this life and eternal in hell. Thus St. Ambrose, Bonaventure and others.
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28. BEHOLD THIS I HAVE FOUND, SAID ECCLESIASTES, ONE AND ANOTHER, THAT I MIGHT FIND OUT THE ACCOUNT, 29. WHICH MY SOUL YET SEEKETH, AND I HAVE NOT FOUND IT. ONE MAN OF A THOUSAND I HAVE FOUND, BUT A WOMAN AMONG ALL I HAVE NOT FOUND. — "A thousand," that is, many; for a definite number is put for an indefinite one. "Behold this I have found," that is, I wished to find, I determined to search out and discover. An inchoate act is signified, not a perfect one: for immediately after he adds that he did not find what he sought. Thus the Interlinear Gloss. Or the finding pertains to what follows: "One man of a thousand I have found," as if to say: When I strove to find the account and manner by which one might become blessed in life, which I still seek and do not find; yet this one thing I have found and recognized, that scarcely one out of a thousand knows and attains this account and manner. Vatablus understands by account the resolution of the doubt which Solomon sought. Olympiodorus understands a strong and manly mind and soul, as if to say: I sought manly souls, and among such men I found few, among women none, because I found all to be weak and of effeminate disposition. This obscure passage has given occasion for various interpretations by various persons, and for recourse to mystical senses. I say briefly that this saying pertains to the preceding matter concerning the vanity, malice and harm of women, as if to say: While I survey and examine all things in the world, behold this I have found, "one and another," in Hebrew one compared to another with each other, as if he said: All things having been considered by me individually, and carefully compared with each other for this purpose, "that I might find out the account," that is, the manner and method of living rightly, wisely and happily in any state and sex, namely as much among men as among women, I confess that, considering the life of men and women, I have not yet found it, but still investigate and seek it, because in all I see prudence, chastity, virtue to be lacking: for among men I have scarcely found one out of a thousand a truly wise man, prudent, faithful and constant, that is, among many men I have found few wise ones: among women, however, not one upright, says the Chaldean, manly, wise, faithful, chaste and truly prudent have I found. For Solomon had a thousand wives and concubines, from whom he found not one virago chaste, prudent and wise, but all were inclined to luxury and idolatry. Understand therefore these things of Solomon's women, namely that he, having observed and discovered the softness, inconstancy, imprudence, proneness to luxury of the feminine nature, and other feminine vices, among his own found not one wise, modest, constant virago; yet he does not deny that others elsewhere have found or will find such, especially in the new law. For if you consider the feminine nature not in itself naked, but healed and strengthened by grace, as it was in Catherine, St. Agnes, St. Lucy and the other holy virgins, surely you will find viragos who, strengthened by the grace of Christ, surpassed men in virtue, chastity and fortitude, and lived like angels on earth. Add here a secret hidden which has been observed by no one: for man in Hebrew is אדם adam, of whom a little later he says, "that God made man (in Hebrew, Adam) upright." He alludes therefore to Adam created in purity, innocence, holiness and wisdom by God, as if to say: I sought a man like Adam in sincerity, chastity, uprightness, and a woman upright in all these things; among the women of kings I have not found one. This therefore is the grammatical or superficial sense of the bark of the letter, under which lies hidden the marrow of mysteries, namely a recondite and sublime sense concerning Christ, and this not so much mystical as literal, but parabolic, which Albinus touched upon. For this is a parable, or riddle and enigmatic prophecy concerning Christ. Indeed the saying "one man of a thousand I have found, a woman among all I have not found" has the character of a riddle. Whence he adds that he labored "to find out the account which my soul, he says, yet seeketh and hath not found," as is customary for the explanation and solution of a riddle to be sought. To this he also adds: "And who hath known the resolution of the word?" namely of this riddle concerning the Word of God to be incarnate. Finally, for this reason, by examining all things so extensively and laboriously, he recalls that he has traced out this supreme wisdom, namely of the Word incarnate, which indeed teaches us by word and example true wisdom and the way to salvation, and would lead us from the vanity of things and pleasures to truth and true blessedness. He calls this same thing חשבון chesbon, that is, ingenious contrivance, invention, art and industry, which God indeed devised and invented by wonderful counsel, to display his magnificent prudence, power and benevolence toward men. For what is more ingenious than the incarnation of the Word, in which by stupendous and divine art the eternal Father joined the Word to flesh, God to man, heaven to earth, mercy to justice? Just as therefore Solomon proposed an enigma concerning Christ's incarnation, passion, redemption and resurrection, Proverbs xxx, 4, saying: "What is his name, and what is the name of his son, if thou knowest?" And verse 18: "Three things are hard to me, and the fourth I am utterly ignorant of: the way of an eagle in the air, the way of a serpent upon a rock, the way of a ship in the midst of the sea, and the way of a man in youth," in Hebrew, the way of a man in a virgin: so likewise in this place he proposes a similar enigma concerning Christ, saying: "One man of a thousand have I found." For this properly belongs to Christ alone: Christ indeed is alone the one man, to whom no one in nature, person, grace and glory can be equal or similar. For he himself is God man: wherefore his humanity subsists in a person not human, but divine of the Word. For this is "the great sacrament of godliness, which was manifested in the flesh, justified in the spirit," 1 Timothy III, 16. He therefore alone is the other and new Adam, as the Hebrew has it, as the Apostle teaches, Romans v, 14 and 1 Corinthians xv, 41. And this first, because just as the first Adam received his name from adama, that is, man from the ground, from which he was formed: so Christ on earth and from the earth received flesh, but brought mind and divinity from heaven, according to that: "The first man was of the earth, earthly: the second man from heaven, heavenly," 1 Corinthians xv, 47; and that: "The Word was made flesh, and dwelt in us," John cap. I. Hence some of the ancients held that women are not men, but prodigies and monsters of men. Whence also Plato gives them another origin than men. For thus he says in the Symposium: "The male race at the very beginning of things was the offspring of the sun, the female of the earth; but that which partakes of both sexes (the Androgyne) of the moon: for the moon partakes of both." The Author of the Greek Catena adds, that is, "When I had examined all men thoroughly and inspected them carefully, in almost all I found those things which would better befit a feminine mind; but a strong mind and manly reason I did not find in them, so that not only in women is a manly mind not found, but not even in those who, though they are men, have degenerated into womanly ways, however much they wish to appear men." It is a hyperbole which Solomon uses, sharply censuring both women and men, so that he might turn away the mind of the wise from them, lest he subject himself to them in effeminate softness, surpassing the feminine, but might show himself a man mindful of his condition and virility. For having himself experienced how sweet a poison woman is, he deters all from her. And so this maxim censures the vices of women, but especially lewdness and immodesty, namely that they are most easily inclined to prostitute their chastity, if solicited by men, indeed that they themselves entice and solicit men. Solomon was followed by other wise men and philosophers; hence Diogenes the Cynic, walking through the city in broad daylight with a lamp lit, when asked what he was seeking: "I seek a man," namely a prudent, wise man endowed with virtue. Ausonius in Epigrams: A good and wise man, whom Apollo consulted could scarcely find one among thousands of men: What of nobles, and what empty opinion of the crowd he cares not for: having the world as it were, smooth and round, lest anything of external blemish slip down through byways. Herodotus in Polyhymnia: "Many," he says, "are men, few are real men." Many have human nature, few have manly fortitude. Isaiah, cap. III, verse 16, says: "The Lord saw that there is not a man." And Jeremiah cap. v, 1: "Go about the streets of Jerusalem, and see, and know, and seek in the broad places thereof, if you can find a man;" because, as Chrysostom says, hom. 23 in Genesis: "Holy Scripture is accustomed to call a man one who cultivates virtue, but considers the others not even to be men." Finally, Solomon alludes to that of his father David, Psalm XIII, 1 and 4, in which after the fall of Adam he says all men are corrupted and depraved by sin: "They are corrupted," he says, "and become abominable in their ways: there is none that doth good, there is not so much as one. All have turned aside, they are become unprofitable together." Moreover, Bonaventure reports that certain heretics from this gnome taught that no woman could be saved, because Christ assumed the male sex, not the female, and said: "He (not she) who believes and is baptized shall be saved." The Armenians, however, held that there would be no women in heaven, but all the saints would rise again in the male sex, as Gabriel Prateolus testifies in his Catalogue of Heresies, whom St. Augustine long before refuted, XXII On the City of God, XXVII. See what I said on Ephesians IV, 13, on those words: "Until we all meet into the perfect man." The Chaldean, however, refers these things partly to the stars, partly to men who existed from Adam until Abraham. For thus he translates: "I have contemplated the stars one with another, that I might find the reason of the sons of men, and what shall be in the end of them. And there is another thing which my soul has yet sought, and I have not found a perfect and just man from the days of Adam, until Abraham the just was born, and he was found faithful and just among a thousand kings who were gathered together to build a tower in Babylon, and a righteous woman among all these women of kings I have not found." St. Jerome says: "A good woman, he says, I could not find at all; for all of them led me to lust, and not to virtue." And after some things he opposes to them a few men, "who did not approach a woman and remained most pure." So also Olympiodorus, Salonius, and the Author of the Imperfect Work in St. Chrysostom, homily 19 on Matthew, where explaining that passage of Matthew, chapter XIX: "If the case of a man with his wife is so, it is not expedient to marry." He defines woman thus: "What is a woman, moreover, but an enemy of friendship, an inescapable punishment, a necessary evil, a natural temptation, a desirable calamity, a domestic danger, a delightful detriment, the nature of evil painted with the color of good." To this pertains the version of Campensis: "I have labored," he says, "until this hour, that by comparing the office of woman with her talent and character, I might find some good and prudent one, but nothing succeeded: out of a thousand men I found one tolerable, but out of a thousand women, none." The Author of the Greek Catena adds, as if to say: "When I had surveyed all men and examined them thoroughly, in almost all I found those things which would befit a womanly disposition rather; but a strong mind and manly reason in them I did not find, so that not only in women is a manly mind not found, but not even in those who, though they are men, have degenerated into womanly ways, however much they wish to appear men." It is a hyperbole which Solomon uses, sharply censuring women on both counts, that he might draw the mind of the wise man away from them, lest he subject himself to them with effeminate softness, surpassing the woman, but show himself a man, mindful of his condition and manhood. Secondly, just as Adam was not generated by parents, but was immediately produced and created by God: so also Christ was not formed from the generation of father and mother, but from a virgin, with the Holy Spirit working. Thirdly, just as Adam was created upright and whole as to grace and original justice: so also Christ, who far surpassed Adam, in that he obtained this uprightness and immunity from every stain and sin by virtue of his nativity, because namely he was conceived of the Holy Spirit, by whose operation his humanity was united to the person of the Word; and therefore he was capable of no sin, but of grace alone, indeed he demanded it of every kind and in every way by his right. Fourthly, just as Adam was the parent of the human race, and would have propagated original justice into it, if he had persisted in obedience to God: so much more is Christ the parent of the Church, namely of all the faithful and just, indeed he is the liberator and redeemer of those lost and damned by the sin of Adam, and he has propagated his grace and justice into them throughout all ages, and propagates it daily, as the Apostle teaches at length, Romans v, 14 and following; and I Corinthians xv, 45: "The first man Adam," he says, "was made into a living soul, the last Adam into a quickening spirit." Finally, Christ alone is one out of a thousand, that is, chosen from all men for the salvation of all, that he might be the Savior of the world. Whence his bride sings to him in the Canticle v, 10: "My beloved is white and ruddy, chosen out of thousands." None of these things belongs to any other than to Christ, indeed not even to the Blessed Virgin. Whence Solomon adds: "One man of a thousand have I found, namely Christ; but a woman among all I have not found," that is, one who like Adam was immediately created by God with uprightness and holiness by virtue of her nativity itself, so that she might pour it forth into others, and be the redemptress, justifier, and savioress of all; for no such woman exists, not even the Blessed Virgin. To this pertains the explanation of St. Thomas on chapter III of Galatians, lecture 6, on those words: "As in one, and to thy seed, which is Christ, etc. He alone," he says, "and singular, who is not subject to the curse of guilt. Whence Ecclesiastes vii: One man of a thousand have I found, namely Christ, who would be without all sin; but a woman among all I have not found, who would be altogether immune from sin, but at least from original or venial sin." But in the Venetian edition of St. Thomas of the year 1555, and another Parisian edition of the year 1539, and another of the year 1532, this exception is added: "Excepted is the most pure and most worthy of all praise Virgin Mary." But even if it be omitted, as other Codices omit it, the words of the Angelic Doctor cited above, if they be applied to the Blessed Virgin, are to be received with a grain of salt, namely concerning the debt of contracting sin, not concerning the sin itself as real. For the Blessed Virgin, by the common law by which it was established that all propagated from Adam by carnal generation should contract original sin from him, ought to have contracted this sin (for she was generated by Anne and Joachim), unless by a singular privilege, as the future mother of God, she was anticipated by God and exempted from this law. And it was altogether fitting that she be exempted, she who was soon to be the mother of God and Christ, that is, of the savior and sanctifier of all. For who would believe that the mother of God was ever at any time a servant of sin, indeed a slave of the devil? Again, observe: Solomon does not deny that some woman is free from all sin, but only asserts that he found none such, because namely Solomon was ignorant of who, what kind, and how great the mother of the Messiah would be, namely whether she would be generated from parents, or formed by God like Eve from man, or whether a virgin would conceive by the work of the Holy Spirit, or whether she would generate the Messiah in another way. For this was first revealed to Isaiah in chapter VII, when he says: "Behold a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and his name shall be called Emmanuel." Solomon therefore was ignorant whether she herself would be exempted from original sin; whence he says he found not, that is, he knew not any woman altogether upright and immune from all sin; otherwise the Blessed Virgin would be an outstanding virago, who would surpass the understanding of her own and of all the wise, which Proverbs xxxi, 10 sufficiently indicates, saying: "Who shall find a valiant woman? far and from the uttermost coasts is the price of her." For as time proceeded gradually, God revealed and made manifest to the Church both the mysteries of faith and the gifts and privileges of the Blessed Virgin. Tropologically St. Jerome: "Among many students," he says, "and those laboring in daily meditation, a pure thought is scarcely found, and a man worthy of the name. We can also take thoughts for men, women for works, and say that it is difficult for any pure thought to be found. But works, because they are administered through the body, are always mixed with some error." Thus also Salonius.
7:30
30. ONLY THIS HAVE I FOUND, THAT GOD MADE MAN RIGHT, AND HE HIMSELF HATH ENTANGLED HIMSELF WITH INFINITE QUESTIONS. WHO IS AS THE WISE MAN? AND WHO HATH KNOWN THE SOLUTION OF THE WORD? — For "only," in Hebrew it is, "only see," which word stirs the attention of the reader. The word "right" signifies rectitude not only of nature, as Cajetan wishes, but also of sanctifying grace and original justice; for Adam was endowed with both. Whence Olympiodorus has, "altogether right." For "questions," in Hebrew and Chaldaic it is חשבונות chisbonot, that is, thoughts; in Greek λογισμοῖς, that is, reasonings; the Complutensian editors, considerations; others, various thoughts, that is, as Olympiodorus says, oblique ways of living, into which men divide themselves, while one here gives himself to avarice, another to pride, another to gluttony, etc. Symmachus translates, πολυπραγμοσύνην, that is, curiosity, or various business. Thaumaturgus, frivolous disputations about little words, or matters of slight moment, with which those devoted to the study of wisdom or professors sometimes waste time. Cardinal Hugo explains it both of those things which we strive to know, nor can be known definitely in this life; and of cares and anxieties and concupiscences, which we both seek, and concerning which reason is sought in judgment. The Carthusian properly understands questions not merely useful and lawful, but curious and superstitious. Titelmann wishes the name of questions to contain every difficulty, perplexity, misery, into which men after the first parent, who involved nature itself, also involve themselves. Others, making force in the word of questions, take quarrels and carnal fights. All these things by the name of questions, in Hebrew chissebonot, that is, thoughts, can be taken; concerning which matter I shall speak again below. "Infinite;" for, as St. Bonaventure says, nothing can satisfy man's cupidity, nothing can stabilize his instability, because he fell from truth into ignorance, from goodness into malice, from power into impotence. The Chaldean plainly translates: "Yet I saw what I found. For the Lord created that first Adam excelling in strength and justice; but the serpent and Eve deceived him, so that they ate of the fruit of the tree, which eating they would become wise, and having knowledge of good and evil; from which it came to pass that they brought upon themselves and their posterity the occasion of death. And this only fruit they obtained in investigating those questions, but they brought death upon all the inhabitants of the earth." He gives the reason of the preceding verse, as if to say: The reason why out of all men and women I found scarcely any throughout entirely right and wise, who would enter upon the true way to happiness, is that God indeed made Adam right, but he himself departing from this rectitude, defiled himself and his posterity with sin and concupiscence, which suggests to him infinite thoughts, desires, curiosities and questions, so that he never rests in mind; because indeed he departed from one God, hence he is distracted into diverse and many things, and his mind wanders vaguely after various creatures; and since in none does he find rest and satisfaction, he always thinks and desires another and another, everywhere seeking quiet and finding it nowhere; wherefore with a thousand thoughts and questions, that is, cares, cupidities, curiosities, passions, tumults, he is continually tossed and fluctuates in the waves and surges of these Euripuses, and, as Lucretius says, lib. V: "Always and in vain cares he consumes his life." Note: From this passage it is clear that Adam was created in original grace and justice. The same is clear from what the Wise Man says, cap. II, vers. 23 and 24; and Eccles. cap. XVII, vers. 1 and 2; and the Apostle, Ephes. IV, 23, and Coloss. III, 10. Wherefore the Pelagians erred greatly in thinking that Adam was created by God in such a condition as we are born and exist. Likewise Alexander of Alexandria, Marsilius of Auxerre, Bonaventure, Scotus in II, distinc. 29, did not rightly hold that Adam was created in pure nature, and then endowed with grace, which he immediately lost by sinning. Therefore Solomon here tacitly refutes the heretics who made God the author of sin and of depraved nature; and the gentiles, who thought nature to be a stepmother to man, because she formed him so small and miserable, when this defect belongs not to nature, but to guilt, as St. Augustine teaches everywhere Against the Pelagians, who in lib. IV Against Julian, cap. x, says that philosophers "saw the thing (the corruption of man), but knew not the cause." See Theodoret, lib. III On the Cure of Greek Affections. Most excellently St. Cyril, in Catechesis 2: "The planting indeed was good, he says, but the fruit from will was evil; and therefore the planter is not at fault; but the vineyard shall be burned, because it was planted for good, and bore fruit for evil. For He made man upright, but he himself sought out many inventions. And the Apostle says: For we are his workmanship, created in good works, which God hath prepared that we should walk in them. The Creator therefore, being good, created good things. But the creature by its own will was turned into bitterness. I planted thee a fruitful vine, all true; how art thou turned into bitterness for me into the vine of a stranger?" Jerem. II. Note secondly: This rectitude is opposed to crookedness, obliquity, tortuousness, corruption, depravation, which man incurs after sin through concupiscence. For concupiscence twists his mind away from the rectitude of reason, law, virtue and the will of God, so that he desires what is dishonorable, base, harmful, forbidden, which St. Paul feeling in himself says: "I see another law in my members fighting against the law of my mind, and captivating me in the law of sin," Rom. VII, 23. This is the distortion and lameness of man and soul, by which on one foot of mind he walks upright, on the other foot of concupiscence he walks lame. Rectitude therefore lulled to sleep, nay rather removed concupiscence, and made Adam's mind conform to the dictate of right reason, prudence, honesty and divine law. Note thirdly: Some understand by rectitude simplicity and sincerity: thus the Wonderworker, as if to say God created man upright, that is simple, sincere, candid, not false, painted, feigned, fraudulent; but such he became through sin. For this is the iron age, in which, as Ovid sings, I Metamorph.: All wickedness burst forth into that age, shame fled, and truth and faith: In their place came fraud and guile, treachery and violence, and accursed love of having. Our Pineda understands by rectitude chastity, the loss of which he censured a little before in women, and refers infinite questions to feminine quarrels and disputes; but, as he himself confesses, this is a narrower and humbler rectitude of man: for full and adequate is the integrity, conformity, justice and holiness of mind through grace and any virtue whatsoever, and especially through original justice. Whence St. Thomas, I part., Quaest. XCV: "God, he says, made man upright. For rectitude was in this, that reason was subject to God, and to reason the lower powers of soul and body. But the first subjection was the cause of the second and third. For as long as reason remained subject to God, the lower things were subject to it, as St. Augustine teaches," lib. On Nature and Grace, cap. xv, and lib. On Corruption and Grace, cap. XI. "The rectitude of man is in this, that spirit should preside over and command flesh as the inferior, and this should obey and comply with its commands," says Rupert in cap. I Genesis; and St. Augustine, lib. XIV On the City of God, cap. XI and XXVII: "God made, he says, man upright, and thereby of good will; for he would not be upright, not having a good will." And St. Jerome, lib. I Against Jovinian: "Since we were created good, and good by God, by our own vice we have fallen to worse things, and what was upright in us in paradise, on leaving paradise was corrupted." See St. Thomas in the place already cited, and there Suarez, Vasquez, Valencia, Molina, and the other scholastics. For that is called right which conforms to its own rule. Adam therefore was created right, because he was in all things conformable to reason and to the law of God: for this rectitude produced in him a harmonious consonance of all his powers and faculties, and a wonderful agreement and as it were a concord, since after sin we now experience in ourselves a rebellion of flesh and spirit, and a wonderful discord of all the powers, a struggle and a conflict. God therefore made man right, because in the very moment of creation He infused sanctifying grace into Adam, and clothed him with original justice. Grace made him deiform, nay, the son of God, the brother of angels, the lord of creatures. Original justice, through the continual assistance of God, so moderated, tempered, and made pure and peaceful all the powers of the soul, namely the intellect, memory, and will, and likewise all the senses and appetites, that there was no discord among them, not even the least defect. Adam therefore was then most tranquil in memory, most keen in intellect, most upright in will, most obedient in senses, most subject in appetite, in which his body followed the command of his soul without any contradiction, the senses and appetites obeyed reason, and reason was led by the empire of the divine will. Whence Prosper, book II On the Contemplative Life: "A troublesome anxiety did not disturb the peaceful, laborious toil did not weary the idle, sleep did not oppress the unwilling, nor did fear of losing life trouble him who was secure in immortality. He had easy sustenance, a body healthy in every part, tranquil motion, a pure heart, ignorant of penal evil, an inhabitant of paradise, free from sin, capable of God. Finally, what was more blessed than he, to whom the world was subject, no one hostile, a free mind, and God visible?" But now after the fall, this harmony of the powers being dissolved, the body most grievously refuses to submit to the command of the soul, and if the soul wishes to abstain, the body wishes to eat; if the soul desires to watch, the body wishes to sleep; if the soul wishes to labor, the body delights to be idle and to be consumed in sloth. Now the senses and appetites do not obey reason, but like rebellious servants rise up against it, and (what is more miserable) drag it deceived and captive. Now reason passes by the divine laws, despises the commands of its Creator; which therefore hears that word of Jeremiah: "Thou hast broken my yoke, thou hast burst my bands, and thou saidst: I will not serve." Why do I delay and recount the diseases of man? "All the head is sick, and all the heart is sad. From the sole of the foot unto the top of the head, there is no soundness in it: wounds, and bruises, and swelling sores: they are not bound up, nor dressed, nor fomented with oil," Isaiah I, 5. AND HE HIMSELF (Adam with his posterity, whence the Hebrew, Septuagint, Syriac, Arabic, St. Jerome in his Commentary, Campensis, Vatablus and others have it in the plural) HATH MINGLED HIMSELF WITH INFINITE QUESTIONS. — The Hebrew, and they sought out, חשבונות chissebonoth, that is, thoughts; Symmachus translated it, curiosities; Cajetan, reasons; others, cunning devices, arts, depraved affections. Appositely by infinite questions you may understand the very many opinions of philosophers concerning the end of man, and the highest good and happiness, in which namely it is situated, and conflicting views. The Wonderworker understands questions never to be finished, because although men are born to the investigation of wisdom, they nevertheless spend all their lifetime in verbosity. R. Solomon understands by questions marital quarrels and disputes, as if to say, Adam, when he was alone, was right and peaceful; when Eve was added to him, he fell into marital quarrels; but this is frivolous and rabbinical. Such also is that of the Zurich version: "I found," he says, "that God made Adam good; but they themselves, being many, pursued vain thoughts." Not only the posterity of Adam, but Adam himself after the fall did this, and "mingled himself with infinite questions," as the Vulgate has it. Acutely Hugo the Cardinal, although less genuinely according to the letter, understands by questions torments: for man is tortured by as many torments and stings as the desires which he serves, especially marital and feminine ones. Whence that saying of St. Jerome Against Jovinian: "He who does not litigate is unmarried." And that of Juvenal: Always the bed has quarrels, and alternating disputes, In which a married woman lies, the least sleep is there. Note: τὸ miscuerit has an auxesis, as Pineda rightly observed, meaning as it were: Man is so immersed, that is, absorbed in questions, that is in thoughts, cares, desires and disputes, indeed so completely absorbed, that he appears to be wholly composed and compacted of questions, complaints, disputes, quarrels, so that scarcely anything pure and unmixed can be discerned in man that is not confused and miscellaneous and disturbed. Therefore it seems to signify a confusion and disturbance of many things, since the agitation of human pursuits and passions mixes heaven with earth, and confuses all things. You may ask why Our Author translated the Hebrew חשבונות chissebonoth as questions, and not thoughts? It is answered, because τὸ questions signifies many things fitting and suitable to this place. First indeed, questions signify various disputations and opinions of philosophers concerning happiness and the supreme good of man, while some placed it in honour, others in riches, others in health, others in knowledge, others in prosperity, others in friendship, etc. For Solomon here is wholly occupied in describing the vanity of things, and inquiring into truth and true happiness, by which namely man is able to live rightly, honestly and blessedly in reality, and he recalls that he scarcely found it in any mortal, because man, created upright by God, having abandoned uprightness and the one God, in whom alone his happiness is situated, by sinning, seeks happiness therefore in various created things, beautiful in appearance and delightful, and finds it nowhere, since it does not consist in them. Man therefore from one chesbon, that is from thought and reason of adhering to God, and of living happily for himself, as I said in verse 28, turned aside into chissebonoth, that is into many little thoughts, little questions, little reasonings, which he himself devised and fashioned as if he were about to find blessed life there, but in truth found nothing but trifles, thorns and troubles, because, having abandoned the true art of living well and blessedly, he contrived for himself vain and deceptive arts of blessed life. Secondly, questions signify continual anxieties and cares, likewise the disputes and quarrels of this life, by which man not only contends with rivals, neighbours or friends, but also litigates and quarrels with himself, while he thinks heavenly things in mind and earthly things in flesh and desires them. Thirdly, questions signify curiosities, with which man is full, so that he wishes to scrutinize all things especially new, foreign, strange and unknown, and therefore entangles himself in infinite troubles. Hence again questions denote any difficulties and troubles, which man immerses himself in either willingly or by compulsion. Hugo adds, who understands by questions racks and torments; for these are called questions, because by them the truth of a crime is sought out and extracted from the accused in judgment. "Question holds him who has been summoned to law," says Papinian. Fourthly, questions signify desires, with which man abounds, by metonymy: for questions denote the origin and source of desires, namely that they proceed from curiosity of seeking and knowing, for instance from the itch of feeling and experiencing what in any thing is good, pleasant and delightful. He alludes to the first question which the serpent raised, when he said to Eve: "Why did God command you that you should not eat of the tree of knowledge of good and evil?" Gen. III. To which question Eve burned with curiosity to taste the apple, and ate it, and by the same destroyed her husband and us all, and transferred her curiosity and concupiscence to all her posterity. Do you wish therefore to exclude concupiscence? Exclude curiosity, close your eyes, ears, mind, and say with the Prophet: "Turn away my eyes, that they may not behold vanity," lest they desire what they see, and wish to taste it like Eve. Fifth, Our Ludovicus Molina understands by questions the perplexities, blindness and ignorance which man incurs through sin; for he who is ignorant seeks that which he is ignorant of and knows not. A question therefore denotes the ignorance, shamelessness and foolishness of man in things, both speculative and rather practical. For every sin proceeds from a certain ignorance, that is, imprudence, namely that man does not sufficiently consider the harms of sin and the punishments of hell, to which he renders himself liable. For if he prudently considered and weighed these as he ought, he would certainly not sin. But hear Molina, I part. tract. De opere 6 dierum, disp. 27, near the end: By the name of questions he understands the turnings, difficulties and ambiguities which, original justice having been lost through the sin of the first parents, and by that very fact receding from human nature its harmony and that greatest rectitude by which it had been created, and the wound of ignorance being received at the same time, have followed in human life. Whence it follows that man was created in original justice and in a state far more sublime than that in which he now is. Sixth, some understand by questions complaints, that is, laments and grievances, which the miseries and sorrows of this life produce in fallen man. But thus questions would be without the diphthong; now however they are written with the diphthong. Again, he understands questions not so much actively as passively for things to be sought by man, to which namely God interrogating, man on the day of judgment will have to answer, so that question here by catachresis signifies response. For God will interrogate each one and will ask: Why were you ungrateful for so many benefits of mine? Why did you profane the blood of my Christ? Why did you reject his grace and calling? Why did you commit this sin? Why did you harm your neighbour? Why did you commit adultery? Why did you steal? Why did you kill? Why did you covet so many and such great unlawful things? And to each of these the fearful and anxious man will have to answer; and because he will not be able to give a just answer, he will hear the sentence of damnation to hell, to which therefore the wretched man in this life, while sinning, mingles himself and renders himself liable. Moreover another understands by questions the temptations, sophisms and snares of the devil, by which as by nets he ensnares the soul, convinces and captures it, just as the Sphinx by her intricate questions ensnared, captured and killed those passing by. But these questions are rather accommodated and mystical than literal and genuine. Finally, Solomon opposes questions to rectitude and to the upright man, namely that in the state of innocence his mind was upright without any fault, and equally his body was healthy, free from all punishment; wherefore by questions he signifies both the faults and sins, and the punishments and torments, which man brought upon himself by sinning and departing from his primeval rectitude; for which reason it was necessary to find one man chosen out of a thousand, namely Christ, who would free him from these questions and distortions, and restore him to his first rectitude and equity. Whence he adds: WHO IS AS THE WISE MAN? AND WHO HATH KNOWN THE RESOLUTION OF THE WORD? The Hebrew, Chaldean, Jerome, Vatable, Campensis and other Hebraists refer this clause to the beginning of the following chapter. Whence they begin the eighth chapter from it. Hence the Chaldean translates, But who is so exalted in wisdom as to be able to stand against the prudence of the Lord, and to know the true interpretation in the words of the Prophets? The Septuagint, Syriac and Arabic translate, who knows the wise? To which question the eighth chapter, verse 1, soon responds, that the wise man is known from his face: "The wisdom of a man," he says, "shineth in his face." But better the Vulgate, Septuagint, Syriac, Arabic and others generally connect this clause with the preceding ones, and that variously and in various senses. First, Cajetan: who is such as to be wise? as if to say: No one or scarcely anyone is truly wise, as he said a little before. To this pertains the version of Campensis, who is to be compared with him who has judgment of things? Second, Cardinal Hugo explains it, as if to say: Who is such as to be wise? such, namely upright, as he said a little before, who namely knows not to mix himself with questions and to involve himself in them, from which he cannot extricate himself; but rather to embrace those from which he knows how to free himself, and to solve them, and to inquire soberly into nothing but honest and pious things. He adds that by antonomasia either Christ or Solomon is understood by the name of wise; by "resolution of the word," not only of divine Scripture, according to that: "Who is worthy to open the book, and to loose the seals thereof?" but of him concerning whom we are to be interrogated in judgment: because those who shall have kept and seen justice will find what they may answer, Wisdom VI, 11. Third, Titelmann, that is to say: If you are wise, attend diligently to what I have said concerning the danger and malice of women, the scarcity of wise men; and that the fault of depravity is to be attributed not to God, who created us upright, but to ourselves. Fourth, plainly and simply, that is to say: Who shall be equal to the wise man, who knows and penetrates these things which I have already said are difficult and known to few, and especially avoids the infinite tangles of questions in which others entangle themselves, knowing "the solution of the word?" namely of the question proposed a little before by me, that is concerning the reason and manner of finding the blessed and happy life, says Cajetan, following one man out of a thousand, namely Christ the Lord. Otherwise St. Jerome, who understands by the word Holy Scripture, and the Chaldean, the Prophet; others, of the word, that is of words, that is of things, of problems, or of difficult questions. Thus Albinus, Olympiodorus and Vatablus. It is a conclusion signifying that the difficulties proposed can be resolved by none but the wise man: for this is the praise and gift of wisdom and of the wise man, and therefore he is rare and scarcely found one out of a thousand. With a similar exclamation David closes Psalm CVI, saying: "Who is wise and will keep these things? and will understand the mercies of the Lord?" For Solomon repeatedly returns to the praises of wisdom, so that he may commend it to all, and impel all to its study.
Machine translation from the Latin, not reviewed.
7:17
… wicked have far more to fear it (Ps. 48:15) than the righteous do. There is also mention of the fire that devours (Deut. 32:22; Is. 50:11; Eccl. 51:4); for the wicked "their worm shall not die and their fire shall not be quenched" (Is. 66:24; Eccl. 7:17; Jud. 16:21; Mk. 9:23), an allusion to cadaveric corruption and to the valley of Gehenna (v.). …
7:26
… Guard their body and do not show them too smiling a face" (Eccl. 7, 26). And St. Paul to the Corinthians: "I rejoice not because you were saddened, but because this sadness led you to repentance" (II Cor. 7, 9). "Here there is a whole program of perfect …
7:27
… Among the Hebrews, as among other Semites, it was the parents who decided the fate of their children (cf. Gen. 24:2-4; 28:1 ff.; Eccl. 7:27); occasionally the effective intention of a young man to marry a girl not pleasing to his parents is recalled (Gen. 28:6-9; Jud. 14:2 ff.). …
7:28
Supernatural Gifts and Original Justice
… This doctrine has become common, because it is more conformable to Scripture as interpreted by tradition; Gen. 1, 26: "Let us make man in our image"; Eccl. 7, 28-30: "God made man upright"; Eph. 4, 24: "We must put on the new man, created according to God in true justice and holiness."
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · original Douay-Rheims (Douay 1609-10), transcription by EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Public domain.