Calendar of the Universal Church

CALENDAR OF THE UNIVERSAL CHURCH. - One can speak of a calendar of the Universal Church only from the year 1568 onward, that is, from the moment when Pius V imposed the reformed Breviary, with its attached calendar, on the entire Latin Church. The identical calendar is then found in the Roman Missal, likewise reformed and prescribed by Pius V for the entire Latin Church in 1570. The Pope permitted only those Orders and dioceses that had used their own Breviary and Missal for two hundred years to retain them. This faculty was availed of by all the branches of the Benedictine Order, the Dominicans, Carmelites, Premonstratensians, Carthusians, and a few dioceses (Milan, Aquileia, Paris, Lyon, etc.), which then almost all, in subsequent times, adopted the Roman Missal and Breviary, so that the Latin Church almost in its entirety makes use of a single calendar, into which the individual churches and Orders insert their own feasts. Every change to this calendar, such as the insertion of new feasts, variations of rite, transfers of feasts, etc., belongs solely to the Holy See, which carries out this activity through the Sacred Congregation of Rites (v.).

This is not the place to write the history of the sanctoral (v.), or of the origin and development of feasts (v.); suffice it to say that the basis of this calendar was constituted by that of the liturgical books known as "of the Curia," that is, of Rome, but with a wise reduction of feasts and rite, so as to restore for the most part the ferial liturgy. In fact, the calendar of Pius V has only 120 feasts, of which 30 are semidouble, 57 double, and 33 memorials. The great feasts were 20 of the first class and 17 of the second class. Clement VIII, in 1602, on the occasion of the new edition of the Breviary, introduced a new class of feasts, the greater double (16 feasts). From this moment the predominance of the sanctoral (v.) over the temporal (v.) began, along with the uninterrupted insertion of new feasts, increases of rites, and ever more refined distinctions within the individual categories of liturgical gradation. By the time of Benedict XIV the number of feasts had already risen to 228. There also existed 36 feasts "ad libitum," that is to say, which a church or an order could insert or not into the calendar; once inserted, however, the feast had to be celebrated; the total number of feasts was therefore 264. Leo XIII, in 1893 and 1895, established a further distinction of grade, primary and secondary feasts. The reform of Pius X in 1911 perfected the entire system of gradation, definitively codifying it; but it omitted to halt in some way the addition of new feasts. At present we have reached a total of 338 feast days, of which 50 are movable (including the days of privileged octaves) and 288 are fixed feasts.

There now follows the calendar of the Universal Church, in its current state, with the indication of the rite (D 1 = double of the 1st class, D 2 = double of the 2nd class, DM = greater double, D = lesser double, SD = semidouble, S = simple, C = commemoration), OCT. = octave (P. privileged; c. common; s. simple), and of all the changes that occurred from St. Pius V (1568) up to the year 1949. The dates indicate the changes made: the date of the session of the Congregation of Rites has not been noted, but only that of the pontifical approval.

Jan. - 1. Circumcision and octave of the Nativity, D2. - 2. octave of St. Stephen, D (1568), S (1914). - 3. octave of St. John, D (1568), S (1914). - 4. octave of the Innocents, D (1568), S (1914). - 5. vigil of the Epiphany, SD; c. of St. Telesphorus pope (1602). - 6. Epiphany, D. OCT. P. - 7-12: days within the octave, SD (1914); 11, c. of St. Hyginus pope (1568). - 13. octave of the Epiphany, D (1568), DM (1914). - 14. St. Hilary, SD (1568), D and Doctor of the Church (10 Jan. 1852); St. Felix priest m., C (1568). - 15. St. Paul first hermit: SD (1568), D (18 Aug. 1722); St. Maurus ab., C (1568). - 16. St. Marcellus pope, SD (1568). - 17. St. Anthony ab., D (1568). - 18. Chair of St. Peter at Rome, D (1568), DM (1602); c. of St. Prisca v. m. (1568). - 19. Sts. Marius, Martha, Audifax, Abachum, mm., S (1568); St. Canute king m., SD ad lib. (10 Aug. 1670), reduced to C (1914). - 20. Sts. Fabian and Sebastian, D (1568). - 21. St. Agnes, D (1568). - 22. Sts. Vincent and Anastasius, SD (1568). - 23. St. Emerentiana, S (1568); St. Raymond of Peñafort, SD (23 March 1671); St. Emerentiana, reduced to C - 24. St. Timothy, S (1568), SD (1602), D (18 May 1854). - 25. Conversion of St. Paul the Apostle, D (1568), DM (1602). - 26. St. Polycarp, S (1568), SD (1602), D (1914). - 27. St. John Chrysostom, Doctor of the Church, D (1568). - 28. St. Agnes second, S (1568); St. Peter Nolasco, D (from the 31st: 25 March 1936); St. Agnes reduced to C - 29. St. Peter Nolasco, SD (22 July 1664); St. Francis de Sales, SD (21 Oct. 1666); St. Peter Nolasco transferred to the 31st D (24 Nov. 1691) Doctor of the Church (26 Sept. 1877). - 30. St. Martina, SD (1635). - 31. St. Peter Nolasco, SD (transferred from the 29th: 1666); D (13 July 1672); St. John Bosco, D (25 March 1936); St. Peter Nolasco transferred to the 28th).

Feb. - 1. St. Ignatius m., SD (1568), D (Pius IX). - 2. Purification of the B.V. Mary, D2 (1568). - 3. St. Blaise, S (1568). - 4. St. Andrew Corsini, SD ad lib. (21 Oct. 1666), SD (31 Aug. 1697), D (3 Jan. 1731). - 5. St. Agatha, SD (1568), D (26 Aug. 1713). - 6. St. Dorothy, S (1568); St. Titus, D (18 May 1854); St. Dorothy, reduced to C. - 7. St. Romuald, D (1602), SD (1631), D (16 Feb. 1669). - 8. St. John de Matha, D (31 May 1694). - 9. St. Apollonia, S (1568); St. Cyril of Alexandria, Doctor of the Church, D (28 July 1882); St. Apollonia reduced to C. - 10. St. Scholastica, D (1 Feb. 1729). - 11. Sts. seven Founders of the Servites of Mary, D (20 Dec. 1888); apparition of the Immaculate Conception at Lourdes, DM (1 Jan. 1908); Founders transferred to the 12th). - 12. Sts. seven Founders, D (8 Jan. 1908, from the 11th). - 14. St. Valentine, S (1568). - 15. Sts. Faustinus and Jovita, S (1568). - 18. St. Simeon, S (1568). - 22. Chair of St. Peter at Antioch, D (1568), DM (1602). - 23. St. Peter Damian, Doctor of the Church, D (1 Oct. 1828). - 23 or 24 (according to whether the year is leap or not) vigil (1568) - 24 or 25. St. Matthias Ap., D2 (1568). - 27 or 28. St. Gabriel of the Sorrowful Mother, D (13 Apr. 1932).

March. - 4. St. Lucius pope, S (1602); St. Casimir, SD (7 Aug. 1621); St. Lucius reduced to C. - 6. Sts. Perpetua and Felicity, D (1908, from the 7th). - 7. St. Thomas Aquinas, Doctor of the Church, D (1568); Sts. Perpetua and Felicity, C (1568; transferred to the 6th and elevated to D: 1908). - 8. St. John of God, SD (5 May 1714), D (25 Apr. 1722). - 9. Sts. Forty Martyrs, SD (1568); St. Frances of Rome, without determined rite (1 June 1606), D (26 Feb. 1649); transfer of the Forty [martyrs] on the following day (21 Aug. 1649). - 10. Sts. Forty Martyrs, SD (1649, from the preceding day). - 12. St. Gregory the Great, Doctor of the Church, D (1568). - 17. St. Patrick, C (1631), SD (7 Sept. 1685), D (12 May 1859). - 18. St. Cyril of Jerusalem, Doctor of the Church, D (28 July 1882). - 19. St. Joseph, D (1568), D2 (6 Dec. 1670), D1 (8 Dec. 1870); movable feast, assigned to the Sunday after 19 March, D1 OTT. C. (2 July 1911); restored to the 19th: D1 without OTT. (24 July 1911); D2 (28 Oct. 1913); D1 (12 Dec. 1917). - 20. St. Joachim, SD (1584), D (18 May 1623); transferred to the Sunday after the octave of the Assumption (1738). - 21. St. Benedict, D (1568), DM (5 July 1883). - 24. St. Gabriel the Archangel, DM (26 Oct. 1921). - 25. Annunciation of the Most Holy Mary, D2 (1568), D1 (27 May 1895). - 27. St. John Damascene, Doctor of the Church, D (19 Aug. 1890). - 28. St. John of Capistrano, SD (19 Aug. 1890).

Apr. - 2. St. Francis of Paola, D (1585), SD (1602), D (4 May 1613). - 4. St. Isidore, Doctor of the Church, D (25 Apr. 1722). - 5. St. Vincent Ferrer, SD ad lib. (29 Nov. 1667), SD (25 March 1706), D (5 Apr. 1726). - 11. St. Leo the Great, D (1568), Doctor (15 Oct. 1754). - 13. St. Hermenegild, SD (1631). - 14. Sts. Tiburtius, Valerian, and Maximus, S (1568); St. Justin m., D (28 July 1882); the martyrs reduced to C. - 17. St. Anicetus, pope, S (1568). - 21. St. Anselm (an attempt under Innocent XI, 1688, failed), SD (with the Mass of Doctors: 21 Jan. 1690), D (8 Feb. 1720). - 22. Sts. Soter and Caius, popes, SD (1568). - 23. St. George, SD (1568). - 24. St. Fidelis of Sigmaringen, D (16 Feb. 1771). - 25. St. Mark, D2 (1568). - 26. Sts. Cletus and Marcellinus, popes, SD (1568). - 27. St. Peter Canisius, Doctor of the Church, D (24 Nov. 1926). - 28. St. Vitalis, S (1568); St. Paul of the Cross, D (14 Jan. 1869); St. Vitalis reduced to C. - 29. St. Peter m., D (13 Apr. 1586), SD (1602), D (26 July 1670); St. Catherine of Siena, C (8 May 1597); transferred to the 30th (1628). - 30. St. Catherine of Siena, SD (7 Aug. 1628, from the preceding day), D (9 Oct. 1670).

May. - 1. Sts. Philip and James App., D2 (1568). - 2. St. Athanasius, Doctor of the Church, D (1568). - 3. Invention of the Holy Cross, D (1568); D2 (1602); Sts. Alexander, Eventius, Theodulus and Juvenal, C (1568). - 4. St. Monica, S (1568), SD (14 July 1669), D (26 Aug. 1730). - 5. St. Pius V, pope, SD (17 Feb. 1713), D (26 Apr. 1775). - 6. St. John at the Latin Gate, D (1568), DM (1602). - 7. St. Stanislaus bishop m., SD (22 Nov. 1594; on 21 Feb. 1595; he was elevated to D. but the SD remained in force), D (13 March 1736). - 8. Apparition of the Archangel St. Michael, D (1568), DM (1602). - 9. St. Gregory Nazianzen, Doctor of the Church, D (1568). - 10. Sts. Gordian and Epimachus mm., S (1568); St. Antoninus, SD ad lib. (17 Aug. 1683), SD (16 Apr. 1707); the martyrs are reduced to C, D (12 Sept. 1845). - 12. Sts. Nereus, Achilleus and Pancras, S (1568); with the addition of Domitilla (1597) following the discovery and translation of the bodies into the titular church of Baronius SD (1602). - 13. St. Robert Bellarmine, Doctor of the Church, D (6 Jan. 1932). - 14. St. Boniface, m., S (1568). - 15. St. John Baptist de la Salle, D (1904). - 16. St. Ubald, S (17 Dec. 1605), SD ad lib. (18 Feb. 1696), SD (10 Dec. 1713). - 17. St. Paschal Baylon, D (13 March 1784). - 18. St. Venantius m., SD (11 Nov. 1670); D (23 July 1774). - 19. St. Pudentiana, S (1568); St. Peter Celestine, SD (21 July 1668); St. Pudentiana reduced to C, D (10 March 1681). - 20. St. Bernardine of Siena, SD (15 Nov. 1657). - 25. St. Urban, pope, S (1568); St. M. Magdalene de' Pazzi, SD (29 Nov. 1690); St. Urban reduced to C; St. Gregory VII, D (25 Nov. 1728); transferring St. Mary Magdalene to the 27th). - 26. St. Eleutherius, pope, S (1568); St. Philip Neri, SD ad lib. (6 Nov. 1625), SD (under Alex. VII); St. Eleutherius reduced to C, D (8 June 1669). - 27. St. John, pope m., S (1568); St. Mary Magdalene de' Pazzi, SD (from 25 Nov. 1728); St. Bede, venerable, Doctor of the Church, D (1899); transferring St. Mary Magdalene to the 29th); St. John reduced to C. - 28. St. Augustine of Canterbury, D (28 June 1882). - 29. St. Mary Magdalene de' Pazzi, SD (1899, from the 27th). - 30. St. Felix, pope, m., S (1568). - 31. St. Petronilla, S (1568); St. Angela Merici, D (11 June 1861, with the c of St. Petronilla).

June. - 2. Sts. Marcellinus, Peter and Erasmus, S (1568). - 4. St. Francis Caracciolo, D (5 Aug. 1807). - 5. St. Boniface bishop m., D (11 June 1874). - 6. St. Norbert,

SD (16 Nov. 1620), transferred to the 11th (1623), brought back to the 6th (1631 or 1634), D (7 Nov. 1677). - 9. Sts. Primus and Felician, S (1568). - 10. St. Margaret widow queen of Scotland, SD ad lib. (2 Dec. 1673), transferred to 8 July (9 Feb. 1678), restored to the 10th (4 March 1693). - 11. St. Barnabas, D (1568), DM (1602). - 12. Sts. Basilides, Cyrinus, Nabor and Nazarius, S (1568); St. John of St. Facundus, D (19 Nov. 1729), C of the Sts. Martyrs. - 13. St. Anthony of Padua, D (14 Jan. 1586), SD (1602), D (18 June 1670), Doctor of the Church (16 Jan. 1946). - 14. St. Basil the Great, Doctor of the Church, D (1568). - 15. Sts. Vitus, Modestus, Crescentia, S (1568). - 18. Sts. Mark, Marcellinus, S (1568); St. Ephrem the Syrian, Doctor of the Church, D (14 Oct. 1920, with the c of the martyrs). - 19. Sts. Gervasius and Protasius, S (1568); St. Juliana Falconieri, SD (15 March 1738, with the c of the martyrs), D (11 Dec. 1762). - 20. St. Silverius, pope, S (1568). - 21. St. Aloysius Gonzaga, D (23 July 1842). - 22. St. Paulinus, S (1568), D (18 Sept. 1908). - 23. vigil (1568). - 24. nativity of St. John the Baptist, D1 OTT. C. (1568), transferred to the Sunday preceding the feast of the App. Peter and Paul (28 July 1911), restored to its day (28 Oct. 1913). - 25. day within the octave (1568); St. William ab., D (24 Aug. 1785). - 26. Sts. John and Paul, SD (1568), D (21 May 1728). - 28. St. Leo II, SD (1568); St. Irenaeus, D (26 Oct. 1921, transferring St. Leo to 3 July). - 29. Sts. Peter and Paul, D1 OTT. C. (1568). - 30. commemoration of St. Paul Ap., D (1568), DM (1602).

July. - 1. Octave of St. John the Baptist, D (1568); feast of the Most Precious Blood of Jesus, D2 (1914), D1 (25 Apr. 1934). - 2. Visitation of the Most Holy Mary, D (1568), DM (1602), D2 (31 May 1850), C of Sts. Processus and Martinian (1568). - 3. Day within the octave of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul (1568); St. Leo II, SD (26 Oct. 1921, transferred from 28 June). - 4. Day within the octave of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul (1568); St. Elizabeth, queen and widow, SD ad lib. (1631), transferred to the 8th (19 Jan. 1695). - 5. Day within the octave of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul (1568); Sts. Cyril and Methodius, D (25 Oct. 1880); St. Anthony Mary Zaccaria, D (11 Dec. 1897, transferring Sts. Cyril and Methodius to the 7th). - 6. Octave of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, D (1568), DM (1914). - 7. Sts. Cyril and Methodius, D (11 Dec. 1897, from the 5th). - 8. St. Margaret, queen of Scotland, SD ad lib. (9 Feb. 1678, from 10 June), SD (16 Nov. 1691), restored to 10 June (4 March 1693); St. Elizabeth, queen and widow, SD (19 Jan. 1695, transferred from the 4th). - 10. The seven holy brothers, Rufina and Secunda, martyrs, SD (1568). - 11. St. Pius I, pope, S (1568). - 12. Sts. Nabor and Felix, martyrs, S (1568); St. John Gualbert, C (21 Feb. 1595), SD ad lib. (21 Feb. 1671), SD (10 Dec. 1679) and C of the martyrs, D (18 Jan. 1680). - 13. St. Anacletus, pope, SD (1568). - 14. St. Bonaventure, SD (1568), D and Doctor of the Church (14 March 1588). - 15. St. Henry, emperor, S (1631), SD (13 June 1668). - 16. Commemoration of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, DM (24 Nov. 1726). - 17. St. Alexis, S (1568), SD ad lib. (18 Dec. 1637), SD (31 Aug. 1697). - 18. St. Symphorosa and her seven sons, martyrs, S (1568); St. Camillus de Lellis, SD (15 Dec. 1762 and C of the martyrs), D (16 Nov. 1767). - 19. St. Vincent de Paul, SD (11 Dec. 1737), D (12 May 1753). - 20. St. Margaret, S (1568); St. Jerome Emiliani, D (1769), St. Margaret reduced to C. - 21. St. Praxedes, S (1568). - 22. St. Mary Magdalene, D (1568). - 23. St. Apollinaris, SD (1568), D (25 May 1675); St. Liborius, C (15 July 1702). - 24. Vigil (1568); St. Christina, C (1568). - 25. St. James the Apostle, D2 (1568); St. Christopher, C (1568). - 26. St. Anne; D (28 Apr. 1584), DM (3 Dec. 1738), D2 (1 Aug. 1879). - 27. St. Pantaleon, martyr, S (1568). - 28. Sts. Nazarius, Celsus, Victor and Innocent I, pope, SD (1568). - 29. St. Martha, SD (1568); Sts. Felix II, Simplicius, Faustinus, Beatrice, martyrs, S (1568). - 30. Sts. Abdon and Sennen, S (1568). - 31. St. Ignatius of Loyola, SD ad lib. (1623), SD (Innocent X), D (27 Nov. 1667), DM (1922).

Aug. - 1. St. Peter in Chains, D (1568), DM (1602); C of the Maccabees (1568). - 2. St. Stephen, pope, S (1568); St. Alphonsus Mary de' Liguori, D (18 Nov. 1839, St. Stephen reduced to C), Doctor of the Church (7 July 1871). - 3. Invention of St. Stephen, protomartyr, SD (1568). - 4. St. Dominic, D (1568), DM (1914). - 5. Dedication of the Most Holy Mary ad Nives, D (1568), DM (1602). - 6. Transfiguration of Our Lord Jesus Christ, D (1568), DM (1602), D2 (1914); Sts. Sixtus II pope, Felicissimus, Agapitus, martyrs, c (1568). - 7. St. Donatus, martyr, s (1568); St. Cajetan Thiene, sd (8 March 1673), c of St. Donatus, d (4 Aug. 1685). - 8. Sts. Cyriacus, Largus, Smaragdus, sd (1568). - 9. Vigil (1568); St. Romanus, martyr, c (1568); St. John Mary Vianney, d (9 May 1928). - 10. St. Lawrence, d OTT. c. (1568), d OTT. s. (1914). - 11. Day within the octave of St. Lawrence; Sts. Tiburtius and Susanna, c (1568), s (1914). - 12. Day within the octave of St. Lawrence, c St. Clare (1568); St. Clare sd ad lib. (Innocent X), d (27 May 1670). - 13. Day within the octave of St. Lawrence; Sts. Hippolytus and Cassian, c (1568), s (1914). - 14. Day within the octave of St. Lawrence; vigil c, and St. Eusebius, c (1568); Vigil, c. St. Eusebius (1914). - 15. Assumption of the Most Holy Mary, d OTT. c. (1568). - 16. Day within the octave of the Assumption and of St. Lawrence, c (1568); St. Hyacinth, d (1 Feb. 1625); c of the two octaves; St. Joachim, d (1914), transferring St. Hyacinth to the 17th). - 17. Octave of St. Lawrence, d (1568); c octave of the Assumption (1568); St. Hyacinth, d (1914), from the 16th, with c of the octaves). - 18. Day within the octave; c of St. Agapitus, martyr (1568). - 19. Day within the octave of the Assumption (1568); St. John Eudes, d (9 May 1928, with c of the octave). - 20. St. Bernard, d (1568), c of the octave; Doctor of the Church (20 Aug. 1830); St. Stephen, king, c (1631), transferred to 2 Sept. (19 Apr. 1687). - 21. Day within the octave (1568); St. Jane Frances Frémiot de Chantal, d (2 Sept. 1769, with c of the octave). - 22. Octave of the Assumption, d (1568), DM (1914); St. Timothy and companions, martyrs, c (1568); feast of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, d (4 May 1944; c of the holy martyrs). - 23. Vigil (1568); St. Philip Benizi, sd ad lib. (1609), sd (26 Aug. 1693), d (2 Oct. 1694). - 24. St. Bartholomew the Apostle, d (1568). - 25. St. Louis, king, s (1568), sd (29 Nov. 1618). - 26. St. Zephyrinus, pope, s (1568). - 27. St. Joseph Calasanz, d (19 Aug. 1769). - 28. St. Augustine, Doctor of the Church, d (1568), St. Hermes, c (1568). - 29. Beheading of St. John the Baptist, d (1568), DM (Pius VI); c of St. Sabina (1568). - 30. Sts. Felix and Adauctus, martyrs, s (1568); St. Rose of Lima, d (28 July 1727); c of the holy martyrs). - 31. St. Raymond Nonnatus, sd ad lib. (13 Aug. 1669), sd (7 Dec. 1676), d (10 March 1681).

Sept. - 1. St. Giles, abbot, s (1568); the holy twelve brothers, martyrs, c (1568). - 2. St. Stephen, king, sd (19 Apr. 1687, transferred from 20 Aug. and raised to sd). - 3. St. Lawrence Justinian, sd ad lib. (16 Dec. 1690), sd (12 Sept. 1759). - 8. Nativity of the Most Holy Mary, d OTT. c. (1568), OTT. s. (1914); St. Adrian, martyr, c (1568). - 9. Day within the octave of the Nativity; c of St. Gorgonius (1568); St. Gorgonius, s (1914). - 10. Day within the octave (1568); St. Nicholas of Tolentino, d (22 Dec. 1585), sd (1602), d (Clement IX). - 11. Day within the octave; c of Sts. Protus and Hyacinth (1568); Sts. Protus and Hyacinth, s (1914). - 12. Day within the octave (1568); Name of Mary, DM (1914). - 13. Day within the octave (1568); feria (1914). - 14. Exaltation of the Holy Cross, d (1568), DM (1602). - 15. Octave of the Nativity of Mary; c of St. Nicomedes, martyr (1568); the Seven Sorrows of the Most Holy Mary, d (1914). - 16. Sts. Cornelius and Cyprian, sd (1568); Sts. Euphemia, Lucy and Geminianus, c (1568). - 17. Impression of the Stigmata of St. Francis (feast removed from the calendar by Pius V), d (Sixtus V), removed (1602), without determination of rite, (28 Aug. 1615), sd ad lib. (2 Oct. 1627), sd (13 Aug. 1669), d (11 Aug. 1770). - 18. St. Thomas of Villanova, sd ad lib. (17 June 1659), sd (11 Sept. 1694), d (9 Oct. 1694); St. Joseph of Cupertino, d (8 Aug. 1769); St. Thomas transferred to the 22nd). - 19. Sts. Januarius and companions, martyrs, s (1 Feb. 1586), sd (1602), d (7 Dec. 1676). - 20. Vigil; c of St. Eustace and companions, martyrs (1568); Sts. Eustace and companions, sd (24 Nov. 1625, with c of the vigil) d (26 Jan. 1671). - 21. St. Matthew the Apostle, d (1568). - 22. Sts. Maurice and companions, martyrs, s (1568); St. Thomas of Villanova, sd (8 Aug. 1769, from the 18th, with c of the holy martyrs), d (4 Dec. 1801). - 23. St. Linus, pope, sd (1568); c of St. Thecla (1568). - 24. Feast of the Most Holy Mary of Ransom, d (18 Feb. 1696), DM (22 March 1727). - 25. Sts. Cyprian and Justina, s (1568). - 27. Sts. Cosmas and Damian, sd (1568). - 28. St. Wenceslaus, sd ad lib. (26 July 1670), sd (14 March 1729). - 29. Dedication of St. Michael the Archangel, d (1568), D (1917). - 30. St. Jerome, Doctor of the Church, d (1568).

Oct. - 1. St. Remigius, s (1568), sd ad lib. (26 Nov. 1668), sd ad lib. or s of precept (1884), s (1914). - 2. Holy Guardian Angels, d (20 Sept. 1670), DM (5 July 1883). - 3. St. Thérèse of the Child Jesus, d (13 July 1927). - 4. St. Francis of Assisi, d (1568), DM (5 July 1883). - 5. Sts. Placid and companions, martyrs, s (13 Nov. 1588). - 6. St. Bruno, sd ad lib. (17 Feb. 1623), d (14 March 1674). - 7. St. Mark, pope, s (1568); Sts. Sergius and companions, martyrs, c (1568); St. Bridget, sd (8 Apr. 1623, with c of St. Mark and of the Holy Martyrs); (1628 restoration as in the time of Pius V, St. Bridget transferred to the 8th); Rosary of the Most Holy Mary, d (1914, with c of St. Mark and of the Holy Martyrs). - 8. St. Bridget, sd (1628, from the 7th), d (2 Sept. 1724). - 9. Sts. Dionysius, Rusticus, Eleutherius, martyrs, s (1568); St. Edward, king and confessor, sd (29 May 1679; 6 Apr. 1680, transferred to the 13th); St. John Leonardi, d (3 Apr. 1940, with c of the Holy Martyrs). - 10. St. Francis Borgia, sd (1 Sept. 1688). - 11. Motherhood of the Most Holy Mary, d (6 Jan. 1932). - 12. St. Edward, king and confessor, sd (from the 9th, 6 Apr. 1680). - 13. St. Callistus, pope, sd (1568), d (2 Sept. 1808). - 14. St. Teresa, sd ad lib. (25 Aug. 1636), sd (29 Oct. 1644), d (11 Sept. 1668). - 15. St. Hedwig, sd (26 Apr. 1929, from the 17th). - 16. St. Hedwig, sd ad lib. (17 Sept. 1680), sd (20 March 1706); St. Margaret Mary Alacoque, d (26 Apr. 1929, transferring St. Hedwig to the 16th). - 17. St. Luke, d (1568). - 18. St. Peter of Alcantara, sd (9 Aug. 1670), d (20 Apr. 1701). - 19. St. John Cantius, sd (8 Sept. 1770), d (23 Feb. 1782). - 20. St. Hilarion, abbot, s (1568); c of St. Ursula and companions, martyrs (1568). - 21. St. Raphael the Archangel, DM (26 Oct. 1921). - 22. Sts. Chrysanthus and Daria, s (1568). - 23. St. Evaristus, pope, s (1568). - 24. St. Evaristus, pope, s (1568). - 25. vigil (1568). - 26. Sts. Simon and Jude, Apostles, d (1568). - 27. vigil (1568).

Nov. - 1. All Saints, d OCT. c. (1568). - 2. Commemoration of the Dead, c of the octave of All Saints (1568); proper office for the celebration of the Commemoration of the Dead (1914). - 3. day within the octave, c of Sts. Vitalis and Agricola, martyrs (1568); St. Charles Borromeo, sd ad lib. (6 Dec. 1613), sd (10 Sept. 1634, with c of the Holy Martyrs), d (3 Aug. 1659). - 4, 5, 6, 7: days within the octave (1568). - 8. octave of All Saints, d (1568), DM (1914); Holy Four Crowned Martyrs, c (1568). - 9. dedication of the Lateran basilica, d (1568); c of St. Theodore, martyr (1568). - 10. Sts. Tryphon, Respicius, Nympha, martyrs, s (1568); St. Andrew Avellino, sd (18 Aug. 1725 with c of the Holy Martyrs), d (1 Feb. 1864). - 11. St. Martin, d (1568); c of St. Mennas, martyr (1568). - 12. St. Martin, pope, sd (1568); St. Didacus, without designation of rite (7 July 1588), sd (1602); c of St. Martin; restoration of St. Martin, sd, transferring St. Didacus to the 17th (27 Feb. 1671). - 13. St. Didacus, sd (from the 12th; 27 Feb. 1671). - 14. St. Josaphat, d (28 July 1882). - 15. St. Gertrude, d (19 May 1739); St. Albert the Great, Doctor of the Church, d (6 Jan. 1932, transferring St. Gertrude to the 16th). - 16. St. Gertrude, d (6 Jan. 1932, from the 15th). - 17. St. Gregory Thaumaturgus, sd (1568). - 18. dedication of the basilicas of St. Peter and St. Paul, d (1568), DM (1914). - 19. St. Pontian, s (1568); St. Elizabeth, sd ad lib. (13 Sept. 1670), d (29 March 1671); c of St. Pontian. - 20. St. Felix of Valois, d (31 May 1694). - 21. Presentation of the Most Holy Mary (feast removed by Pius V), d (1 Sept. 1585), DM (1602). - 22. St. Cecilia, sd (1568), d (6 Dec. 1670). - 23. St. Clement, pope, sd (1568), d (1 Sept. 1804); c of St. Felicity, martyr (1568). - 24. St. Chrysogonus, s (1568); St. John of the Cross, sd 5 Oct. 1738; c of St. Chrysogonus, d (9 Sept. 1769), Doctor of the Church (24 Nov. 1926). - 25. St. Catherine, d (1568). - 26. St. Peter of Alexandria, s (1568); St. Silvester, abbot, d (19 Aug. 1890, with c of St. Peter). - 27. vigil; c of St. Saturninus, martyr (1568). - 28. St. Andrew, Apostle, d (1569).

Dec. - 2. St. Bibiana, s (1568), sd (1628). - 3. St. Francis Xavier, sd (6 Sept. 1663), d (4 June 1670), DM (1914). - 4. St. Barbara, s (1568); St. Peter Chrysologus, Doctor of the Church, d (10 Feb. 1729); c of St. Barbara. - 5. St. Sabas, abbot, s (1568). - 6. St. Nicholas, sd (1568), d (6 Dec. 1670). - 7. St. Ambrose, Doctor of the Church, d (1568); vigil of the Immaculate Conception (30 Nov. 1879). - 8. Conception of the Most Holy Mary, d (1568), DM (1602), D OCT. c. (15 May 1693); feast of precept (6 Dec. 1708); Immaculate Conception of the Most Holy Mary (1855, with a new office, due to the Jesuit Father Passaglia; another new office, the present one, 25 Sept. 1863), D1 with vig. (30 Nov. 1879). - 9, 12, 14: days within the octave (1693). - 10. St. Miltiades pope, c (1568). - 11. St. Damasus pope, sd (1568). - 13. St. Lucy, d (1568). - 15. St. Eusebius, s (1602); octave of the Conception of Mary, d (1693, with c of St. Eusebius); St. Eusebius transferred to the following day (1728); the octave DM (1914). - 16. St. Eusebius, sd (1728, from the preceding day). - 20. vigil (1568). - 21. St. Thomas Ap., D2 (1568). - 24. vigil (1568). - 25. Nativity of Our Lord Jesus Christ, D1 OTT. (1568, the octave was in fact privileged); OTT. P. (1914) - 26. St. Stephen, d (1568); the three feasts after Christmas were defined by Pius V simply as "double"; liturgists disputed for a long time about their quality and almost all agreed to define it D2, as was later expressed in the c.; they had the common octave); D2 OTT. S. (1914). - 27. St. John Ap., D2 OTT. S. (1914). - 28. Holy Innocents, D2 OTT. S. (1914). - 29. St. Thomas bishop martyr, sd (1568), d (1914). - 31. St. Silvester pope, d (1568).

Let us now briefly indicate some dates concerning the better-known movable feasts (currently or for a certain period). - Guardian Angels, D ad lib. (27 Sept. 1608), for the first free day after the feast of St. Michael, d (20 Sept. 1670), the feast fixed on 2 Oct. - Sacred Heart of Jesus, DM (26 Aug. 1856), the Friday after the octave of Corpus Christi, D1 (28 June 1889), D1 OTT. P. (26 June 1929). - Corpus Christi, D1 OTT. C. (1568), Thursday after the feast of the Trinity; fixed on the Sunday after the Trinity (2 July 1911); restored to Thursday (24 July 1911); the octave is equated with that of the Epiphany (priv. 2) (28 Oct. 1913). - Holy Family, DM (26 Oct. 1921), for the Sunday after the Epiphany. - St. Joachim, DM (3 Oct. 1738), fixed on the Sunday after the octave of the Assumption, from the fixed date of 20 March; D2 (1 Aug. 1879); transferred to 16 Aug. (28 Oct. 1913). - St. Joseph, D1 OTT. C. (2 July 1911), from 19 March fixed to the following Sunday, a measure immediately revoked (24 July 1911). - Patronage of St. Joseph, D2 (10 Sept. 1847), the third Sunday after Easter; D1 (8 Dec. 1870, when St. Joseph was declared Protector of the Church); D1 OTT. C. (24 July 1911); assigned to the Wednesday after the II Sunday of Easter (28 Oct. 1913). - Name of Jesus, D2 (20 Dec. 1721), for the II Sunday after the Epiphany; assigned to the Sunday falling between 2 and 5 January, or to 2 Jan., when the Sunday is lacking (1913). - Name of Mary, DM (5 Feb. 1694), for the Sunday within the octave of the Nativity of Mary Most Holy; fixed on 12 Oct. (1913). - Christ the King, D1 (12 Dec. 1925) for the last Sunday of Oct. - Rosary of Mary Most Holy, DM (13 Oct. 1716), for the first Sunday of Oct., D2 (11 Sept. 1887), fixed on 7 Oct. (1913). - Most Precious Blood of Jesus, D2 (10 Aug. 1849), for the first Sunday of July; fixed on 1 July (1913). - Seven Sorrows of Mary, DM (22 Aug. 1727), for the Friday of Passion week. - Seven Sorrows of Mary (autumn), DM (18 Sept. 1814), for the third Sunday of Sept.; D2 (13 May 1908); fixed on 15 Sept. (1913). - Most Holy Trinity, D2 (1568), D1 (28 July 1911).

Anyone who carefully goes through these lists, with the continual increases of feasts, of grade, or rite, will easily be persuaded that the liturgical year, in its great fundamental lines, is by now almost completely occupied by the feasts of the saints. The increase of canonizations in our times makes the situation still more difficult. It appears from what we have written that in the time of Pius V a fine balance reigned between the sanctoral part and the temporal or ferial part. Clement VIII opened the way to the unlimited entry of the feasts of the saints. In the time of Clement X the Sacred Congregation of Rites was concerned about this state of affairs; thus originated the decree of 20 June 1671 by which it was forbidden to discuss, for the following 50 years, the introduction of any feast. The decree was renewed for another 50 years by Clement XI (4 May 1714); however, it was not possible to keep it in force. On the one hand the continual canonizations, especially of founders of religious Orders, the pressures for the insertion of feasts on the part of Catholic princes, or other particular circumstances fatally led to the non-observance of the decree. Benedict XIV recognized as harmful to discipline the continual increase of the feasts of the saints, and the reform of the Breviary he envisaged would have placed a check on it. But it was especially from the second half of the past century that new increases and variations of rite came. From this was born the lively desire for a definitive liturgical reform, already begun by Pius X, which also longs for a revision of the c. - See Plates XXII-XXIII.